Ergot - dab tsi yog qhov no?

Lom mushroom muaj ergot alkaloids txaus ntshai, yog qhov teeb meem ntawm ua liaj ua teb thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm artificially cultivated rau kws lub hom phiaj. Nws sai kis ntawm cov qoob loo nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog coj mus rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm kev mob kev nkeeg raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm haus ntawm tus kab mob mov hmoov.

Muaj ntau yam uas nyob rau hauv cov xwm yog ib tug amazing txoj kev, thiab hais tias muaj peev xwm tua, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm yog tau zoo.

Yuav ua li cas yog ergot?

Ergot - ib tug genus ntawm fungi los ntawm tib lub tsev neeg. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov cab rau cereals, xws li rye thiab hom qoob mog. Koj yuav nrhiav tau ib tug version ntawm lub npe ntawm tus pwm - uterine tshuab raj. Lub npe ntawm lub "ergot" los ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab lo lus "abundance, dhau heev lawm." Tej paradoxical nqi, raws li cov linguist O. Trubacheva, nyob rau hauv cov hnub ris lub euphemistic cim.

Sclerotia yog oblong-elongated, voos tsawg khoom tsim ntawm lub nkhaus zoo nrog longitudinal kab nrib pleb thiab wrinkles. Lub nto ntawm cov dub thiab liab doog, tej zaum nrog dawb tawg uas yog yooj yim erased rau tus txhaum xim los yog dawb nrog ib tug daj tinge. Sclerotia ntev nyob rau hauv lub hom ntawm cov cereal, uas muaj ergot (pictured saum toj no). Piv txwv li, rye - yog 1-3 cm thiab ib lub cheeb ntawm 6 hli.

Ergot nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog

Lom tsiaj thiab tib neeg ergot alkaloids nws muaj nws tus kheej lub npe - ergotism. Cov tshwm sim, los ntawm txoj kev, ncav pov thawj thiab nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog, uas coj ib tug loj cim. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, undemanding mus av thiab kab-resistant rye zus qhov txhia chaw, thiab lub khob cij yog ib tug staple. Cov kab mob nplej yog muab rau hauv cov hmoov nplej thiab li tau nyob rau hauv lub rooj. Ergotism tshwm sim los ib tug loj heev phaum mob, thiab muaj txawm tias ib tug tshwj xeeb kev txiav txim ntawm Antonito uas kho tus kab mob neeg.

Xibfwb Sheyn Rodzhers ntawm lub University of Clarkson nrog rau nws kawm tiav me nyuam kawm ntawv tau tshawb xyuas cov teeb meem ntawm ghosts thiab tuaj mus rau lub xaus hais tias nyob rau hauv ntau lub tsev, nyob qhov twg muaj ib tug coj txawv txawv lub suab los yog tsis pom kev, flourishing ib co txaus ntshai hom pwm uas yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov pej xeem. Qhov no kev tshawb xav qhia lub conjecture txog tus ntawm ergot txheej xwm nyob rau hauv medieval teb chaws Europe, nrog rau cov dab hunts, lub Crusades. Nyob rau hauv cov kev yees duab saum toj no - painting los ntawm cov Flemish neeg pleev kob, depicting cov teebmeem ntawm ergotism phaum mob.

Ergot - ib cov pwm cab mus rau lub alkaloids, uas, raws li ib co lus ceeb toom, yog tsis tsuas lom, tab sis kuj hallucinations, convulsions, khaus. Lub keeb kwm ntawm cov tsos mob no yog hu ua "witches tu-sauv" thiab "gangrene." Alkalodidy tsis puas lawm txawm tias tom qab thaum tshav kub kub kho mob (ci khob cij). Tej cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg mob tiv thaiv kev cai dab qhuas fanaticism ua rau tragic txim.

Lub voj voog ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub pwm

Fungal mycelium muaj ib tug reddish tinge, nws tsim tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, nws muaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob txhais ceg nrog taub hau, uas yog nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm raj mis-zoo li tus fruiting lub cev (perithecia), kom meej meej pom nyob rau hauv cov duab hauv qab no. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no flows kev sib deev, uas yog ib tug fusion gametangliev, uas ib tug zygote. Nws tam sim ntawd nkag mus rau hauv division (meiosis) hauv lub hnab (lub nug) tsim los ntawm cov mycelium ntawm lub pwm.

Ces nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ntawm ergot noob (noob) los ntawm cua los yog kab kis ntau kilometers nyob ib ncig ntawm. Ib zaug nyob rau pistil cereal flowering nroj tsuag, lawv yuav ciaj sia thiab nws thiaj li cov grain yog tsis tsim, thiab lub fungal mycelium. Nws secretes tshwj xeeb kua uas attracts kab (honeydew). Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev, muaj ntxiv kis los ntawm cov pwm cov noob pwm. Tom qab lub zes qe menyuam yog depleted, nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw, ib tug thiaj li hu ua sclerotia - Horn tsim fused hyphae ntawm lub pwm. Thaum cov nyom yog ripe, nws ntog mus rau hauv av thiab overwinter nyob rau hauv cov av, thiab cov txheej txheem yog pheej rov qab ua dua nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav.

Mushroom nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb

Tshwj xeeb sau qoob rau ergot yog ib qho tseem ceeb los sib piv nrog rau cov kev puas tsuaj los ntawm nws ua liaj ua teb teb. Raws li thoob ntiaj teb cov qauv, cov ntsiab lus ntawm fungal cov noob pwm nyob grain lom yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj 0.05%. Txawm li cas los, tej lub teb chaws muab cov yuav tsum tau ib tug meej tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm cov noob pwm nyob raw cov ntaub ntawv, tshwj xeeb yog tim lyiv teb chaws. Ergot yog faib sai sai thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam nqi yog yeej ib txwm tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub teb. Raws li kws txawj, coj nws cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub kawg lis pes tsawg yog tsis tshua muaj yooj yim, tab sis nws yog raws tau.

Cov feem ntau ergot mog, rye thiab barley. Lub ntsiab kev ntsuas kom tshwj kom txhob lub pwm - ua tib zoo tu ntawm cones ntawm tag nrho cov noob thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg (lub caij nplooj zeeg) tillage tom qab sau. Sclerotia tua thaum plowing. Raws li ib tug precautionary ntsuas, nws pom zoo kom xaiv rau cog ntau ntau yam nrog luv luv thiab simultaneous flowering lub sij hawm thiab soj ntsuam cov cai ntawm cov qoob loo tig.

Cov yam pab rau kis ntawm ergot hav nroj thiab yog precursors ntawm lub teb, ntau nag lossis daus nyob rau hauv nrog cua nyob rau hauv cereal flowering lub sij hawm, txias thiab pos huab, uas ua rau yus ncab ntawm lub flowering lub sij hawm.

Hais tawm thiab sau qoob

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ergot - ib cov pwm, kis txog qhov twg muaj yog grain cereals. Cov feem ntau dej siab climatic tau rau nws yog cov pwm (70%).

Raws li twb hais saum toj no, rau kws hom phiaj pwm, ergot namely ntshav, yog zus tshwj xeeb. Ua li no, muaj liaj teb ntawm medicinal nroj tsuag, nyob rau hauv kev nyob rau hauv lub Novosibirsk thiab Kirov cheeb tsam ntawm Russia, Belarus. Pob ntseg ntawm rye qhia tshwj xeeb uas inoculated nrog noob ntawm lub pwm manually los yog txhaj machine. Loo nyob rau tib lub sij hawm li 4 tons ib hectare.

Sau los ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm ripening, thaum lub tshuab raj yog xim nyob rau hauv ib tug purplish-xim av xim, ua kom tawv thiab muaj peev xwm muab tau yooj yim sib cais los ntawm lub pob ntseg. Cov sau cov ntaub ntawv uas twb qhuav nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo ventilated khw ntawm darkening. rau hauv lub tiav lawm pub Yuav tsum tau av noo tsis ntau tshaj 11% thiab muaj cov impurities nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm tsawg tshaj li 1.5-2%.

ergot alkaloids

Nyob rau hauv cov kws siv lub tshuab raj (sclerotia) ntawm ergot. Lawv muaj rau officers ntawm stereoisomeric alkaloids. Txhua active levorotatory sau raws nkaus Ii mus rau lub kawg tsis muaj zog dextrorotatory isomer. Nyob rau hauv kev, thiab ergotaminin ergotamine, ergocristine thiab ergokristinin, thiab ergozin ergozimin, ergocryptine thiab ergokriptinin lwm yam ntsiab tivthaiv ntawm lub levorotatory alkaloids -. Lysergic acid. Muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm alkaloids nyob lom haiv neeg pwm lwm yam thiab cog party.

Tau LSD

Swiss chemist Albertom Hofmanom (pictured saum toj no) nyob rau hauv 1938, ntawm lub derivatives ntawm lysergic acid muaj nyob rau hauv ergot, twb tau los ntawm tshuaj npaj - hais tsis zoo LSD. 5 xyoo tom qab ntawd, qhov no tib tug txiv neej sab hallucinogenic thaj chaw ntawm lub compound. Tam sim no LSD nyob rau hauv feem ntau lub teb chaws txwv lub UN Convention, raws li zoo raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Qhov kos yog Switzerland txij li thaum 2008 tau tso cai rau kev kho nrog nyob rau hauv nws lub teb chaws rau terminally mob cov neeg mob, nrog rau ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb theem ntawm cancer.

Cov kev siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj

Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov ntawm alkaloids nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yog paub rau ib ntev lub sij hawm. Ergot - ib cov pwm, nquag siv nyob rau hauv obstetric xyaum. Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj ua rau long-term thiab muaj zog uterine contractions thiab nres uterine los ntshav. Daim ntawv no yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm physiologically active levorotatory alkaloids, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ergometrine. Nws yog tsawg lom dua lwm yam, lub caij ntawm kev txiav txim yog tsis raws li high school, tab sis cov nyhuv yog sai.

Hydrogenated ergot alkaloids muaj sedative zog. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, lawv muaj nqis nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob ntawm kub siab, migraine, Basedow tus kab mob, mob hlwb kev ntshawv siab.

Ergot lom tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog cov txiv neej, tab sis kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj. Txij li thaum cov nplej mus pub lawv tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb los mus saib xyuas cov kev huv ntawm pub grain rau nqaij qaib thiab cov tsiaj nyeg. Lub ntsiab seb mob dab tsi ntawm lom yog necrosis ntawm tus Tsov tus tw, pob ntseg thiab nqua.

Ntawm no yog ib tug nws, ergot. Qhov no kab lis kev cai los ntawm virtue ntawm cov kev muab ib tug tiag tiag ntiaj teb no tej yam nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm peb. Seb me me nceb yuav ua rau kev mob kev nkeeg, los yog yuav ua tau ib tug zoo tshuaj, nws nyob ntawm qhov tseeb mus kom ze rau tib neeg qhov.