English statesman Tomas Kromvel: biography

Tomas Kromvel - statesman Tudor, lub hnub qub ntawm lub thawj magnitude nyob rau hauv lub British domestic thiab txawv teb chaws txoj cai ntawm lub thib kaum caug xyoo. Ob peb xyoo lawm ntawm nws tiag tiag reign ntawm ces thawb cov kob yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau cov kev European lub teb chaws. Tsis zoo li nws saib thiab cov phooj ywg, Cardinal Wolsey, nws yog tej nuj nqis royalist tsis ib tug pov thawj. Tomas Kromvel yog ib tug kws lij choj, thiab nyob rau hauv tag nrho lawv cov undertakings pom ib tug sober thiab muaj kuab.

Childhood thiab tiav hluas

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv 1485 nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm feem questionable ntawm qhov chaw London yug Tomas Kromvel. Cov biography ntawm no daim duab yog pib thaum Putney, qhov twg nyob rau hauv lub lig thib kaum tsib xyoo pua, mus tag nrho cov scum ntawm lub British capital. Nws txiv yog ib tug Brewer thiab tswv tsev so, differed tsausmuag npau taws thiab mob-tempered, thiab tsis averse mus me me kev dag. Tsis ceeb, Tomas Kromvel sai sab laug lub tsev neeg thiab cov pib mus ua ib lub neej tag nrho ntawm adventures thiab nyob rau hauv ces thiab nyob rau sab av loj. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias rau tej lub sij hawm nws tau txais kev pab raws li Fabkis condottiere nyob rau hauv ltalis, txawv nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ob peb ua tub rog campaigns. Tab sis cov peeb zeej lub neej yog tsis rau nws los. Deserting los ntawm cov tub rog Cromwell ntiav ib tug yooj yim ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub ntsuam xyuas nyiaj tsev Frescobaldi. Vim lub ntuj wit thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm cov lus, nws tau los ua ib tug confidant ntawm lub tswv cia nyiaj. Maj mam, Cromwell ntseeg yog cov feem scrupulous ntawm cov kev sib pauv - piv txwv li, tag nrho cov sij hawm thaum kev sib raug zoo nrog cov Vatican thawj coj dhau los ntawm nws txhais tes. Tom qab ib tug thaum Cromwell occupies ib tug uas zoo sib xws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Antwerp, thiab ces - nyob rau hauv cov quav, uas nyob rau hauv cov hnub tau koom rau cov British yas. Ua ke ib start-up capital, Cromwell txiav txim siab rov qab mus rau hais. Nws pib lub xyoo pua 16th, thiab nrog nws - lub theem tom ntej ntawm nws lub neej.

Lub neej nyob rau hauv ces

Tom qab hla cov lus Askiv Channel, Cromwell nyob London. Thaum xub thawj nws yog ib tug me ntsis ntawm muag wool thiab ntau yam ntaub so ntswg. Thaum tuaj mus rau lub xaus hais tias lub neej ntawm ib merchant tsis rau nws los, Tomas Kromvel twb kawm ntawv thiab los ua ib tug kws lij choj. Ntuj kev txawj ntse thiab hais lus zoo sai sai ua rau nws ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau muaj kev vam meej cov kws lij choj nyob rau hauv London.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab 20 lub ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, nws muaj raws li nrog Cardinal Wolsey Thomas - ib tug ntawm cov neeg uas siv tau los ua nom tswv nyob rau hauv lub nceeg vaj. T. Cromwell coj lub Cardinal Secretary. Lawv zoo heev thiab zoo nkaus li, thiab ambition. Raws li lub sij hawm tau pom, qhov no zoo sib thooj thiab dee ntawm lub cim ua si ib tug tshwj xeeb lub luag hauj lwm - ob qho tag nrho yog nquag thiab ntse, ob qho tib si nrhiav coj cov creaking medieval bureaucracy thiab rau ib ntev lub sij hawm twb approximate advisors volatile Henry VIII.

sib yuav

Raws li contemporaries, Cromwell differed frivolity thiab tsoo ntau poj niam lub siab lub ntsws. Tab sis officially nws tau sib yuav ib zaug xwb. Thaum nws yog ib tug tswv cia nyiaj, nws yuav Elizabeth Uaykis, los ntawm uas nws muaj peb cov me nyuam. Ntxhais Anna thiab Hlub tuag hluas, thiab nws tus tub yog ib tug ntawm cov muaj koob muaj npe lub tsev hais plaub. Nws txhawb Tomas Kromvel thiab nws lawm tub Richard. Tom qab, nws yuav yog cov yawg koob ntawm tus naas ej Oliver Cromwell. Yog li, Tomas Kromvel thiab Oliver Kromvel - ua cov txheeb ze thiab tsoom fwv ua hauj lwm, nyob rau txawv sij hawm, tau hloov cov keeb kwm ntawm nws cov haiv neeg teb chaws.

Pib ntawm lub Reformation

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog cov ib puag ncig nyob rau hauv uas Cromwell pib nws pab pej xeem. Hais tus Henry VIII yog ib lub teb chaws ntawm cov neeg hluas, muaj ntau leej twg twb tsis txawm nees nkaum xyoo. English kab lis kev cai thiab haiv neeg ntawm lub sij hawm twb tau sau nrog tus ntsuj plig ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas. Yos hav zoov, tournaments, duels thiab zoo kawg nkaus ua tsov rog - cov no yog cov tseem ceeb qhia Tudor hluas. Thiab Henry nws tus kheej thaum kuv tseem hluas. Nws yog txaus siab los koom nrog golden hluas, lossi tawm hauv nws pious tus poj niam, Catherine, uas yog devout Catholic. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tus huab tais tau ntsib (los yog nws cov phooj ywg) nrog cov tub ntxhais Anne Boleyn, uas cais lub tastes thiab nyiam ntawm lub huab tais. Qhov no gay lub neej yuav tsum tau loj nyiaj txiag kev nqis peev.

qe Protestantism

Thaum lub sij hawm no, nyob rau hauv ib tug deb heev lub teb chaws Yelemees hluas pov thawj Luther King pib nws kev sawv ntxeev tiv thaiv lub papacy. Peb tsis tau hais tias cov kev cai dab qhuas outlook ntawm lub deb preacher muaj ib tug decisive cawv rau tus huab tais, ib tug huab tais lub npe hu tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv uas nws xav rau txim rau tshiab sib. Tab sis Henry VIII sai pom tau hais cov txaus nyiam sab ntawm tus tshiab heresy, thiab pom nyob rau hauv lawv ib lub caij nyoog los mus kho lawv tseem ceeb cov teeb meem:

• ua txhaum lub neej nrog rau Katerinoy Aragonskoy;
• redirect cov ndlwg ntawm cov nyiaj tawm ntawm lub hnab ris ntawm Catholic pov thawj nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm tus muaj koob muaj npe tso nyiaj;
• mus rho tus ntawm lub papacy nyob rau hauv nws lub nceeg vaj.

Qhov tsis kam ntawm Pope Clement rau lwv lub neej nrog tus huab tais ntawm Henry VIII yuam kom noj decisive cov kauj ruam, qhov yuav tau txais ntawm uas yog cov kawm lus Askiv Reformation. King tsoo lub neej nrog huab tais thiab sib yuav nws cov hluas nkauj Anne Boleyn impregnable. Yog li kev dawb huv, Infallibility ntawm lub papacy nyob rau hauv lub English nceeg vaj yog tiag shaken. Nyob rau hauv teb mus rau lub anathema cov lus hais los ntawm lub Vatican, Henry tshaj tawm hais tias nws tus kheej lub taub hau ntawm lub Koom Txoos ntawm ces. Nws kom tus secularization ntawm monastic Estates, occupying loj cheeb tsam ntawm cov kob tau luam tawm. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, muaj ntau cov los ntawm UFW ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic tsis paub txog lub sib nrauj ntawm King thiab poob lawv lub taub hau vim hais tias ntawm lawv cov kev ntseeg. Kuv tsis dhau no txoj hmoo, thiab Thomas Wolsey. Nws twb stripped ntawm nws title ntawm Tswv Chancellor thiab tom qab sau.

Tab sis lub Reformation zog yog maj nkag mus rau hauv nws lub zog. Ntawm UFW ntawm Catholicism tau nrhiav los nws cov cawv nyob rau hauv lus Askiv zej zog. Tab sis lub Reformation coj qhov chaw, thiab lus Askiv Protestantism maj kis thoob plaws hauv lub nceeg vaj.

meteoric sawv

Cromwell lub siab rau lub hwj chim yog exceptional, thiab lub sij hawm nws coincided nrog lub caij thaum Henry xav tau ib tug loyal thiab influential minister. Cromwell nkag mus rau lub civil kev pab cuam hnub rov qab mus rau 1530, los ntawm no taw tes rau, nws cov hauj lwm ua ib tug meteoric sawv.

Lub thirties ntawm lub thib kaum rau caug xyoo yog ib lub sij hawm ntawm kuj zoo kawg kho thiab hloov hais txog kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov laus English txoj kev ntawm lub neej. Cromwell tuaj rau lub hwj chim raws li ib tug supporter ntawm Anne Boleyn. Wolsey yuav tsis hloov nws txiav txim siab thiab tsis kam mus paub txog lub tshiab tus poj niam ntawm Henry VIII, poj huab tais ntawm ces. Yog li ntawd, nws tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm chaw ua hauj lwm thiab hloov los ntawm nws tus kheej protégé. Nomination Cromwell yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau muaj kev vam meej nyob rau hauv lub neeg txoj cai ntawm cov lus Askiv yas.

Achievements Cromwell

Ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tej yaam num ntawm lub politician yog:

• Lub xaus ntawm lub monasteries thiab lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub noob nom noob tswv tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntiaj teb thiab tej teeb meem. Cromwell tsim txom Catholic pov thawj thiab los ntawm UFW ntawm Catholicism, abolished lub monasteries, nrog monks banishing thaj av rau tom ntej hloov lwm lub tsev mus rau lub Crown. Rau nws uncompromising txoj cai ntawm Cromwell khwv tau lub npe menyuam yaus Lub Rauj monks.
• Txoj kev loj hlob thiab nce qib ntawm thaj av tshiab kev cai, av hloov dua siab tshiab thiab secularization, piv lawv taxation thiab leasing.
• Expansion ntawm muaj koob muaj npe hwj chim cawv nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb ntawm teb chaws Askiv, Wales thiab Ireland. Cov kev nqis tes ua rau Vajswv chim lub loj feudal lords thiab coj mus rau riots uas tau brutally suppressed.
• Cov kev siv ntawm lub printing xovxwm rau lub xov xwm ntawm sib secular thiab kev cai dab qhuas ntaub ntawv. Hais tias yawm belongs rau Thomas Cromwell phau Vajlugkub ntawv nyob rau hauv lus Askiv. Qhov kev tshwm sim coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1539.

courtiers tseeb

Raws li ib tug shrewd thiab xam xyuas lub tsev hais plaub, Cromwell nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm rau daim ntawv ceeb toom cov slightest nuances nyob rau hauv tus cwj pwm ntawm cov huab tais thiab feem ntau unfolded nws kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv kev coj rov qab. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv kev sib hwm ntawm nws feem ntau devoted supporter Anny Boleyn, nws xub tshwm sim. Tab sis raws li cov cua txias huab tais txoj kev xav Cromwell hloov nws tus cwj pwm ntawm Anna. Nws thiaj li tuaj koom lub feem ntau, uas paub tseeb hais tias qhov tseeb ntawm treason Anna, thiab yog ib tug ardent supporter ntawm lub txim Boleyn thiab tshiab sib yuav ntawm cov huab tais.

Txeeb thiab txaus

Tus huab tais qhuas lub siab ntawm Cromwell. Feem ntau yeej tsis tej politician muaj kev tswj kom yuav tsum tau afloat thiab ua raws li cov chav kawm ntawm ib tug hloov thiab dov huab tais. Rau cov kev mob siab ntawm Henry Cromwell lawg nqais ntawm lub xeev txeeb thiab nominations. Ntawm no yog cov loj milestones ntawm nws muaj koob muaj npe pab:

• 1531 - tug ntawm cov privy Council.
• 1533 - Chancellor ntawm lub Exchequer ntawm ces.
• 1534 - Huab tais lub secretary thiab tus nom ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Thov.
• 1536 - Tswv privy Foob.

• 1537 - Knight ntawm lub garter thiab cov thawj coj nai khu ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Wales.
• 1539 - Chamberlain.

Qhov kawg ntawm nws lub neej Cromwell twb pom lub title ntawm suav. Txawm li cas los, siv lub npe tshiab ntawm lub Earl ntawm Essex muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv cia li ib tug ob peb lub lis piam. Tsis muaj dua ib zaug hloov lawv cov kev ntseeg, Tomas Kromvel twb xav tias muaj koob muaj npe treason. Thaum lub sij hawm ib tug lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub privy Council, nws twb puas tau raug ntes thiab tua tom qab ib nyuag mus sib hais nyob rau hauv lub pej thuam ntawm tus muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 65 xyoo.