Electrons - dab tsi yog qhov no? Cov khoom thiab cov keeb kwm ntawm lub foundations ntawm electrons

Tag nrho cov nyob ib ncig ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb no yog ua los ntawm me me, imperceptible mus rau lub qhov muag ntawm tus hais. Electrons - qhov no yog ib tug ntawm lawv. Lawv foundations tau tshwm sim kuj tsis ntev los no. Thiab nws qhib ib tug tshiab kev nkag siab ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov atom, hluav taws xob kis tau tus mob mechanisms thiab cov qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb raws li ib tug tag nrho.

Yuav ua li cas faib cov indivisible

Cov niaj hnub to taub txog electrons - qhov no elementary hais. Lawv yog cov zoo ib yam thiab tsis phua rau hauv me me lug. Tab sis xws li ib lub tswv yim tsis tau ib txwm muaj. Kom txog rau thaum 1897 txog electrons twb tsis muaj lub tswv yim.

Ntau xav ancient Greece guessed hais tias txhua yam nyob rau hauv lub teeb, lub tsev muaj ib tug plurality ntawm me me "cib". Tus me tshaj unit ntawm qhov teeb meem ces yog qhov atom, thiab txoj kev ntseeg no persisted rau centuries.

Sawv cev ntawm lub atom tau hloov xwb nyob rau hauv lub lig XIX caug xyoo. Tom qab kev tshawb nrhiav J. Thomson, E. Rutherford, H. Lorenz, P. Zeeman tsawg tshaj plaws indivisible atomic nuclei thiab electrons tau raug lees paub tias. Thaum lub sij hawm, nws raug sab protons, neutrons, thiab txawm tom qab - lub neutrino, kaons, pions, etc ...

Tam sim no science paub ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm elementary hais, qhov chaw uas tsis nyob thiab electrons.

Tus foundations ntawm ib tug tshiab particle

Thaum lub sij hawm thaum lawv electrons sab nyob rau hauv lub atom, zaum tau ntev paub txog lub hav zoov ntawm hluav taws xob thiab magnetism. Tab sis qhov tseeb xwm thiab tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm cov phenomena yog tseem muaj ib tug paub tsis meej, occupying cov minds ntawm ntau physicists.

Thaum pib ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua nws twb paub hais tias cov hais tawm ntawm electromagnetic tawg, cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb. Txawm li cas los, lub Englishman Dzhozef Tomson, kev thwmsim nrog cathode rays, xaus lus hais tias lawv muaj xws li ntau me me nplej uas nws loj yog tsawg tshaj li nuclear.

Nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis 1897 Thomson ua ib tug hais lus nyob qhov twg nws qhia scientific lub zej lub zos rau cov me nyuam yug ntawm ib tug tshiab particle nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm atoms, uas nws hu ua corpuscle. Tom qab ntawd, Ernest Rutherford siv ntawv ci thwmsim paub tseeb hais tias cov lus xaus ntawm nws tus kws qhia ntawv, thiab cov corpuscles tau muab lwm lub npe - "electrons."

Qhov no discovery sim hawm caij nyoog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tsis tsuas yog lub cev tab sis kuj tshuaj science. Nws yog ua tau kom muaj kev nruam ntej nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm hluav taws xob thiab magnetism, thaj chaw ntawm teeb meem, thiab muab ntxiv rau nuclear physics.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib qho electron?

Electrons - yog lub lightest hais nrog ib tug hluav taws xob xwb. Peb paub txog lawv tseem nyob twj ywm lom zem ntau contradictory thiab tsis tag. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv niaj hnub tswv yim lawv nyob mus ib txhis, vim hais tias yeej tsis tawg, tsis zoo li neutrons thiab protons (theoretical cev qhuav dej ntawm lub xeem uas muaj hnub nyoog tshaj lub hnub nyoog ntawm lub ntug).

Electrons ruaj khov thiab muaj ib tug tsis tu ncua tsis zoo xwb e = 1.6 x 10 ^-19 Cl. Lawv mus rau lub tsev neeg ntawm fermions thiab leptons pab pawg neeg. Cov hais kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis muaj zog electromagnetic thiab gravitational sis raug zoo. Lawv muaj li ntawm atoms. Hais uas tau poob kev sib cuag nrog lub atoms - free electrons.

Cov pawg ntawm electrons yog 9.1 x 10 ^-31 kg thiab yog 1836 lub sij hawm tsawg tshaj li qhov loj ntawm ib tug proton. Lawv muaj ib nrab-ib thiab kiv thiab ib tug sib nqus lub sij hawm ntawd. Electron denoted los ntawm tsab ntawv "e ^-". Cov tib yam, tab sis nrog ib tug ntxiv kos npe rau qhia nws antagonist - antiparticle positron.

Xeev ntawm cov electrons nyob rau hauv ib tug atom

Thaum nws los ua tseeb hais tias ib tug atom yog ua los ntawm me me lug, nws yog tsim nyog los to taub xyov yuav ua li cas lawv cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv nws. Yog li ntawd nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua nyob thawj qauv ntawm lub atom. Raws li cov planetary qauv, protons (zoo them) thiab neutrons (nruab nrab) constituted lub nucleus. Ib tug electrons tsiv nyob ib ncig ntawm nyob rau hauv elliptical orbits.

Cov ntaus tswv yim no yuav hloov nrog lub advent ntawm quantum physics nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov XX caug xyoo. Lui De Broglie muab rau pem hauv ntej qhov kev tshawb xav hais tias cov electron behaves tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug particle, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug yoj. Erwin Schrodinger tsim ib tug yoj qauv ntawm lub atom, qhov twg electrons yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug huab nrog tej yam them nyiaj ceev.

Yuav kom pinpoint qhov chaw nyob thiab trajectory ntawm lub electrons nyob ib ncig ntawm lub keeb yog suab tsis yooj yim sua. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, qhia ib tug tshwj xeeb lub sij hawm "orbital" los yog "electron huab", uas yog qhov chaw ntawm lub feem ntau tej zaum qhov chaw ntawm hais tias hais.

zog ntau

Lub electron huab nyob ib ncig ntawm ib tug atom cia li ntau li ntau thiab protons nyob rau hauv nws cov keeb. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov nyob txawv mus. Ze tshaj rau tus tub ntxhais cov txheej txheem ntawm electrons muaj qhov nqi zog. Qhov ntau zog yog nyob rau hauv tus hais, qhov ntau lawv yuav.

Tab sis lawv tsis npaj thaum random, thiab coj tej ntau ntau, uas yuav haum xwb ib tug tej yam muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm hais. Txhua qib muaj nws tus kheej npaum li cas ntawm lub zog thiab yog muab faib mus rau hauv sub-ntau ntau, thiab cov neeg, nyob rau hauv lem, nyob rau hauv orbitals.

Yuav kom piav qhia txog tus yam ntxwv thiab qhov chaw ntawm lub electrons ntawm lub zog ntau ntau, plaub quantum tooj :

• n - lub ntsiab integer specifying electron zog cia (sau raws nkaus Ii tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj lub caij lub sij hawm);
• l - orbital tooj, uas qhia txog tus duab ntawm lub electron huab (s - kheej kheej, p - daim ntawv yim, d - tus duab ntawm clover los yog ob eights, f - ib tug complex geometric zoo);
• m - tus naj npawb ntawm magnetic defining huab orientation nyob rau hauv ib tug sib nqus teb;
• ms - lub kiv tooj, uas characterizes lub electrons orbit nyob ib ncig ntawm nws axis.

xaus

Yog li, electrons - ib tug ruaj khov, tsis zoo them hais. Lawv yog cov yooj yim thiab yuav tsis lwj rau hauv lwm yam hais. Lawv raug xa mus rau raws li yuav tsum muaj hais, piv txwv li, cov neeg uas yog ib feem ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem.

Lub electrons txav nyob ib ncig ntawm lub nuclei thiab tsim lawv electron plhaub. Lawv muaj kev cuam tshuam cov tshuaj, kho qhov muag, neeg kho tshuab thiab nqus thaj chaw ntawm ntau yam tshuaj. Cov hais yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub electromagnetic thiab gravitational sis raug zoo. Lawv directional zog ua ib qho kev siv hluav taws xob tam sim no thiab sib nqus teb.