Dualism nyob rau hauv philosophy raws li ib tug conception ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ntawm duality

Lo lus "dualism" yog muab tau los ntawm Latin lo lus "dual". Qhov no lus qhuab qhia muaj cov notion tias muaj ob cais pib nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Lawv duality yog qhia nyob rau hauv lub corporeal (cov ntaub ntawv uas) thiab sab ntsuj plig incarnations. Cov tswvyim no nyob rau hauv lub philosophy paub txij li thaum Zaratrusty (628-551 BC) uas qhia zoo thiab kev phem, mus rau hauv ob tug sib txawv pawg.

Nyob rau hauv ancient Greek philosophy ntawm Plato lub tswvyim ntawm tus duality ntawm lub cev thiab tus ntsuj plig (lub thiaj-hu ua anthropological dualism), thiab nws assumes lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug cosmological dualism embodied nyob rau hauv cov tswv yim thiab os. Ancient philosophy twb los ntawm Iran, thawj tsim los ntawm Zarathustra. Nws thov lub hav zoov ntawm ib lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv uas zoo thiab kaj deity tawm tsam nrog kev phem thiab tu siab heev rau supremacy hla tus ntug thiab cov ntsuj plig ntawm cov txiv neej.

Qhov no dualism nyob rau hauv ancient philosophy muaj evolved xav qhia qhov kev zoo, pauv mus rau lub neej ntsuj plig thiab os, uas ces (nyob rau hauv Gnosticism), os thiab lub cev, thiab yog li ntawd lub ntiaj teb no yog txuam nrog rau cov pib ntawm kev phem. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, tus ntsuj plig (tus ntsuj plig thiab nws ntshiab "Kuv") yog huv si thiab kaj pib. Nyob rau hauv muaj ntau yam kev ntseeg thiab philosophical txog tib neeg kev dualism yog raug tsim thiab yog embodied nyob rau hauv cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm tus ntsuj plig thiab lub cev ntawm Vajtswv thiab dab ntxwg nyoog.

Philosophy Christianity txav "ntaiv ntawm kev hlub thiab kev zoo nkauj" ntawm Plato, qhov twg zoo tag nrho ntawm cov tswv yim nyob rau hauv lub Absolute tawm tsam lub ntiaj teb no zoo sib xws, cov tsim neeg txhaum. Nyob rau hauv Christianity, tib neeg duality - yog ib tug yuav tsum muaj incompatibility ntawm dual thiab qhia tawm tsam tej kev txhaum thiab virtues tias feem ntau kom meej meej qhia nyob rau hauv lub ntawmv ntawm Spinoza. Dualism nyob rau hauv lub philosophy ntawm lub East yog tsis tsim nyog, raws li nws cov kev cai raus kev sib nrig sib to taub thiab sib raug zoo ntawm tus ntsuj plig thiab lub cev, lub xub ntiag ntawm "yin" thiab "yaj" nyob rau hauv tej tshwm sim, ob cov ntaub ntawv thiab ntawm sab ntsuj plig.

Raws li lub tswvyim ntawm dualism nyob rau hauv lub philosophy ntawm lub tom qab lub sij hawm yog tsim los ntawm Descartes, uas hu ua nws ib tug kaj tus neeg sawv cev. Descartes yug nyob rau hauv Fabkis nyob rau hauv 1596 nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj 31.

Lub neej thiab kev kawm ntawv Descartes yim xyoo coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub Jesuit tsev kawm ntawv, qhov chaw uas nws tau txais ib tug yooj yim kev txawj ntse los ntawm kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub Netherlands. Muaj nws stands tag rau txoj kev mus kawm ntawv kev kawm txog zauv, philosophy, physics, physiology, thiab astronomy. Nyob rau hauv lub Netherlands, tawm ntawm nws tej hauj lwm, uas tau ua nto moo. Qhov loj tshaj koob meej los tom qab ntawv ntawm "Discourse rau txoj kev". Ua hauj lwm rau cov phau ntawv thiab publishing nws nyuaj mus ntaus lub Inquisition, yog li hloov lub npe Descartes thiab kho cov ntawv nyeem.

Nyob ib ncig ntawm cov phau ntawv ib zaug muaj rhuab sib cav tswv yim, muaj me ntsis kev txhawj xeeb ntawm Descartes, nws yuav siv sij hawm ntau tshaj ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub Inquisition, raws li nyuam qhuav li ntawm cov kev tshuam ntawm 17th thiab 18th xyoo pua hlawv J. Bruno, Galileo, rau txim thiab nraus tus nplaig philosopher Vanini, uas ces kuj tau hlawv. Tom qab, cov hauj lwm ntawm Descartes tau pom tau hais tias nyob rau hauv Fabkis li heretical thiab rau txim yuav tsum tau hlawv. Descartes feem ntau ntawm nws lub neej nyob rau hauv Holland. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 54, nws tuag ntawm mob ntsws, mob khaub thuas, nyob rau hauv Switzerland, kawm qhov twg nws twb yuam kom mus rau qhov kev thov ntawm tus poj huab tais.

Lub sij hawm "dualism" nyob rau hauv philosophy tuaj ua ke nrog rau cov writings ntawm lub German philosopher C. Wolff (1679-1749) thiab assumes lub hav zoov thiab sis ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov sab ntsuj plig hauv paus ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no thiab nyob rau hauv tus txiv neej. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus txheem ntawm kev zoo thiab kev phem, lub sij hawm siv los ntawm T. Hyde nyob rau hauv 1700, thov cov tswvyim no nyob rau hauv kev cai dab qhuas kev ua ub no. Ib tug zoo xws li cov ntsiab lus rau cov notion ntawm dualism muab P. Bayle thiab Leibniz.

Followers thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm dualism tsim nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb lub tswvyim ntawm tsiv teeb meem ntawm Descartes, raws li zoo raws li lub tswvyim ntawm tus metaphysical xwm ntawm kev kawm txog zauv, dialectic thiab analytic geometry. Philosophical tej hauj lwm ntawm Spinoza, Kant, Rickert nyob rau hauv niaj hnub philosophy - Rorty thiab ntau lwm yam philosophers cia siab rau cov lus xaus thiab postulates ntawm lub Cartesian philosophy ntawm dualism.