Creation ntawm lub "liberation ntawm zog": cov keeb kwm, nta thiab cov kev ua ub. pab pawg neeg "emancipation of Labor" qhov kev pab cuam

Tom qab lub assassination ntawm Alexander II, uas tsis tau coj mus rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov monarchy, lub revolutionaries txiav txim siab los soj ntsuam cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lawv tawm tsam tiv thaiv cov tsarist tsoom fwv. "Emancipation of Labor" - Nyob rau hauv 1883, thawj Lavxias teb sab Marxist lub koom haum yog tsim los pab nyob rau hauv Switzerland. Cov pab pawg neeg muaj mej zeej ntawm lub "Narodnaya Volya" thiab "redistribution".

lub tsev kawm ntawv

Interestingly, lub creation ntawm lub "liberation ntawm zog" yog chiv cia li tsib neeg: Georgiem Plehanovym, Vasiliem Ignatovym, Vera Zasulich, Lvom Deychem thiab Pavlom Akselrodom. Lawv yog cov tsuas mej zeej ntawm lub koom haum, tsuas yog rau acceding nyob rau hauv 1888 Sergei Ingerman.

Vim cov tsis ua hauj ntawm revolutionary populists pib mus nrhiav ib tug tshiab kev tshawb xav, uas yuav los ua lub hauv paus rau cov kev ua ub. Plekhanov poob mus rau hauv acquaintance nrog Western European socialism. Creation ntawm lub "liberation ntawm zog" tau tshwm sim txij li thaum tus me nyuam ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab revolutionary zog ntawm Marxist tswv yim muaj nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Karla Marksa thiab Fridriha Engelsa. Cov pab pawg neeg tau teem nws tus kheej lub tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm - txhais mus rau hauv Lavxias teb sab hauv phau ntawv ntawm cov lus theorists. Nrog tib populism nws yog lawm.

kev pab cuam

Tswv yim uas txhawb pab pawg neeg ntawm Plekhanov, twb tsis tshiab. Lavxias teb sab Socialists kawm lawv los ntawm txawv teb chaws qhov chaw. kev pab cuam ntawm lub "emancipation of Labor" Nws yog nyob rau no hauv paus thiab tau kos mus txog. Ib qho tseem ceeb hauv paus rau nws tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug thuam ntawm populism. Nyob rau hauv nws cov ntaub ntawv, Plekhanov sib cav hais tias Russia tau nkag mus rau hauv txoj kev ntawm capitalist kev loj hlob. Qhov no yog hais tias cov decisive quab yuam nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm lub kiv puag ncig yog tsis yog tus peasantry, uas tso siab rau populists, thiab cov proletariat.

Cov nom tswv xav tau ntawm cov Social-Democrats tau txo kom general ywj pheej kho. Tom qab lawv, lub hwj chim yuav tsum tau ua concessions rau cov neeg ua hauj. SDG Program "emancipation of Labor" versed Lenin nyob rau hauv nws journalistic cov khoom, thiab tom qab ntawd muaj nyob rau hauv tus sau los ntawm classic tej hauj lwm ntawm lub Bolshevik thawj coj. Tus nqi ntawm daim ntawv no tsis yog tsuas nws xav tau. Qhov kev pab cuam Plekhanov thiab nws cov thwjtim yog cov kev pab thawj zaug ntawm Lavxias teb sab Social-Democrats. Nws los tshwm ua ntej ib tug zoo li daim ntawv ntawm cov RSDLP, sau los ntawm Lenin thiab nws cov "Iskra" Editorial Board.

qub txeeg qub teg Chernishevsky

Plekhanov thiab lwm tus neeg ntawm cov pab pawg twb "cov me nyuam ntawm Chernyshevsky." Tswv yim thiab tej hauj lwm ntawm no xyov Lavxias teb sab txawj sau ntawv tau rau lawv lub loj tshaj tej yam yog tseem ua ntej lub creators ntawm "liberation ntawm zog" ua paub Marxism. "Capital" sau tuag nyob rau hauv 1883-th - nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm lub tsev lag luam ntawm Plekhanov s pab pawg neeg. Lavxias teb sab Socialists txawm muaj kev tswj kom luv luv tham nrog tus founder ntawm ib tug tshiab ideology.

Nws muaj ib tug ntev sib tham nrog Engels, leej twg tuag nyob rau hauv 1895. Nws yog rau lub sij hawm 1883-1895 gg. lub caij nplooj zeeg thawj Marxist Plehanova Pub. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug tshiab ideology, nws reinterpreted lub cuab yeej cuab tam "ntawm lub sixties-populists".

Tus thawj successes ntawm Plekhanov

Lub impetus rau kev tshawb fawb tshiab cuab yeej cuab tam Chernyshevsky Plekhanov yog txoj kev tuag ntawm cov txawj sau ntawv nyob rau hauv Saratov nyob rau hauv 1889 thiab lub ensuing me nyuam kawm ntawv nyob tsis tau uas los ntsib qhov tseeb ntau loj lub zos ntawm Russia. Tiv thaiv no tom qab, tus tsim ntawm lub "emancipation of Labor" pib sau cov ntaub ntawv uas rau nws cov tshiab yuav tsum muaj chaw ua hauj lwm mob siab rau mus rau lub cult ntawm tus neeg lub teb chaws socialist zog.

Plekhanov tswj kom tau sau hais ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm lub memoirs ntawm lub revolutionary Peter Lavrov. Lub "emancipation of Labor" luam tawm plaub cov khoom nyob rau Chernyshevsky, nyob rau hauv uas rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab socialism tswv yim thiab philosophy ntawm tus kws raug sib tham los ntawm ib tug Marxist standpoint. Cov tsos ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab lawv cov dav nthuav ntawm cov nyeem ntawv pej xeem yog ib qho tseem ceeb milestone rau qhov nthuav thiab nce qib ntawm tus neeg sau ntawm "Capital" tej lus qhuab qhia.

ntxiv cov kev ua ub

Txawm tias cov pab pawg neeg "emancipation of Labor" - yog thawj thiab foremost ib lub koom haum rallied nyob ib ncig ntawm Plekhanov, tag nrho nws cov neeg ib txoj kev los sis lwm koom nyob rau hauv lub nthuav thiab popularization ntawm lub Marxist tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv 1884, Axelrod sau "Cov hauj zog thiab kev cai ywj pheej", thiab nyob rau hauv 1888th lub dag zog ntawm tag nrho cov koom haum tau yug los muab tso ua ke "Social Democrat."

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1890-1892 gg. Nws twb luam tawm phau ntawv saib xyuas. Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub plaub phau ntawv tau ua. Review ua hauj lwm pab peb lub hom phiaj: Yuav kom txhawb Marxism, criticized populism, thiab disseminate cov lus qhia txog cov kev ua ub los ntawm UFW ntawm kev cai ywj pheej nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws lub teb chaws.

Lub sib ntaus tawm tsam economism

Lub sij hawm tau hais tias cov creation ntawm ib tug Marxist pab pawg neeg "emancipation of Labor" tsis tau tsuas yog pab cov dag ntawm Marxism nyob rau hauv Russia, tab sis kuj cim pib ntawm kev koom ua ke ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab Social-Democrats, uas nyob rau hauv exile. Rally los ntawm UFW ntawm sab laug-tis yog tsis yog li ntawd ib qho yooj yim. Ua li no, Plekhanov s pab pawg neeg systematically tiv thaiv nrog lub tswv yim ntawm economism. Ntawm UFW ntawm qhov no nyob rau hauv tus ntawm Eduard Bernstein pib hais lus tawm tsam qhov tseeb hais tias cov neeg ua hauj muab rau pem hauv ntej nom tswv xav tau.

Raws li economists, cov proletariat tau mus tua tsuas yog rau cov lawv cov kev sib thiab economic kev txaus siab. Txawm li cas los, nws yog rau lwm cov laj pib lub creation ntawm lub "emancipation of Labor". Lub hnub nws inception (1883) yog lub starting taw tes nyob rau hauv lub proletarian tawm tsam tsarist tsoom fwv vim hais tias ntawm nom tswv tsis pom zoo. Tom qab tag nrho, economists tau swb lawm. Ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau cov tawm lub sijhawm uas nws soj ntsuam nrog lawv yog cov ntawv nyob rau hauv lub "Vademecum" tawm tsam lub Social Democrats, ua los ntawm Lenin yog nyob rau hauv exile.

Lub yeej ntawm lub opportunists thiab revisionists

Lavxias teb sab Marxism yog lwm zog uas revolutionaries sib cav sib ceg ntawm lawv tus kheej. Lub daig yog opportunism. Cov Marxists lo lus tau los ua ib tug cliché, uas tau cov khoom muaj npe yeeb ncuab ntawm lub Social-ywj pheej kev pab cuam. Txoj cai opportunists advocated lub abandonment ntawm revolutionary txoj kev ntawm tawm tsam. Lawv ntseeg hais tias kev sib raug zoo kev ncaj ncees yuav ua tau tiav los ntawm kev koom tes ntawm tag nrho cov chav kawm ntawv, nrog rau cov proletariat thiab lub bourgeoisie. Opportunism yog thiab sab laug. Proponents ntawm no ziag no ntseeg hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los coj lub revolutionary kev ua phem rau lub siab tshaj plaws.

Ob txoj cai thiab sab laug-tis opportunists thawj criticized Plekhanov nyob rau hauv "emancipation of Labor", thiab ces tus Bolsheviks, coj los ntawm Lenin. Ideological teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug-kev ywj pheej chaw tau coj mus rau ib tug revisionist. Lawv sib tw rau hauv lub xaus ntawm Marx hais tias cov teebmeem ntawm capitalism yog inevitable vim lub hom phiaj thiab vim li cas tshaj li nws tswj. Yog li ntawd, lub revisionists raug caw mus koom tes nrog rau lwm cov tog mus cuag socialism. Txawm tias lub hav zoov uas muaj ntau sib txawv pab pawg nyob rau hauv nws cov ideology, nws yog ib lub ntawm UFW ntawm Plekhanov enlisted cov kev pab txhawb thiab xim ntawm tus loj tshaj xov tooj ntawm cov sab laug. Cov kev vam meej tau lom zem ntau tiav ua tsaug rau lub active publicist thiab muab cov nyiaj qhia pab pawg neeg "emancipation of Labor".

Los ntawm UFW ntawm lub tsev

Txawm tias Plekhanovites tej ntau lub koom haum thiab nyiaj txiag teeb meem, lawv kuj muaj peev xwm mus sai sai tsim kev sib cuag nrog activists thoob plaws lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman. Socialists Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kharkov, Kiev, Vilnius, Riga, Odessa, Minsk, Nizhny Novgorod thiab lwm yam loj lub zos muaj direct kev sib cuag nrog ib lub koom haum uas thawm xyoo muaj nyob rau hauv Switzerland. Nws yog zoo li ib tug broad teb tshwm sim los ntawm creation ntawm lub "emancipation of Labor". Xyoo los ntawm lub xyoo, tus ntawm Plekhanov thiab nws pab tsuas ntau zog.

Nyob rau hauv 1895, lub "Union ntawm nriaj rau lub liberation ntawm cov ua hauj lwm hauv chav kawm ntawv" tau tsim muaj ib pab pawg neeg ntawm heev ze kev sib raug zoo. Qhov no kev koom tes tau muaj far-ncav txim. Nyob rau hauv 1896 nyob rau hauv London, lub International Socialist Congress. Lenin tus "Union" ua Plekhanov nws delegate ntawm cov kev tshwm sim. Ob peb lub hlis tom qab, Vladimir Ulyanov twb puas tau raug ntes thiab xa mus rau hauv exile. Tom qab hais tias, "Lub Union ntawm tus tawm tsam rau lub liberation ntawm cov ua hauj lwm hauv chav kawm ntawv" tau ua ib tug stronghold ntawm lub economists, thiab cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob lub koom haum twb tau poob.

Nyob rau hauv lub thoob ntiaj teb arena

"Emancipation of Labor" muab kev koom tes tsis tsuas nrog Lavxias teb sab ntawm UFW, tab sis lub Socialists nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Cov pab pawg neeg hu rau lub koom haum thiab ob tog ntawm Fabkis, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Poland, England, Switzerland, Bulgaria thiab Austria-Hungary. Nrog Plekhanovites collaborated kaj thawj coj ntawm lub European socialist zog. Qhov no series ntawm cov npe yuav raug xam tias yog Eduarda Evelinga, Antonio Labriola, Avgusta Bebelya, Vilgelma Libknehta, Klaru Tsetkin, thiab hais txog. D.

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub "emancipation of Labor" tau koom nyob rau hauv ob peb lub thoob ntiaj teb txheej xwm ntawm lub European laug. Lawv tam sim no nyob rau Congress nyob rau hauv Paris, Zurich, London.

abolition

Nyob rau hauv 1901, ib pab pawg neeg ntawm "emancipation of Labor" muaj teamed nrog cov neeg kho ntawm "Iskra", taws los ntawm Lenin sawv. Nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab socialist zog pib ib lub sij hawm ntawm fruitful kev koom tes. Lub ntsiab nuj nqis nyob rau hauv nws los ua Lenin thiab Plekhanov. Nyob rau hauv 1903, lub ideological teeb meem pib ntawm lawv. Lub decisive chord nyob rau hauv no tsis sib haum yog qhov II tog Congress. Tus tshiab khiv tsim tog phua rau hauv Bolsheviks thiab Mensheviks.

Plekhanov thiab ib co lwm yam Socialists, xws li Martov, ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv lub sim tawm tsam cov tsarist tsoom fwv yuav tau cia siab rau kev pab los ntawm lub bourgeoisie. Lenin yog ntau npaum li cas radical. Nws suav hais tias yog bourgeoisie lub ntsiab hauv chav kawm ntawv yeeb ncuab ntawm lub proletariat. Mensheviks kuj txwv cov nyiaj tau los pab ntawm lub Central Committee ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv ntau heev hwj chim rau dab tsi lub Bolsheviks advocated. Cov kis los ua khees. Thiab txawm hais tias tus Lavxias teb sab Socialists txuas ntxiv kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog txhua lwm yam, nws twb ces muab lub keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm yeej thiab kev tuag ntawm lub Mensheviks txij thaum 1917. Lub "emancipation of Labor" txhawb Plekhanov thiab mus rau Martov, thiab ces mus nyob qhovtwg li.

nqi

Lub txim uas tau nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm lub "emancipation of Labor" ua qhov tseeb npaum li cas tom qab tshaj tus txiav cov kev ua ub ntawm lub koom haum. Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig, Lenin hais tias Plekhanov nteg cov me nyuam yaus ntawm Lavxias teb sab socialism thiab thawj mus kom tau raws li lub dee ntawm lub proletariat. Tsis tas li ntawd Bolshevik thawj coj ntseeg hais tias cov creation ntawm lub "liberation ntawm zog" pub ua tam sim ntawd nrog lub Populists, lub anarchists, lub revisionists thiab lwm yam "tsis yog" sab laug.

Los ntawm lub koom haum, nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1883, lub Lavxias teb sab revolutionaries twb thaum kawg tau mus saib nyob rau socialism raws li ib tug scientific theory nrog nws cov pov thawj los luj thiab pov logic. Lenin ntseeg hais tias cov pib ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab Marxism yog precisely lub creation ntawm ib tug Marxist pab pawg neeg "emancipation of Labor". Xyoo 1883rd peb yuav xav tias qhov no tseem ceeb heev rau lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab benchmark. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, txoj kev tshawb ntawm cov kev ua ub ntawm "liberation ntawm zog" them zoo mloog. Soviet historians tau paub hais tias nws yuav yog sib txawv kiag li tsis muaj txoj hmoo rau lub koom haum 1917 kiv puag ncig.