Cov ntaub ntawv muaj dab tsi? Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm keeb kwm. Qhov tseeb tiag: piv txwv

Noob neej tau ntau txhiab xyoo. Tag nrho lub sij hawm no peb cov pog koob yawg koob tau sau cov tswv yim kev txawj ntse thiab kev, tsim txhua hnub khoom thiab masterpieces ntawm kos duab. Lawv ua yuam kev thiab tau zoo discoveries. Yuav ua li cas peb thiaj paub txog lawv lub neej? Peb coj ib yam dab tsi pab tau rau kuv tus kheej, kom tsis txhob blunders nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no?

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no yog ua tau. Niaj hnub no muaj ntau ntau yam sciences kawm cov ntaub ntawv uas qhov chaw. Cia peb to taub nyob rau hauv kom meej.

Lus Txhais thiab cais

Yog li, qhov tiag tiag los - tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv uas cov khoom, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam qhov sib txawv spheres ntawm lub neej thiab tib neeg kev ua ub no. Txhua yam uas characterizes lub keeb kwm txheej txheem kev qhov chaw tam sim no los yog nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm, seb nws yog sau ntawv, qhov seem ntawm txhua hnub khoom los yog tib neeg seem, yuav nqa invaluable cov ntaub ntawv rau kev soj ntsuam.

Yog li, peb tau pom cov feem ntau uas nws kim heev uas cov tswvyim no. Cia peb tam sim no nrog cov kev faib rau ntau kev txiav txim.

Thaum xub thawj daim duab yog yooj yim txaus: cov era ntawm barbarism, uas twb hloov los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub barbarians, thiab tom qab - lub rov tshwm sim ntawm kev vam meej. Txawm li cas los, xws li ib tug coherent kev faib los ntawm kev rhuav tiag tiag los ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Lawv yog heev cia wedged tom qab stunning heyday ntawm ancient lub xeev.

Niaj hnub no, soj ntsuam ntawm ntau ntau inclined mus rau lub tom ntej no division ntawm kev cai monuments. Muaj peb lub ntsiab pawg (txhua yam uas lawv muaj tswj):

- Khoom siv qhov chaw, piv txwv ntawm uas tau muab rau hauv qab no.

- Iconic monuments - duab, duab, cov cim nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj npib thiab os.

- lus. Lawv muab faib ua lus thiab sau ntawv. Tus thawj kawm ethnography.

Nta ua hauj lwm kom

Khoom qhov chaw - ib tug ntau yam ntawm qhov chaw, pom ib tug mention, zaj nkauj thiab legends. Yuav ua li cas yuav nrog lawv thiab koom nyob rau hauv?

Xws li ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm yog tshaj tej science los yog pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg. Yuav kom tsim xws li ib tug sab qauv nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg tau tsim ob peb disciplines nrog uas peb tau ntsib koj nyob rau hauv.

Yuav ua li cas txoj kev yog siv thaum kawm qhov tiag tiag los? Yuav pib mention cov tib neeg zoo tshaj. Tej tshwm sim yog yeej ib txwm muab los ntawm cov plaub ntawm ideology soj ntsuam los yog sau ntawm ib daim ntawv. Yog li ntawd, zaum feem ntau tsis tau txais lub hom phiaj cov lus qhia, tiam sis tsuas yog paub meej tias yog refute lawv conjectures.

Lub ntsiab txoj kev nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm nrog qhov chaw no yog raws li nram no: tag nrho cov lus xaus no yog ua los tsuas yog tom qab kawm tag nrho complex pom, pov thawj ntawm qhov tseeb. Nws yuav ua tsis tau ib yam dab tsi tawm ntawm lub ntsiab lus teb. Zuag qhia tag nrho cov duab no zoo xws li ib tug puzzle. Cia peb kawm saib ua li cas disciplines yog koom nyob rau hauv xws tshawb fawb.

Archaeology thiab Anthropology

Cov ob disciplines feem ntau zoo ua hauj lwm nrog tiag tiag springs. Tus thawj ib aims to taub txog cov evolution ntawm tus txiv neej thiab haiv neeg, mus kawm tus txheej txheem ntawm tsim ntawm lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm lub neej los ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub sij hawm mus rau lub hnub tam sim no.

Anthropology investigates tus txiv neej nws tus kheej (haiv neeg, kev cai, kab lis kev cai thiab txoj kev ntawm lub neej). Txawm li cas los, xws li ib tug sab teb ntawm kev ua si muab science tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau lub teb chaws ntawm lub Western lub ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau hauv lub CIS no paub saib ntsoov txog ob peb industries. Dhau li anthropology yog muab kev koom tes ethnography thiab archeology.

Tshwj xeeb, qhov no science peb to taub txog evolution thiab ntau muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm-spatial sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub cev hom neeg. Yog li ntawd, cia nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim.

Archaeology - lub science uas kawm tiag tiag keeb kwm qhov chaw. Nws tej thaj chaw ntawm kev txaus siab muaj xws li ob peb txoj kev tshawb tej pawg:

- kev koom (ntawm no nkag mus rau thiab cov vaj tse). Lawv muab faib mus rau hauv lub fortified (feem ntau hu ua mounds) thiab unfortified (zos). Qhov no tej zaum yuav lub nroog thiab lub fortress, camp, thiab ua liaj ua teb los yog khoom siv tes ua settlements, hiking camp tub rog thiab fortified castles.

Feem ntau ntawm cov chaw no yog zoo li qub, lawv yog tas li (thiab cov) nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw. Txawm li cas los, chaw nres tsheb thiab lwm yam ib ntus settlements feem ntau tsis muaj tib lub qhov chaw. Yog li ntawd, lawv nrhiav kom tau kev lom zem ntau ib tug teeb meem ntawm lub sij hawm.

- Mounds feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau qhov seem ntawm ramparts thiab phab ntsa. Feem ntau, feem ntau ntawm cov chaw ua hauj lwm tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub archive archaeologist. Muaj yog cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm daim ntawv qhov chaw - los ntawm legends thiab epics rau science thiab txawj ntse ntaub ntawv. Tales, los ntawm txoj kev, ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm. Troy Heinrich Schliemann sab ua tsaug rau nruj kev ua raws li lawv, "Iliad" ntawm Homer.

- Cov tom ntej no qhov chaw nyob qhov twg zoo-khaws cai tiag tiag los ntawm keeb kwm, feeb txaus, yog lub burial. Nyob rau hauv lub txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv qhuav qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ib co cov khoom tej zaum yuav nyob twj ywm rau txhiab xyoo thiab kom lawv zoo. Wetter qhov chaw, ntawm chav kawm, yuav ua kom puas ntau cov ntaub ntawv. Txawm li cas los, rau piv txwv, tej yam ntoo nyob rau hauv cov dej fossilized.

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub tombs, archaeologists pom tsis tau tsuas yog tej khoom ntawm lub neej txhua hnub ntawm lub ancient cov neeg, tab sis kuj muaj ntau yam hais tias hais txog kev ntseeg, tej kab ke, kev sib raug zoo qauv ntawm cov haiv neeg thiab thiaj li nyob.

- Tsis tas li ntawd, cov monuments yog ceremonial chaw (shrines, temples) thiab kev cob qhia. Yog hais tias koj paub yuav ua li cas los txhais lus rau cov uas nrhiav tau, nws yog ua tau kom tau ib tug ntau ntawm nthuav thiab ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb.

- Kawg, tab sis tsis tsawg kawg yog complex yog incidental tshawb pom. Txhua yam - los ntawm lub treasures ntawd poob nyees khawm - muaj peev xwm qhia rau kev soj ntsuam ntawm yav dhau los.

Raws li peb tau pom, feem ntau ntawm cov kev txawj ntse txog ancient societies - tiag tiag. Qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej ncav cuag ntawm peb lub sij hawm yog tsis ib txwm muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab suab, li ntawd, lub archaeologists thiab anthropologists feem ntau muaj mus nrhiav kev pab los ntawm restorers uas pab tau lawv rov qab kho cov thawj tsos ntawm cov khoom.

ethnography

Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet era, nws yog ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib science, tab sis hnub no nws feem ntau yog raug xa mus rau lub Cheebtsam ntawm anthropology. Nws kawm (ntau precisely qhia txog cov) neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Cov hauj lwm nrog anthropology - yog tsis tiag tiag xwb qhov twg los. Piv txwv ntawm intangible monuments - zaj nkauj thiab qhov ncauj legends. Nyob rau hauv muaj ntau yam pab pawg neeg muaj tsuas yog tsis tau sau lus, thiab cov lus qhia no yog kis tau los ntawm cov niam txiv rau cov me nyuam los ntawm lo lus ntawm lub qhov ncauj.

Yog li ntawd, ethnographers feem ntau tsis ua hauj lwm raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm, raws li zoo raws li lub lolus thiab lus ntawm qhov sib txawv kev cai ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Yog hais tias koj saib nyob rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Spaniards thiab cov Portuguese XV - XVI centuries, koj yuav xav tsis thoob. Yog li ntawd muaj ntau yam thiab phenomena piav tsis tshwm sim.

Cov pab pawg neeg no puas, assimilated (thiab yog li poob ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj noj coj ua). Globalization blurs cov txim hluav taws xob ntawm cov neeg. Txawm cov lus tej zaum yuav ploj. Thiab yog hais tias lawv twb tsis sau cia, ib yam dab tsi txog lawv thiab tsis muaj ib tug twg yuav paub.

Yuav ua li cas peb muaj kev ethnography? Yuav ua li cas yog qhov tiag tiag los? Duab, suab nkauj, video qhuas, sau fixation ntawm txawv spheres ntawm lub neej ntawm cov neeg - tag nrho cov kawm thiab piv.

Tej kev qhia txog pib ua rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub ancient ntiaj teb no, lawv tsis xav zoo li ib tug fairy taleas nrog ib tug zoo kawg npaum li cas ntawm speculation. Nws tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub lig Nrab Hnub nyoog muaj kev soj ntsuam uas daim ntawv qhia lub neej ntawm ancient cov neeg thiab lub neej ntawm tej thaj chaw deb pab pawg neeg, xws li cov Khab, Australian Aborigines, cov Bushmen thiab lwm yam kev yos hav zoov-gatherers.

Nws hloov tawm, saib lub neej ntawm haiv neeg, sawv nyob rau "predtsivilizatsii" theem nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub nkag siab ntawm lo lus, peb yuav kawm txog cov kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb, tooj liab, tooj thiab hlau muaj hnub nyoog.

Qhov tseem ceeb point yog tias nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv nrog cov me nyuam rho qhov tiag tiag los (piv txwv). Qib 5 - nws yog lub sij hawm mus tshawb cov kev cai ntawm nws cov neeg thiab lub tsheb txhob sibtsoo kev hloov mus rau lus qhia dav dav txog qhov tsim ntawm tib neeg.

epigraphy

Qhov thib ob loj tshaj plaws kev cov ntaub ntawv uas los ntawm qhov uas peb yuav kos rau cov kev txawj ntse ntawm ancient cov neeg - yog sau thiab kos cov ntaub ntawv uas qhov chaw - cov duab, Vaj Keeb Kwm, memoirs, av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj, petroglyphs, Hieroglyphs, birch ntoo.

Yuav kom sau txoj kev nyob rau hauv uas tib neeg yuav zoo siab rau khaws cia ntaub ntawv muaj peev xwm ua tau ntev. Yog tsis muaj lawv peb yuav tsis muaj ib tug clue txog cov txheej xwm uas yav tag los. Peb yuav hais lus nrog cog qoob loo, raws li archaeological finds cia li yuav tsis muab kom ntau li ntau yog muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug, txawm tias tus shortest ntawv.

Ib tug ntawm cov earliest kev tshawb fawb, uas tau mus txog rau peb, yog dav paub rau lub "Keeb kwm" ntawm Herodotus. Nws hnub ntawm lub thib tsib caug xyoo BC. Ib qho ntawm thawj memoirs sau Julius Caesar. Lawv lub npe - "Sau nyob rau hauv Gallic ua tsov ua rog."
Tab sis nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, cov ntawv sau txog thiab memoirs muaj ntau cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub Renaissance.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, sau cov ntaub ntawv yog nplua nuj heev tuav, txawm li cas los, nws muaj nws cov drawbacks.

Firstly, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov mus rau tsib txhiab xyoo ntawm tib neeg keeb kwm lub feem ntau. Yuav ua li cas tau yav tas los kaw los yog tsis, los yog tsis deciphered.

Ob - kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab tshwj xeeb mloog mus rau qib siab dua strata nrog yuav luag tiav disregard rau qhov cov neeg.

Qhov thib peb - lub ib thooj ntawm cov ancient phau ntawv lub npe hu rau peb nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kev hloov tsheb thiab re-sau daim ntawv luam. Tus thawj chav tsev. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tshiab acquisitions yuav tsis xav. Tab sis archaeological khoom qhov chaw cov neeg nrhiav ib tug tsis tu ncua.

Lub complex ntawm sciences kawm sau cov ntaub ntawv, xws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm disciplines. Cov ua ntej uas yog muaj nqis mentioning - paleography. Nws tau raug muab khaws tseg thiab deciphering ancient scripts, fonts, txoj kev ntawm kev sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, tsis muaj lub dag zog ntawm nws zaum yuav tsis tau mus ua hauj lwm zoo nrog cov lyrics.

Next Science - Numismatics. Nws ua hauj lwm nrog inscriptions rau cov nyiaj npib thiab banknotes (sub - Bonistics). Papyrology kawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv tej phau ntawv ntawm papyrus.

Txawm li cas los, feem ntau tseem ceeb no yog domestic ntawv. Lawv yog cov luv luv thiab tsis muaj lub boasting thiab exaggeration.

Yog li ntawd, peb los sib tham nrog koj sciences kawm tiag tiag los, nws yog dab tsi, dab tsi hom ntawm qhov chaw nyob, lawv ua hauj lwm nrog lawv. Tom ntej no, peb tham txog cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub peb feem ntau ci ntsa iab sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej - ancient Greece, Rome thiab cov Nrab Hnub nyoog.

Sau qhov chaw ntawm Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws

Raws li peb hais saum toj no, yav tag los cov lus qhia yuav muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm cov artifacts. Txawm li cas los, nws yog lub feem ntau tuav sau ntawv los yog txias.

antiquity nyob rau hauv dav dav thiab Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws nyob rau hauv particular cim los ntawm cov emergence of zaum thiab soj ntsuam. Lub rudiments ntawm feem ntau sciences, yog tsim ntse hnub no yog rooted precisely nyob rau hauv no era.

Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi yog qhov tiag tiag los ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws yog lub npe hu rau peb? Cia li hais txog txhua yam peb mam tham txog yav tom ntej, tab sis tam sim no peb yuav plunge rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm ancient Greek ntaub ntawv.

Lub hiob cov ntaub ntawv yog Hecataeus ntawm Miletus. Nws yog logograph, piav lub keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub nroog thiab neighboring cai, uas cov kwv tij. Qhov thib ob soj ntsuam tau paub rau peb Hellanicus Mitilensky. Nws sau tau tuaj sau rau peb nyob rau hauv fragmentary cov ntaub ntawv thiab kuj zoo kawg keeb kwm muaj nqis tsis muaj. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm logograph feem ntau legends thiab tseeb intertwine nrog kev muaj tiag, thiab lawv tsis yooj yim rau cais.

Tus thawj txhim khu kev qha historian Herodotus yog. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua V BC, nws sau tau ib multi-volume ua hauj lwm "Keeb kwm". Lawv tau npaj los piav, yog vim li cas pib tsov rog ntawm lub Greeks thiab Pawxia. Ua li no, nws yog hais txog mus rau lub keeb kwm ntawm tag nrho cov haiv neeg uas yog ib feem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman.

Qhov thib ob nyob rau hauv sib lawv liag yog Thucydides. Nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm nws sim mus rau lub teeb lub ua, kawm thiab txim ntawm lub Peloponnesian ua tsov ua rog. Cov tsim nyog ntawm cov Greek hais tias nws twb tsis xa mus rau "saum ntuj los pab", los mus piav qhia qhov ua rau ntawm cov txheej xwm, Herodotus. Nws cov kwv tij mus nco qhov chaw, cov kev cai, tham nrog cov neeg tuaj koom thiab ua pov thawj, uas ua rau nws tau sau ib qhov tseeb scientific ua hauj lwm.

Yog li, daim ntawv sau cov ntaub ntawv uas qhov chaw - yog tsis yog ib tug hypothesis, ideological machinations los yog nom tswv propaganda. Ntawm lawv yog cov tsis yooj yim dua thiab txhij txhua ua hauj lwm.

Tom ntej no peb saib lub archaeological chaw ntawm no era.

Cov khoom kab lis kev cai ntawm Hellas

Niaj hnub no, txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ancient lub xeev yog ib tug ntawm cov uas lub chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv archeology. Muaj ntau universities tau pib mus tshawb tim Nkij teb chaws nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo, thiab tam sim no rau tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Balkans muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm thiab nyob rau hauv-tob kev tshawb fawb.

Thaum lub sij hawm no caug xyoo yog ib tug zoo kev kawm txawj thiab tseeb cov ntaub ntawv uas nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Balkan cai, xws li Delphi, Athens, Sparta, cov kob thiab cov Malaysian ntug dej hiav txwv (Pergamum, Troy, Miletus).

Lavxias teb sab zaum txij li thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws seized ntawm lub zos ntawm sab qaum teb Dub hiav txwv zos. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub npe hu xws kev cai raws li Olvia, Panticapaeum, Chersonese, Tanais thiab lwm tus neeg.

Los ntawm xyoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau tsim ib tug loj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas - nyiaj npib, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, riam phom, inscriptions rau cov khoom ntaub ntawv (pob zeb, av nplaum, gems), qhov seem ntawm vaj tse thiab thiaj li nyob.

Tag nrho cov tiag tiag los rau lub keeb kwm ntawm ancient Greece, cia peb xav txog tej yam ib txoj kev ntawm lub neej, txoj kev ua neej, txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub Greeks. Peb paub txog kev yos hav zoov thiab noj ib pluag mov, xws li scenes feem ntau xwm li nyob rau cov hlab ntsha. Cov npib yuav pom nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm ib co rulers, emblem ntawm lub nroog, nruab nrab ntawm cov kev cai.

Ntsaws ruaj ruaj thiab inscriptions rau cov hlab ntsha, tsev, tej yam kuj muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov tham txog lub era.
Pom los ntawm cov ancient ntiaj teb no (Tim lyiv teb chaws, ancient lub xeev nyob rau hauv Mesopotamia) - ib qho ntawm feem zoo nkauj. Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub nroog Loos ntu poob pib thaum zoo nkauj ceased menyuam, yog li ntawd thaum pib ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog cim qias yam.

Tom ntej no peb yuav tham txog ib yam ntawm cov feem ntau haib xeev ntawm lub ancient ntiaj teb no - lub Roman faj tim teb chaws.

Sau qhov chaw ntawm Ancient nroog Loos

Yog hais tias lub Greeks ntau inclined rau philosophy, meditation, kawm, cov neeg Loos sim rau cov tub rog yeej, conquests thiab cov hnub so. Paub hais tias "cov mov thiab cov circuses" (namely, lawv demanded lub plebs los ntawm cov huab tais) dim rau hnub no.

Yog li ntawd, qhov no siab tawv thiab warlike neeg tshuav peb ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas qhov chaw. Qhov no lub nroog thiab txoj kev, tsev neeg cov khoom thiab riam phom, nyiaj npib thiab nyiaj-kub. Tab sis tag nrho cov no yuav tsis muab ib feem puas ntawm dab tsi peb paub txog Rome, yog hais tias nws twb tsis sau monuments ntawm kab lis kev cai.

Muaj nyob rau hauv peb pov tseg ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas, li ntawd, kev soj ntsuam tau kom huv si me ntsis txog cov feem ntau kev seevcev ntawm Roman lub neej.

Tus thawj tseem muaj sia nyob cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog cov huab cua tej yam kev mob, cov qoob loo. Lawv kuj muaj tej zaj nkauj pov thawj. Feem ntau, cov khoom hais txog cov thaum ntxov keeb kwm thiab extant, nyob rau hauv poetic daim ntawv.

Publius Stsivolla sau "The Great annals" volume yim caum phau ntawv. Polybius thiab Diodor Sitsiliysky tau sau tseg tej hauj lwm plaub caug tagnrho. Tiam sis tag nrho surpassed Tit Livy. Nws sau tau ib cov keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog Loos ntawm lub hauv paus rau nws tiam no. Qhov no ua hauj lwm ua nyob rau hauv 142 phau ntawv.

Orators thiab paj huam, generals thiab philosophers - tag nrho cov sim tawm ib lub cim xeeb ntawm nws tus kheej rau xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv.

Hnub no koj yuav tau mus zoo tag nrho cov kev spheres nrhiav tej yam uas muaj tiag tiag Roman qhov chaw. Piv txwv txog kev mus rau lub tshav pob ntawm kev cai lij choj, cov tshuaj, cov tub rog affairs thiab thiaj li nyob.

Monuments ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas kab lis kev cai ntawm Ancient nroog Loos

Tsis muaj tsawg fascinating khoom yog archaeological finds ua nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov qhov chaw hauv lub ib zaug loj heev faj tim teb chaws. Qhov chaw ntawm lub Atlantic dej hiav txwv nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj mus Central Asia, Teb chaws Europe thiab qaum teb chaws Africa - tag nrho cov no ib zaug nyob rau hauv tus ciam teb ntawm ib lub xeev.

Khoom qhov chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm ancient Rome, peb cov lus piv txwv era ntawm kuj zoo kawg achievements, conquests thiab tsis muaj tsawg siab hlob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv loj lub zos.
Vim cov uas nrhiav tau, nws los ua npe hu hais tias Ltalis tau inhabited txij li tus Paleolithic. Pawg tsev thiab cov chaw nres tsheb nrog pob zeb cov cuab yeej tsis tawm ib zaug xwb nco ntawm no doubt.

Tsis muaj tsawg interesting txheej ntawm pre-Roman lub sij hawm - lub era ntawm lub Etruscans. Txaus mas tsim kab lis kev cai, tawm uas tau tom qab tau kov yeej thiab assimilated los ntawm cov neeg Loos.

Golden daim hlau uas ntawv qhia rau peb hais tias cov Etruscans kom muaj kev thaj yeeb kev sib raug zoo nrog cov Greek polis thiab Carthage.

Roman lub rooj sab laj, txoj kev thiab aqueducts thiab hnub no yog breathtaking, hais tias peb tham txog lub sij hawm thaum lawv tsis nyob rau hauv ruins?!

Qhov no yog tsuas yog ib feem ntawm dab tsi qhov tiag tiag los qhib rau peb txog yav tag los.
Lub nto moo tshaj plaws monument, ntawm chav kawm, yog Pompeii. Lub nroog mam li nco dheev tuag vim hais tias ntawm qhov uas ntawm Vesuvius, uas yog nyob ze. Tsaug rau lub ntau yam tons ntawm ashes, zaum muaj sab zoo-las seem ntawm lub inhabitants thiab stunning interiors ntawm Roman Estates. Lawv yog cov tsuas yog me ntsis faded xim! Niaj hnub no, koj muaj peev xwm taug kev nrog txoj kev uas cov ancient nroog, mus plunge rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub sij hawm.

medieval chaw

Qhov no "tsaus ntuj nti" xyoo thaum lub sij hawm uas tib neeg los mus rau lub neej nyob rau poob tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub ancient lub xeev.

Qhov tiag tiag los ntawm cov Nrab Hnub nyoog yuav tau muab faib mus rau hauv ob peb pawg.
Cov thawj pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li, ntawm chav kawm, qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau tseem ceeb - lub nroog, chaw tiv thaiv, fortress.

Tom ntej no tuaj rau monuments uas nqa ib tug ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv - uas yog, tus era ntawm sau ua pov thawj. Cov muaj xws li cov annals, Vaj Keeb Kwm, zaj nkauj, suab paj nruas recordings, rulers sib thiab ua hauj lwm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm artisans, tub txawj tub ntse, thiab li ntawd.

Txawm li cas los, qhov tiag tiag los ntawm cov Nrab Hnub nyoog tsis yog raws li xauv npo raws li peb xav. Nyob rau lub thib tsib - lub cuaj centuries, zoo tsis tau sau ua tim khawv. Feem ntau ntawm cov lus qhia txog lub sij hawm peb tau tawm ntawm legends, dab neeg.

Noo kev nyab xeeb, qhov uas tsis muaj theem ntawm ntau lawm, qhov tseeb rov qab mus rau lub txheej thaum ub cov haiv neeg tau ua lawv txoj hauj lwm. Pom zoo ua luaj thaum piv rau ancient monuments thiab qhov tiag tiag los ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Photo tsev cia puav pheej yuav teev cia paub meej tias no qhov tseeb.

era feature yog hais tias cov neeg uas nyob hauv Npanpiloo rau outskirts ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws, twb literate. Lawv kev lis kev cai dhau los ntawm pog thiab yawg cov xeeb ntxwv hais lus. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm no twb tseem ceeb xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm noble patricians los yog monks, feem ntau nyob rau hauv Latin los yog Greek. National lus tuaj nyob rau hauv phau ntawv txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub sij hawm.

Peb tsis muaj tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov kev sib raug teeb meem ntawm lub thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog pab pawg neeg. Tsis technology tsis ua lub neej, tsis muaj chav kawm ntawv tus qauv, tsis lub ntiaj teb no - tsis muaj dab tsi yuav zoo tu qab tso nyob rau hauv tag nrho.

Tsuas yog nyob rau qhov nws tshawb pom tau los hais rau cov ntseeg, ua tub rog thiab khoom siv tes ua qhov chaw. Tsuas yog peb ntawm lub cheeb tsam illuminated nyob rau hauv lub tiag tiag los ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Piv txwv ntawm lub teb yuav ua tau dab neeg, legends, riam phom thiab cov cuab yeej nrog npe thiab kev faus neeg.

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yog txheeb tawm nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug yooj yim lub tswvyim, raws li artefacts, tau ntsib nrog rau cov sciences uas kawm cov kev tshawb pom thiab suav hais tias ib co piv txwv ntawm ob keeb kwm sij hawm.