Cov khoom ntawm txhuas - cov khoom nyob rau txhua lub sij hawm

Feem ntau cov thawj lub npe ntawm ib yam dab tsi - lub ntaus ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv uas los yog cov khoom - lub feem ntau muaj tseeb thiab to taub muaj kev cuam tshuam lawv essence. Thiab ces muaj ib tug lub sij hawm ntawm thiaj thiab los ib lub npe tshiab, scientific, nyob rau hauv uas nws yog ib qhov tseeb "worldly" kev txiav txim zoo mus rau hauv oblivion. Thaum lub txhuas muaj lub npe alumina, piv txwv li, "Lub av nplaum ntawm lub ntiaj teb", thiab cov av nplaum yog paub tias yuav tsum yog tus thawj essence ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Tam sim no qhov thiaj li hu ua alumina. Thiab hloov existed ua ntej lub npe "Alumina" tau tuaj ib lub npe tshiab - "Aluminium" - zoo nkauj, mysterious thiab ncav. Lus dab neeg uas cov thawj advent ntawm txhuas, muaj ib tug tu siab xaus: tus tswv, tau qhia rau huab tais Tiberius amazing khob ntawm hitherto tsis paub hais tias hlau kom ib qho khoom plig nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv, cia li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, txiav tawm nws lub taub hau - pom ib tug neeg mus muab. Nyob rau hauv cov hnub, thaum pib ntawm peb era, cov lus nug ntawm kev ceev ntiag solved fundamentally, thiab kev ris txiaj rau cov kev txawj kuj yog peculiar. Txawm nws yog, tiam sis Paracelsus tsim kaum tsib centuries uas alumina (alum) siv los txhim kho qhov dyes nyob rau hauv fabrics thiab leathers, muaj oxide ntawm ib tug tsis paub hlau.

Ntshiab hlau muaj peev xwm kom tau xwb nyob rau hauv 1825. Danish paub txog Oersted raws li ib tug sab nyhuv ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tau "ib daim hlau zoo xws li cov tin ', tab sis tseem mus ua hauj lwm tsis tau. Txawm li cas los, los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua txhuas - nyiaj, lub teeb, ib qho yooj yim mus ua hlau - muaj nuj nqis ntau tshaj kub. Cov khoom ntawm txhuas feem ntau menyuam Jewelers. Nws yog tus zam, thiab nyob rau exhibition nyob rau hauv Paris nyob rau hauv 1855, txhuas cov khoom tshaaj alongside lub Fabkis yas nrog diamonds. Raws li yog lub npe hu, thov lub ntsiab muaj, li ntawd, technology tau txais ib boost rau txoj kev loj hlob. Thiab los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua nws tau los ua ib tug dog dig txhuas yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas engineering, thiab lub cev thaj chaw ntawm txhuas tau tau zoo kawm.

Muaj ntau lawm ntawm txhuas Technology

Lub hauv paus rau txhuas ntau lawm yog electrolysis thiab cov khoom raw yog yaj nyob rau hauv molten cryolite-alumina Al2O3. Rau electrolysis da dej siv, lub khiav hauj lwm kub yog ib tug me ntsis tsawg tshaj li 1000 ° C. Molten txhuas yog sau nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub da dej - qhov no installation cathode. Poured rau hauv lub cev thiab tau bullion los yog ingots - raw cov ntaub ntawv uas rau ntxiv ua.

txhuas zog hloov nyob rau hauv cov yam yam los ntawm txoj kev dopants. Yog li ua tau nce lub zog, hardness, Thaum tshav kub kub kuj, thiab lwm yam uas kub siab rau lub daim ntawv thov kev. Alloying cov ntaub ntawv rau ntau yam alloys -. Tooj, manganese, zinc, magnesium, raws li zoo raws li (nyob rau hauv me me), pob zeb ntais, hlau, npib tsib xee, thiab lwm yam ntxiv mus rau lub yaj thaum lub sij hawm kawg siv thiab ua cov cov khoom tiav kev kawm.

Basic lub cev voystva nrog txhuas

Tej ntaub ntawv uas yus muaj los ntawm ib tug txheej ntawm physico-tshuaj zog, uas txiav txim nws tom ntej siv. Aluminium zog - ua yooj yim, tsis muaj kev luj, zoo thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity - paub tag nrho.

• Aluminium Ceev - 2,710 kg / m3
• Melting point - 660 ° C
• Boiling point - 2519 ° C
• Cov hluav taws xob resistivity - 2.7 * 10-8 m ohms / sq hli.

Los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm hluav taws xob daim ntaub ntawv unconditional paj yog cov sib nqus ntawm txhuas, uas nws yog hais txog cov pab pawg neeg weakly paramagnetic tshuaj. Qhov no hauv chav kawm ntawv uas muaj ntaub ntawv yog yus nyob rau hauv hais tias nws cov magnetic teb nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib tug sab nraud teb coincides nrog cov kev taw qhia, thiab, tab sis yog heev me ntsis, tab sis tsub kom.

Kev siv ntawm txhuas

Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom thiab txiav txim seb qhov tseeb cov khoom ntawd. Aluminium thov nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw raws li ib tug kev tsim kho cov ntaub ntawv uas. tsis ntawm ua thiab tso cai rau kev siv ntawm lub xeb kuj ntawm txhuas khoom nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, engineering, rau cov tshav kub, khoom noj khoom haus thiab lwm yam khoom. Aluminium - yog qhov tseem ceeb ntxwv cov ntaub ntawv uas cov chaw ua dav hlua. Qhia cov lug siv txhuas alloys rau shipbuilding - hulls, kev sib txuas lus, superstructure, ntau yam marine cov khoom. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thiab lub neej niaj hnub silumin thiab duralumin - corrosive txhuas alloys nrog tooj liab - mus txog rau 7% los yog pob zeb ntais - mus txog rau 14%.

txhuas conductivity me ntsis ua tsis tau zoo rau tooj liab, tab sis txhuas yog yooj yim npaum li thiab pheej yig dua tshaj thiab vim nws dav siv nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob engineering. Yog li qhov yooj yim zog ntawm cov txhuas rau tej kev siv - ib tug me me hluav taws xob kuj, qhov hnyav, thiab tsis tshua muaj nqi. Qhia nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob cov khoom, uas tsis ntev los kiag li yeej heev dua lwm yam tooj liab conductors, siv txhuas windings ntawm transformers, inductors, reactors, "tub ntxhais" cables thiab lwm tus neeg. Lub cev fais fab tuag kuj lom zem ntau indebted rau txhuas.

Muaj tsis muaj tsis ntseeg tias qhov no zoo kawg nkaus hlau twb tsis tau qhia tag nrho nws cov possibilities - yog yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej.