Cov kev tiv thaiv nuj nqi ntawm proteins. Tus qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog

Cov nqaijrog yog lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob. Cov tshuaj no yog cov tivthaiv ntawm cell week, organelles, pob txha mos, tendons thiab daim tawv nqaij squamous derivatives. Txawm li cas los, cov kev tiv thaiv nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog - ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb heev.

Cov nqaijrog: ntxwv nta

Nrog rau lipids, carbohydrates thiab nucleic acids, cov nqaijrog yog organic tshuaj uas ua lub hauv paus ntawm nyob quavntsej. Lawv yog cov tag nrho - tej yam ntuj tso biopolymers. Cov ntaub ntawv no yog tsim los ntawm cov repetitive structural units. Lawv yog cov hu ua monomers. Rau cov nqaijrog xws structural units yog amino acids. Chained ua ke, lawv tsim ib tug loj macromolecule.

Theem ntawm kev spatial lub koom haum uas muaj protein ntau

Saw, muaj raws ntawm nees nkaum amino acids yuav tsim ntau yam lug. Cov no yog cov theem ntawm spatial lub koom haum los yog conformation ntawm cov protein. Lub hom qauv yog sawv cev los ntawm ib cov saw ntawm cov amino acids. Thaum nws yog cov mus rau hauv ib tug kauv, muaj theem nrab. Lub tertiary qauv tshwm sim nyob rau ib tug sib ntswg yav dhau los conformations nyob rau hauv ib lub pob los yog globule. Tab sis raws li nram no cov qauv ntawm cov hardest - lub quaternary. Nws muaj ob peb globules.

thaj chaw ntawm cov nqaijrog

Yog hais tias lub quaternary qauv collapses mus rau cov thawj, namely rau chains ntawm amino acids, ces muaj yog ib tug txheej txheem uas hu denaturation. Nws yog reversible. Cov saw ntawm cov amino acids muaj peev xwm ntawm rov qab mus rau tsim ib tug ntau cov qauv. Tab sis thaum muaj kev puas tsuaj, piv txwv li, kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov thawj qauv ntawm ib tug protein los yog tsis yooj yim sua. Qhov no tus txheej txheem yog irreversible. Kev puas tsuaj nqa tawm, peb txhua tus, thaum thermally ua khoom muaj protein - qe, ntses, nqaij.

Lub zog ntawm cov nqaijrog: lub rooj

Protein molecules yog heev mnogobrazny. Qhov no ua rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm possibilities, uas yog vim cov amino acid qauv. Lub zog ntawm cov nqaijrog (rooj muaj cov lus qhia) yog ib tug tsim nyog mob rau lub hav zoov uas muaj sia nyob.

Cov kev tiv thaiv nuj nqi ntawm cov proteins nyob rau hauv ib tug kab tsiaj txhuv

Raws li koj tau pom, lub zog ntawm cov nqaijrog yog heev ntau haiv neeg thiab tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv nws cov RESPONSIBILITIES. Tab sis peb tsis tau hais tsis tau hais txog ib tug ntawm lawv. Cov kev tiv thaiv nuj nqi ntawm cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv lub cev yog los mus tiv thaiv lub nkag mus ntawm txawv teb chaws tshuaj, uas yuav ua rau kuv haj mob rau lub cev. Yog hais tias qhov no tshwm sim, tshwj xeeb cov nqaijrog tau neutralize lawv. Cov defenders yog hu ua cov tshuaj los yog immunoglobulins.

Tus txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev tiv thaiv

Nrog txhua txhua ua tsis taus pa nyob rau hauv peb lub cev mus rau cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob. Lawv tso tawm rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, qhov uas lawv pib txawj proliferate. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lawv txoj kev sawv ib tug tseem ceeb chaw khuam siab. Qhov no protein ntshav - immunoglobulins los yog tshuaj. Lawv yog cov tshwj xeeb thiab yog yus muaj los ntawm cov muaj peev xwm mus paub txog thiab neutralize txawv teb chaws tshuaj rau lub cev thiab kev teeb tsa. Lawv yog cov hu ua antigens. Yog li ntawd zoo nkaus li tus tiv thaiv muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov proteins. Piv txwv ntawd yuav raug ncua cov lus qhia txog interferon. Qhov no protein kuj yog ib tug uas mob siab thiab no cov kab mob. Qhov no tshuaj yog txawm lub hauv paus ntawm ntau ntawm immunostimulatory tshuaj.

Vim muaj cov kev tiv thaiv protein lub cev muaj peev xwm los kom tiv thaiv pathogenic hais, i.e. nws tsim lub cev. Nws yuav ua tau congenital los yog kis tau. Tus thawj tag nrho cov kab mob endowed nrog txij li thaum lub sij hawm ntawm yug, thiab yog li lub neej yog ua tau. Ib tug yuav zoo nkaus li tom qab niaj ntau yam kab mob kab mob.

txhua yam kev tiv thaiv

Cov nqaijrog pab ib tug tiv nuj nqi, tiv thaiv lub hlwb ncaj qha thiab tus kab mob tiv thaiv txhua yam hloov tau. Piv txwv li, lub exoskeleton ntawm crustaceans plhaub plays ib tug luag hauj lwm, nti tiv thaiv tag nrho cov txheem. Pob Txha, pob txha mos, nqaij thiab lub hauv paus ntawm lub cev, thiab tsis tsuas yog tiv thaiv kom txhob puas tsuaj rau nqaij mos mos thiab kabmob, tab sis kuj kom nws lub zog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw.

ntshav txhaws

Lub txhaws txheej txheem - nws tseem yog tus tiv thaiv muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov proteins. Nws yog ua tau vim muaj cov tshwj xeeb hlwb - platelets. Yog hais tias puas cov hlab ntsha lawv raug rhuav tshem. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ntshav soluble protein fibrinogen yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau nws cov insoluble daim ntawv - fibrin. Qhov no yog ib tug complex enzymatic txheej txheem, nyob rau hauv uas lub fibrin filaments feem ntau intertwine thiab tsim ib tug tuab network uas tsis pub to ntawm cov ntshav. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov tsim cov ntshav los khov rau ntawd los yog thrombus. Qhov no yog ib tug tiv thaiv teb ntawm lub cev. Thaum lub qub neej ntawm tus txheej txheem kav ib tug tshaj plaws ntawm kaum feeb. Tab sis incoagulability ntshav kab mob - hemophilia, uas muaj feem xyuam rau feem ntau cov txiv neej, ib tug txiv neej tej zaum yuav tuag txawm nrog ib tug me ntsis kev raug mob.

Txawm li cas los, Yog hais tias cov ntshav txhaws yog tsim sab hauv cov ntshav txog ntsha, nws yuav ua tau heev txaus ntshai. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, nws txawm ua rau ib tug ua txhaum ntawm kev ntseeg thiab nrog ntshav. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, pom zoo tshuaj, on qhov tsis tooj, ntshav thinning.

Tshuaj tiv thaiv

Cov kev tiv thaiv nuj nqi ntawm cov proteins tshwm nyob rau hauv sib ntaus tawm tsam pathogenic tshuaj cov neeg ua hauj. Thiab nws pib nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj. Thaum nyob rau hauv nws, cov zaub mov reflex ua salivation. Lub hauv paus ntawm no substance yog dej, enzymes uas muab siab npuab polysaccharides thiab lysozyme. Nws yog ib lub caij nyoog kawg no substance neutralize teeb meem molecules, tiv thaiv lub cev los ntawm lawv ntxiv raug. Muaj nyob rau hauv nws, thiab lub txheej nyias nyias ntawm tus mob huam, thiab nyob rau hauv cov kua muag kua, uas bathes lub cornea. Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau ntawm lysozyme nws yog nyob rau hauv niam cov kua mis, hnoos qeev, qhov ntswg thiab protein ntawm nqaij qaib qe.

Yog li, tus tiv thaiv muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov protein yog manifested feem ntau nyob rau hauv neutralizing kab mob thiab kis hais nyob rau hauv cov ntshav ntawm ib tug kab mob. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws tsim lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv tus kab mob-ua cov neeg ua hauj. Thiab nws yog hu ua kev tiv thaiv. Cov nqaijrog uas yog mej zeej ntawm lub sab nraud thiab sab hauv lub cev pob txha, tiv thaiv lub internal txheem ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab kev puas tsuaj. Ib tug proteinaceous tshuaj tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov qaub ncaug thiab lwm yam kev kawm, tiv thaiv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tshuaj cov neeg ua hauj nyob rau hauv lub cev. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov kev tiv thaiv nuj nqi ntawm cov protein yog muab cov kev tsim nyog tej yam kev mob rau tag nrho cov tseem ceeb heev muaj dab.