Cov kev kawm ntawv system nyob rau hauv Russia

Cov kev kawm ntawv system nyob rau hauv Russia - tsoom fwv teb chaws, Centralized. Niaj hnub no, lub Lavxias teb sab kev kawm ntawv system yog zoo heev rau cov German, tab sis tseem yog ib tug yooj yim to taub version ntawm nws. Nws muaj cov yam ntxwv hais:

1. Pre-tsev kawm ntawv kev kawm ntawv. Nws tso cai rau cov me nyuam kom tau yooj yim kev txawj ntse, tab sis, tsis equate rau lub tsev kawm ntawv. Cov me nyuam pib mus kawm kindergartens feem ntau nrog ib tug ib nrab xyoo, thiab muaj mus txog rau xyoo.

2. Elementary School. Nws yog lub luag hauj lwm rau txoj kev kawm ntawv ntawm cov me nyuam los ntawm rau xyoo mus rau kaum. Qhov txawv ntawm cov German counterpart yog tau txais thawj hom kev kawm nyob rau hauv pej xeem cov tsev kawm ntawv.

3. ua tsis tiav kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv theem nrab tsev kawm ntawv, lyceums thiab chav ua si yog txog li tsib xyoo. Qhov kawg ntawm cuaj cov chav kawm nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv cov neeg hluas muaj txoj cai tau ib daim ntawv ntawm kev kawm ntawv.

4. High School los yog ntau lawm thiab kev kawm ua muab txoj cai mus sau npe kawm nyob rau hauv tsev kawm qib siab, kev thiab lwm yam kev kawm hauv tsev. Nyob rau kawm tiav ntawm cov kawm tiav 10 thiab 11 cov chav kawm ntawv chav ua si, cov tsev kawm ntawv lycje los yog muaj cai tau txais kev kawm ntawv lees tias tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv thiab ces muab nws mus nyob hauv ib lub tsev kawm ntawv. Xws li ib tug txoj cai system ntawm kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia muab ib tug neeg twg uas kawm tiav los ntawm ua hauj lwm kev kawm lub tsev (nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees nws tsis muaj cai).

5. Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab txuam nrog tau cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm Bachelor, diploma tshwj xeeb los sis tus tswv.

Nyob rau hauv 1992, tom qab tus me nyuam ntawm kev cai lij choj ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation pib lub kho kom zoo ntawm kev kawm ntawv. Nrog rau qhov no rau tsoom fwm ntsuas thiab los tsim ib tug niaj hnub system ntawm kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia.

Lwm Lavxias teb sab kev cai lij choj, yog lub luag hauj lwm rau kev kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv 1996 qhia tau peb theem ntawm nws lawm:

- tsis tiav kev kawm ntawv, rau cov uas koj xav mus kawm rau ob lub xyoos;

- qhov yooj yim kawm ntawv qib siab (Bachelor degree) nrog ntev ntawm plaub lub xyoos;

- Specialist (kev kawm lub sij hawm ntawm tsib lub xyoos) thiab Master (lub sij hawm ntawm txoj kev kawm - rau xyoo).

Yog li ntawd, cia nyob rau txhua theem kawm ntawv qib siab. Bachelor yog ib tug kawm tiav me nyuam kawm ntawv uas tau raug cob qhia rau plaub lub xyoos thiab tau txais yuav tsum muaj kev kawm nyob rau hauv kev specialization. Txawm li cas los, nws muaj cai los tuav txoj haujlwm lawm, qhov kev thov rau cov uas yog cov muaj cov kawm ntawv qib siab.

Cov kev kawm ntawv system nyob rau hauv Russia envisages ua lub bachelor theem nrog kev pab los ntawm ntxiv kev kawm (ib xyoos) thiab ib tug tsim nyog "Specialist". Txawm li cas los, qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev xaiv kom tau ib tug bachelor lub peev xwm ntawm "Master" (kev cob qhia rau ob lub xyoos nrog cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm tus tswv lub tswv yim sib cav).

Nws tsim nyog tshwj xeeb xim hnub no ib tug system ntawm tas mus li kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, qhov no system qhia lub hom phiaj xav tau kev pab ntawm cov haiv neeg. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm ib txoj kev kawm system yog lossi muab kho dua rau yooj yim kev txawj ntse thiab tau tshwj xeeb cov kev txawj uas yog li ntawd, tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv hnub no lub kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Koj yuav tau hais tias kawm ntawv ntxiv yog ib yam ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm tib neeg qhov kev txhim kho thiab ua lub neej-ntev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nws lub peev xwm.

Cov kev kawm ntawv system nyob rau hauv Russia los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm lub laaj ntawm lub tswvyim yuav tsum tau "ua kom tiav" nrog cov tshiab cov kauj ruam uas yuav tau xam rau tag nrho cov sij hawm ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Raws li lub ntsiab lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tswj nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm ntawv system yuav tsum raug xam tias yog ib tug mus tas kev loj hlob ntawm tswv yim kev xav thiab cov tib neeg zaum. Thiab nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub system yuav tsum yuav tus txiv neej nws tus kheej, nws lub siab nyiam thiab, ntawm chav kawm, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nws lub peev xwm.