Cov anti-kev ywj pheej tsoom fwv: lub tswvyim thiab hom

Yuav ua li cas yog anti-kev ywj pheej nom tswv tsoom fwv? Nyob rau dab tsi thaj chaw nws yog txhais? Yuav ua li cas nta cas? Yuav ua li cas puas muaj tus rov tshwm sim ntawm anti-kev ywj pheej regimes? Ntawm no yog ib tug ib nrab daim ntawv teev cov teeb meem uas yuav tau los sib tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Yuav ua li cas yog hu ua kev nom kev tswv tsoom fwv?

Qhov no txoj kev ntawm Workers lub system ntawm kev sib raug zoo, uas qhia cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov haiv neeg thiab lub hwj chim. Tseem ceeb los ntawm no taw tes ntawm view yog theem ntawm nom tswv txoj kev ywj pheej thiab lub neej nyob rau hauv lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv ntau lub respects qhov no yog vim muaj cov kab lis kev cai, kev cai, keeb kwm nta ntawm lub teb chaws txoj kev loj hlob. Tag nrho cov no coj mus rau lub fact tias txhua txhua lub xeev boasts ib tug tshwj xeeb kev nom kev tswv tsoom fwv.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm tej nta, nrhiav zoo sib xws - ua lag ua luam yooj yim. Yog li ntawd, siv ob generic tswv yim nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem: anti-kev ywj pheej tsoom fwv thiab kev ywj pheej. Lawv yuav muab suav hais tias nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus rau los ntawm muab piv ib tug dav heev lub tswv yim ntawm yog dab tsi. Raws li cov kev nta tsim nyog los qhia rau tus nyeem ntawv hais tias cov anti-kev ywj pheej tsoom fwv yog muab faib ntxiv rau hauv ib qho authoritarian thiab totalitarian.

pov thawj

Yuav ua li cas yog yus muaj los ntawm nom tswv regimes? Rau ib txhia nta, koj yuav tau tham txog leej twg yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv hwj chim? Tej yam tshwm sim ntawm anti-kev ywj pheej tsoom fwv nram qab no:

1. Yeej los ntawm lawlessness thiab xav tias tsam lawv.
2. Qhov uas tsis muaj nom tswv pluralism.
3. Tsis ntxeev siab tawm tsam qhov kev txiav txim tog.

Thiab pab kev ywj pheej tsoom fwv raws li nws antipode:

1. Cov kev cai ntawm txoj kev cai lij choj.
2. Muaj yog ib tug kev sib cais ntawm powers (thawj, PatientsÕ thiab kev hais plaub ntug).
3. Muaj tiag tiag, tsis yog declarative nom tswv thiab kev cai thiab kev ywj siab ntawm cov pej xeem.
4. Cov pej xeem muaj cai raug xaiv.
5. Muaj tseem dhia nyob rau hauv kev txhim kho haiv neeg tawm tsam thiab kev pluralism.

cia peb kuj mloog yuav tsum muaj cov ntsiab lus. Thaum ib tug authoritarian tsoom fwv , kev nom kev tswv hwj chim yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg los yog ib tug kev ib tug neeg. Tab sis dhau cov nom tswv ib cheeb tshua kuj free. Nyob rau hauv ib tug totalitarian tsoom fwv yog tseem nruj nreem tswj los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm. Qhov no yog nrog los ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov thawj saib xyuas lub cev. Thaum kev ywj pheej regimes tau hais tias yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub hwj chim tib neeg. Sis yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej thiab koob pheej ntawm lawv. Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi nta tsis anti-kev ywj pheej tsoom fwv?

authoritarianism

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, thaum sib tham txog cov anti-kev ywj pheej lub xeev tsoom fwv, txhais tau hais tias theocracy, monarchy, neototalitarizm, tub rog txoj cai, los yog tus kheej lub hwj chim. Authoritarianism feem ntau mus ua ke nrog lub dictatorship. Qhov tiag txheem thoj tsis tuaj kawm ntawv, tab sis nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw (ib puag ncig, cov tshuaj thiab thiaj li nyob) yog fwm tus autonomy ntawm tus neeg. Koj muaj peev xwm xaiv tej nta:

1. Lub hwj chim yog unlimited thiab tshwm xwm ntawm cov pej xeem qhia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tyranny, monarchy, cov tub rog Junta, thiab hais txog.
2. Raws li quab yuam. Tab sis tsis yog lub fact tias ib tug authoritarian tsoom fwv yuav chaw uasi mus rau loj tsuj. Nws muaj peev xwm txawm yuav nrov ntawm cov pejxeem. Tiam sis yog tias xav tau yuav, yam uas ua kom yuam cov pej xeem mus rau kev mloog yuav npaum li cas.
3. Lub monopoly ntawm cov nom tswv kheej thiab lub hwj chim.
4. Replenishment ntawm cov kev cadres nqa tawm los ntawm co-optation, thiab tsis yog siv cov mechanisms ntawm kev sib tw. Tsis tas li ntawd vim li no, muaj ib qho teeb meem nrog laaj thiab hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm lub hwj chim.
5. Yog tsis muaj tag nrho tswj zej zog. Qhov no yog nrog los ntawm ib tug tej yam degree uas tsis yog-cuam nyob rau hauv lub cheeb ntawm kev nom kev tswv.

Yuav ua li cas yog authoritarianism

Nws yog muab faib mus rau hauv cheeb tsam sib txawv ntawm tag nrho cov pab pawg neeg nrog nws tus kheej cov yam ntxwv. Yuav rigidly authoritarian, ntsis, mas, populist thiab nationalist-patriotic regimes. Txhua yam ntawm lawv nws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv.

Thawj peb sawv tawm vim ua nruj ntawm cov kev qoj ib ce ntawm lub hwj chim. Populist authoritarianism yog raws li nyob rau hauv ceeb thawj. National-patriotic hom siv koom siab ua ke tag nrho cov (los yog feem ntau) ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm lub tsev ib totalitarian los yog ib tug kev ywj pheej haiv neeg. Xws li authoritarianism occupies ib nrab txoj hauj lwm.

totalitarianism

Lub feature ntawm no hom - nyob rau ntawm tag nrho cov tswj yam ntawm cov haiv neeg los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm. Ntxiv mus, nws yog monopolized (thawj coj los yog tog). Tsis tas li ntawd cov yam ntxwv yog cov muaj ib tug tib ideology, uas yog yuav tsum tau rau tag nrho cov pej xeem. Nws yuav siv ib tug haib ntsuam xyuas thiab saib xyuas machinery los xyuas kom meej tias tsis muaj dissent. Lug siv tub ceev xwm kev tsuj thiab hem kom ntshai. Tus aim ntawm qhov totalitarian regimes nyob rau hauv relation mus pej xeem yog tsim tau ib cov passive cwm pwm, uas yog nws mloog lus. Nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj thiab ceev xwm kev cai nkag mus rau tag nrho cov kev ua ub no ntawm cov pej xeem. Yuav ua li cas nta li no anti-kev ywj pheej lub xeev tsoom fwv?

tej yam tshwm sim ntawm totalitarianism

Lawv yuav tsum tau summed li nyob rau hauv plaub cov ntsiab lus:

1. Nws muaj tsuas yog ib tug loj tog. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, nws yog taws los ntawm ib tug charismatic thawj coj. Tsis tas li ntawd muaj yog ib tug merger, kev koom ua ke ntawm lub xeev thiab tog lug, lub zoo dua nyob rau hauv lub nam ntawm qhov tseem ceeb yog lub xeem ib.
2. Centralisation thiab monopolization ntawm lub hwj chim yuav tsum tau hais tias qhov tseem ceeb yog muab siab npuab lub tog nyob rau hauv lub xeev. Material, kev cai dab qhuas, aesthetic thiab lwm yam qhov tseem ceeb yog theem nrab. Thiab vim hais tias ntawm no disappearing ib thaj tsam ntawm lub spheres ntawm lub neej, tag nrho cov teb chaws yog suav tias yog raws li ib tug tib camp.
3. Muaj ib tug ntawm cov nom lub ideology. Nkag tau rau hauv lub nco qab ua tsaug rau ib tug loj heev thiab tsom kom nws raws li lub xwb paub txoj kev xav. Ib tug feature ntawm no ideology yog hais tias lub haum yog nyob rau qhia qhov tseem ceeb (haiv neeg, lub teb chaws, lub xeev, cov tub kawm los yog xeem). Muaj intolerance rau tej dissent.
4. Muaj ib tug system ntawm lub hlwb thiab lub cev xav tias tsam lawv. Ua ib tug tub ceev xwm lub xeev, uas siv cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "tsuas yog dab tsi yog tso cai, dab tsi twb hais rau cov tub ceev xwm."

Cov no yog cov yam ntxwv ntau yam ntawm anti-kev ywj pheej regimes. Tab sis tam sim no nrhiav tau ib yam dab tsi zoo meej yog tsis tau, kom paub tseeb tias muaj cov ntsiab ntawm lwm yam kev tswjfwm. Yog li ntawd, kom koj to taub qhov txawv ntawm kev ywj pheej thiab undemocratic regime, xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov thawj. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no yog ua li cas rau ib qho zoo tagnrho qauv ntawm lub xeev.

Kev cai ywj pheej thiab nws cov cim

Los ntawm cov Greek lub sij hawm txhais tau tias "kev cai ywj pheej". Neeg uas nyob ntawm lub xeev nrog xws li tshuab yog suav hais tias yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ncaj ncees.

Kev cai ywj pheej muaj cov nram qab no nta:

1. Cov kev xaiv tsa. Pej xeem raug xaiv rau pej xeem cov tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv vaj huam sib luag footing.
2. Qhov kev sib cais ntawm powers. Muaj kev cai lij choj, thawj thiab hais plaub ntug ceg uas yog cov ywj siab.
3. Civil zej zog. Cov neeg muaj feem xyuam rau cov tub ceev xwm, ua tsaug rau ib tug loj network ntawm pab dawb zej zog cov koom haum.
4. Koob pheej ntawm lawv. Tag nrho cov muaj sib npaug zos pej xeem thiab cov nom tswv txoj cai.
5. Pluralism. Lwm yam neeg lub tswvyim thiab ideologies yog respected. Nyob rau hauv cov xovxwm tsis muaj censorship thiab muaj tiav transparency.
6. Xaus. Kev sib raug zoo yog npaj mus nrhiav ib tug nrog pab tshuaj. Tsis sib haum yog sab sab kev cai lij choj txhais tau tias.

Thaum tib neeg tham txog kev nom kev tswv regimes: kev ywj pheej thiab anti-kev ywj pheej - muaj tej zaum yuav muaj teeb meem nrog qhov kev nkag siab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau txais vim muaj tej kev ntseeg thiab mentality. Zoo nws yuav pab tau tiv nrog ntev-lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm ib tug lub teb chaws.

Cov anti-kev ywj pheej tsoom fwv: heterogeneity thiab nta

Peb twb hais tias cov regimes yog txawv nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Hais txog qhov kev anti-kev ywj pheej nom tswv tsoom fwv hais nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm antiquity: ces nrov tau despotism thiab tyranny. Nyob rau hauv thawj rooj plaub no nws txhais tau tias arbitrary thiab unlimited lub hwj chim, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv arbitrariness. Tyranny yog raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug txiv neej-txoj cai, thaum lub hwj chim yog usurped thiab siv brutal txoj kev nws yuav ua raws li. Ib tug feature tshwj xeeb ntawm no hom ntawm xaav yog qhov tseeb tsoom fwv los ntawm ib tug coup d'état los ntawm txoj kev nruj kev tsiv.

Tsis tas li ntawd raws li ib feem ntawm lub tswv yim kev siv ntawm kev txaus siab yog cov tub rog regimes. Lawv yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov tub ceev xwm yog tiag tiag taub hau ntawm lub armed forces (raws li ib tug lwm txoj rau - cov kev ruaj ntseg cov kev pab cuam). Nws teev nws tsaug rau lub coup, thaum cov kev ua yog qhia tawm tsam tsoom fwv ntawm tsim nyog civilians.

Antidemocratic regimes ntawm lub xeev ntawm no hom tau nrov heev nyob rau lub xyoo pua xeem (tab sis ib thaj nyuag xwb, lawv cov teb chaws Asia, Africa, Latin thiab South America). Tom qab lawv cov tsev lag luam tsim branched tub rog thiab tub ceev xwm apparatus, uas muaj cov tub rog, kev ruaj ntseg cov kev pab cuam thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm lub koom haum los tswj cov pejxeem, pej xeem koom haum ua teb , thiab hais txog. Tab sis qhov no tsuas yog lub dav tswvyim ntawm lub anti-kev ywj pheej tsoom fwv ntawm no zoo. Yuav kom ua tau zoo dua paub, yuav tsum tau nyias xyuas txhua tus neeg cov ntaub ntawv.

xaus

Ntawm no peb yuav tau to taub dab tsi cov kev ywj pheej thiab anti-kev ywj pheej regimes, raws li zoo raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub yav tas. Alas, ntawm no nws sawv cev tsuas yog qhov ntxeev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv iceberg. Yuav kom to taub zoo txog lub tswvyim ntawm anti-kev ywj pheej tsoom fwv thiab nws nrog sib nrauj thiab nuances uas koj yuav tsum mus kawm ib tug loj npaum li cas, narrowly teem ntaub ntawv.