Carolingian lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws

Lub npe "Pope" (papa -. Lat) muaj Greek cov hauv paus hniav. Nws nkawd hais tias, tsis tooj mus rau nrov kev ntseeg, nws tsis tuaj los ntawm Pappas - "txiv" (. Greek), thiab los ntawm cov Papas - "saib" (GK.). Thaum xub thawj, lawv hu tag nrho cov npis sov, tab sis tom qab lub npe twb muab rau tus npis sov ntawm Rome raws li lub successor ntawm St. Peter -. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, cov thawj npis sov ntawm Rome. Lo lus "txiv plig tus thawj" tsis yog ib tug hauj lwm npe ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub Roman Catholic lub Koom Txoos. Nws loj lub npe - Episcopus Romanus thiab Pontivex Maximus, uas txhais tau tias "Supreme High Pov Thawj". Qhov thib ob lub npe yog pub los ntawm cov pre-Christian Rome. Gregory kuv lub Great hu ua nws tus kheej "Servus Servorum Dei" - "tub qhe ntawm tus tub qhe ntawm Vajtswv." Qhov no lub npe yog tseem muaj nyob rau hauv lub papal titulature.

Gregory koom mus rau ib tug noble thiab muaj nplua nwj Roman tsev neeg. Nyob rau hauv nws lub luag hauj lwm raws li Prefect ntawm lub nroog Loos, nws tau thawj tswj thiab diplomatic kev. Tab sis kev puas tsuaj tshwm sim los ntawm qhov ntxeem tau ntawm lub Lombards, revolutionized nws outlook. Muab nws hmoov zoo los tsim kom tau monasteries, nws pib mus ua lub neej ntawm ib leeb thiab ascetic. Tab sis tom qab ib tug thaum Pope Pelagius II tau tsa nws raws li nws cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Constantinople vaj. Nyob rau hauv 590, tom qab kev tuag ntawm Pelagius Gregory tau raug tsa mus rau lub papacy. Nws tsuas tsis txheej txheem ntawm cov tej tsoom fwv, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb sawv ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub Roman cheeb tsam, tso tus tiv thaiv, cov zaub mov, kev pab rau cov neeg tawg rog, thiab lwm yam Cov kev vam meej kev siv ntawm Gregory kuv xeev zog tau tshwm sim los tu ntawm lub Byzantine tus huab tais, uas liam lub Pope ntawm kev tsim txom ntawm lub hwj chim, li cas los xij, ensured nws tus hwm ntawm cov txiv plig, cov neeg, thiab txawm lub Lombards, uas pib nws lub hwj huam tsiv mus nyob rau Catholicism.

Gregory tsim ib tug precedent Yehauvas lub xeev nyob rau hauv ltalis, yuav tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua papal lub xeev.

Los ntawm nruab nrab-VIII nyob rau hauv. Lombards invaded luag tag nrho cov Italian cov khoom ntawm Byzantium. Nyob rau hauv 752, lawv yuav lub Exarchate ntawm Ravenna, xaus lub Byzantine Governor-General nyob rau hauv ltalis. Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog mus yuav tus capture ntawm Rome. Tsis cia siab rau tus huab tais ntawm Constantinople, absorbed los ntawm sab hauv unrest, Pope Stephen II xa ib plea rau kev pab mus rau lub Frankish huab tais. Caroling Korol Pipin yog xav thov ua tsaug rau dads pab overthrow yav dhau los Merovingian dynasty thiab lub tsev teev ntuj xav tau kev pab yuav tsum tau ntxiv legitimization ntawm nws lub hwj chim. Tom qab ob lub tub rog campaigns nyob rau hauv ltalis, nws yuam tus huab tais ntawm cov Lombards huv lub cheeb tsam los ntawm lub nroog Loos rau Ravenna, inclusive. Tsis xav muab lub Byzantine governorship, raws li hais tias los ntawm Constantinople tsoom fwv, thiab tsis tau tuaj mus rau grips nrog Italian affairs, Pepin muab lub qub Exarchate ntawm Ravenna nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj ntawm lub papal thawj coj.

Paub meej ntawm qhov kev pom zoo yog tsis precisely paub, raws li hais txog cov ntaub ntawv muaj zoo. Tab sis tom qab lub pope arbitrarily txhais nws raws li ib tug ua khoom plig - "lub txiaj ntsim ntawm Pepin." Tom qab ib co sij hawm, ib tug dubious "Pub dawb ntawm Pepin" muab rau hauv "Pub dawb ntawm Constantine" ( "Donatio Constantini") - ib qho ntawm qhov loj tshaj plaws keeb kwm forgeries. Lub Papal Chancery twb kev qhia daim ntawv pov thawj kos mus txog rau sawv cev ntawm lub Emperor Konstantina Velikogo ( "Constitutum Constantini"). Raws li qhov no ua los ntawm kev Constantine, supposedly kho qhov mob ruas zoo thov Vajtswv ntawm cov Npis Sov ntawm Rome Sylvester tso cai kawg primacy dua lwm tus npis sov thiab muab nws thiab nws successors lub zoo tshaj plaws txoj cai tshaj Rome, Ltalis thiab tag nrho ntawm lub Western Roman faj tim teb chaws. Nws tus kheej tus huab tais, tsis txhob sib hwj chim nrog rau cov Pope, mus rau Constantinople. Raws li qhov no version, Pepin yog rov qab mus rau lub papacy uas yuav tsum mus rau nws nrog cov IV.

Nws yog tsis zoo li hais tias tus Pope dared los qhia no fake Pepin thiab cov haib tshaj nws cov successor. Nws los ua lug paub xwb nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov IX xyoo pua. nyob rau hauv Pope Nicholas kuv nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej tsis yog siv los ntawm lub papacy mus nrhiav pov thawj rau hauv lub exorbitant pretensions rau secular lub hwj chim. Qhov tseeb ntawm ntawv cuav "Conatitutum Constantini" twb muaj pov thawj nyob rau hauv 1440, tab sis tsuas nyob rau hauv lub XIX caug xyoo. Koom Txoos Catholic repudiated no ua.

Pepin nrhiav tau lub thib ob dynasty ntawm Frankish kav cov vaj ntxwv lub npe hu ua Carolingian nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm nws txiv - tswv nroog ntawm lub palace ntawm Charles. Germanic "ing" sau raws nkaus Ii Lavxias teb sab "ovich". Carolingians - txhais tau tias Karlovic, lub xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Karla Martella. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm no dynasty yog tus tub Pipina Karl, mus cia nyob rau hauv keeb kwm raws li Karl Veliky.

Qhov no statesman ntawm extraordinary zog thiab txuj ci tau noj lub feem ntau muaj kev vam meej los mus rau "txawj tej yam ntxiv lub hwj chim ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws ntawm lub German riam phom." Pub nws tus txiv uas nws kim heev Frankish lub nceeg vaj thiab ntse expanding nws rau sab hnub tuaj, sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb, Karl los ua tus kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua VIII. tswv ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm continental Western teb chaws Europe. Thaum lub sij hawm nws reign lub Frankish xeev ncua los ntawm lub Pyrenees rau cov kawm lus Askiv Channel thiab cov Mediterranean Hiav txwv mus rau lub Baltic. Nyob rau cov pawg neeg thaj av tam sim no nyob rau Fabkis, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, Western thiab yav qab teb lub teb chaws Yelemees, Austria, sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj Spain thiab ib tug loj ib feem ntawm ltalis.

Ntxiv cov kev cai ntawm nws tus txiv, Charles tau pheej cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv Italian affairs. Nyob rau hauv 772, nws resumed tus Franco-Lombard tsov rog. Lub pretext rau qhov ntxeem tau ntawm ltalis los ua tus tom ntej no pope thov rau cov tub rog kev pab. Nyob rau hauv teb mus rau lub Pope lub foom koob hmoov thiab xav tau rau ib tug hais conquest ntawm lub Lombards, Karl hais tias nws xav kom "los yeej tau, tsis yuav tsum yeej xwb." "Kuv - nws hais tias - yuav tsum tau hu ua King ntawm cov Franks thiab Lombards, thiaj li tsis mus rau offend cov neeg uas cia siab tias yuav yeej." Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm 774, lub Lombard huab tais Desiderius conceded swb. Yeej tau raug kaw nyob rau hauv ib tug monastery, thiab tus khiav crowned nws crown.

Tsim los ntawm Karl Hwj chim tau ntaus nqi los ntawm contemporaries raws li ib tug successor ntawm lub Western Roman faj tim teb chaws. Nws yeej muaj lub imperial lub hwj chim, thiab yuav legitimately thov lub title ntawm huab tais.

Nyob rau hauv lub Autumn ntawm 800, Karl dua mus rau Ltalis, qhov twg lub Roman nom tswv cajceg tawm tsam Pope Leo III. Nws siv lub sijhawm ze rau lub hlis nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos, mus txog strife ntawm pope thiab nws tw. Hlis ntuj nqeg 25, Christmas hnub, nws mloog tus Loj ntawm St. Peter tus. Dad tau mus rau lub txhos caug Charles thiab muab tso rau hauv nws lub taub hau ib tug Golden imperial yas. Qhov no yog ua raws li los ntawm lub thiaj-hu ua acclamation: tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub Cathedral ntawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub Franks, cov neeg Loos thiab cov Saxons, Bavarians thiab lwm yam kev kawm haiv neeg thrice qw hais tias: "Long nyob yeej thiab Carl Lub yim hli ntuj, crowned los ntawm Vajtswv lub kuj zoo kawg thiab mirotvoryaschy Roman tus huab tais." Acclamation yuav tsum ua lub cim rau cov neeg yug ntawm lub zoo tshaj plaws kav.

Karl coj lub imperial regalia. Tab sis tom qab ntawd, raws li nws biographer Einhard thiab advisor, nws hais tias dissatisfaction nrog "tsis tau tso cai" kev ua ntawm Leo III thiab hais tias, paub txog qhov intentions ntawm lub Pope, nws yuav hais tias hnub tsis tau mus rau lub tsev teev ntuj, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm Christmas. Qhov pov thawj no Einhard puzzling historians, vim hais tias, raws li tom ntej cov txheej xwm tsom, Carl yeej admired nws npe tshiab.

Nws yog tau hais tias Charles tsis yog nkaus staged txoj kev enthronement, txhob txwm revamped III ntawm Leon, muab tso rau lub crown mus rau lub acclamation, symbolizing cov neeg lub siab nyiam, thiab kev raws li lub constitutive ua los ntawm kev huab tais xaiv tsa. precedent tau teev: qhov saws me nyuam ntawm cov imperial title yog nyob rau ntawm txoj cai ntawm lub coronation ntawm Pope. Tom qab, Karl sim mus ua txhaum ib undesirable precedent. Nyob rau hauv 813, nyob crowning nws tus tub Louis raws li nws co-kav thiab txais, nws dispensed nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov Pope. Los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Karl tus hluas huab tais nws tus kheej lam xav lub crown nyob rau hauv lub acclamation ntawm cov neeg tam sim no thiab twb tshaj tawm hais tias tus huab tais thiab Augustus. Cuaj kaum, ntxiv ambitious pope sib cav hais tias Karl Veliky tsuas yog ib tug huab tais, thaum Leo III ho muab tso rau hauv nws lub imperial yas. Nyob rau hauv lub teb, cov ideologists ntawm imperial cai thov hais tias kawm tau ntawv zoo recreating lub Western faj tim teb chaws koom heev dua lwm yam rau Charles thiab cov pope luag hauj lwm yog tas rau cov formal ceremony.

Cov me nyuam los tu ntawm lub imperial title Carl nyuab kev sib raug zoo nrog Byzantium, tseem considers nws tus kheej tib tug txais ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws. Lub Byzantines ntseeg thiab hu ua lawv tus kheej Loos (Greek - Romeo), thiab nws emperors - Roman (romeyskoy). Cov tsos ntawm lub thib ob imperial lub hwj chim, thov lub Roman cuab yeej cuab tam, twb pom nyob rau hauv Constantinople raws li ib tug usurpation.

Charles thiab nws advisers tau dua siv rau ob qho tib si "Roman" lub npe empires: Eastern thiab Western. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv tau nrhiav tau es ua kom cov ntseeg ntawm tus powers ntawm lub Roman tub rog los yog diplomatic txhais tau tias. Peb ua kev npaj sib yuav ntawm Charles nrog lub Byzantine kav, Irina, nyob rau hauv no txoj kev uas yuav "txuas rau sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob" thiab restore kev sib sau nyob rau hauv lub scepter orbis romanus ( "Roman kev sib haum xeeb"). Rau ib kev sib tham ntawm no peb tes num nyob rau hauv Constantinople tuaj txog Frankish ambassadors. Tab sis nyob rau lub kaum hli ntuj 21 802, lub coup d'état coj qhov chaw, deprived Irina lub hwj chim. Throne ntawm lub Eastern Roman faj tim teb chaws coj protégé noble Nicephorus kuv (802 - 811), Frankish las mees lub "impostor". Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no 812 Basileus Michael kuv tau yuam kom paub txog cov kho tshiab ntawm lub Western faj tim teb chaws thiab lub imperial title ntawm Charlemagne.

Rov qab (restauratio) thiab daim ntawv rov ntxiv (renovatio) "imperii romanorum" Carl xav li cas txog lawv historic lub hom phiaj. Ib yam li cov Roman emperors , nws xav los khi nws mus rau lub chaw uas zoo heev subordinated rau txoj kev, canals thiab cov txuas hniav, raws li zoo raws li ib tug uniform system ntawm tes taw hnyav li thiab ntsuas, ib zaug xwb high-quality txiaj. Cov npib ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm Charles duab nyob rau hauv ib tug Roman Toga thiab ib tug laurel wreath surrounded los ntawm cov inscription "inp Aug" ( "Augustus"). Cawv ntawm "western huab tais" tau ploj mus tshaj nws cov powers. Nws lub tswv yim twb mloog nyob rau hauv lub Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, nyob rau hauv Scotland, nyob rau hauv lub Irish pab pawg neeg principalities.

Muaj ntau cov kev txhawj xeeb coj Karl unification kev tswj thiab kev siv ntawm cov kev cai ntawm txoj cai pib nyob rau hauv lub multinational faj tim teb chaws. Nws nkag mus rau hauv lub "barbarian" neeg twb kom los npaj ib tug muab tso ua ke ntawm lawv kev lis kev cai, nrog rau kev cia siab ntawm lawv tom ntej synthesis, ob qho tib si ntawm lawv tus kheej thiab nrog rau cov Roman txoj cai. Carl nws tus kheej them zoo mloog los PatientsÕ kev ua si. Tom qab lub imperial coronation nws luam tawm 47 deployed tshooj tsev, sai sai kis thoob plaws hauv lub xeev.

Lub era Karla Velikogo hu ua "Carolingian Renaissance". Nws tsuas tsis revived cov Roman imperial lub xeev, tab sis kuj cov ancient kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug tshiab Christian, hoping kom tsis txhob lwj thiab tsis kam. Rov qab nyob rau hauv 789, nws tshooj tsev "Admonitio generalis" kev tshoov siab kawm xav txog qhov yuav tsum tau rau kev kawm ntawv. Huab tais thawm lub thawj thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv, tus sau thiab kho tshiab ntawm txheej thaud, creation ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv, kev txhim kho lub "phau ntawv kos duab".

Hauv plawv ntawm lub faj tim teb chaws Karla Velikogo yog lub tswv yim ntawm txoj kev sib sau ntawm Western teb chaws Europe. Nws lub dag zog, lub zog thiab charisma, nws "magnanimitas" muab nws cov nyiaj them yug ntawm nws lub contemporaries thiab muab siab npuab ntawm vassals. Ib tug yuav cia siab hais tias ltalis thiab Gaul yuav tau mus rho cov nyhuv uas cov barbarian invasions, lub hauv paus txawm neeg yuav mus nrog Germans thiab ua ke recreate ib tug united Western teb chaws Ottoman.

Charles tuag rau 28 Lub ib hlis ntuj 814 lub cev "kuj zoo kawg huab tais uas txhab rau Frankish lub nceeg vaj thiab rau xyoo kaj siab lug XLVII tus kav lawv" twb faus nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Aachen Cathedral. Tsis ntev tom qab nws tuag tau pib lub decomposition (degradation) nws tsim lub xeev system. Leej Tub thiab tus txais cuab tam Karla Lyudovik, mus cia nyob rau hauv keeb kwm nrog rau cov tsis ncaj ncees lawm lub npe rau huab tais, "lub Pious", nrog zoo nyuaj khaws cia lub sam xeeb ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman. Nyob rau hauv 817, nws muab ib tshooj tsev "Nyob rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub teb chaws" ( "Ordinatio imperii"), uas tshaj hais tias nws eldest tus tub Lothair "co-kav thiab pab nyob rau hauv lub affairs ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman." Tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv nws ob txhais tes nws yog ua kom pom tseeb rau hauv lub imperial lub hwj chim. Cov menyuam tub, tab sis yog muab tej txiaj ntsim nrog loj heev pawg neeg thaj av, yuav tsum tau xa mus rau Lothar militarily thiab politically. Txawm li cas los, "Ordinatio imperii" tsis tau muab los siv. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Louis, nws cov tub Lothar, Louis thiab Charles, tsis tau qhia lub hwj chim, muab faib lub hwj chim ntawm nws kuj zoo kawg yawg, thiab yog li Western teb chaws Europe.

Nws yog qhov no inevitable chav kawm ntawm cov txheej xwm? Nws nkawd hais tias cov lus teb yog tsis meej xwm. Carl recreate lub teb chaws raug raws li nyob rau hauv lub tiav lawm keeb kwm lub hauv paus ntawm lub Roman lub xeev. Romance thiab Germanic haiv neeg twb pom hais tias nws lub feasibility ntawm kev sib nrig sib assimilation. Txuag thiab restore qhov seem ntawm tus Roman infrastructure, tsim kev ua lag luam linkages thiab zuag qhia tag nrho cov nyiaj txiag system. Nyob rau hauv dej siab tej yam kev mob, lub Western faj tim teb chaws yuav withstand centrifugal tendencies thiab ntxiv dag zog centripetal. Tab sis incompetence thiab irresponsibility ntawm cov nom tswv qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Charles qhib txoj kev rau decentralization sib daj sib deev. Kaj siab ntsws kev luj xyuas ntawm cov txheej xwm tshwm sim theologian muab Flor Lyons nyob rau hauv lub "Tsis Txaus Siab ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman seem." Faj tim teb chaws, uas "ci nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, - nws sau - yog tam sim no nraus rau shreds State nyuam qhuav tseem ib, nws yog muab faib ua peb qhov chaw ... Es tsis txhob huab tais -. Measly" cov ntshav txiv kab ntxwv "es tsis txhob ntawm Powers -. Tawg tsam zoo tau ceased mus nyob ua ib ke ... tag nrho cov absorbed los ntawm lawv tus kheej txaus siab: xav seb dab tsi tab sis tsis nco qab lawm Vajtswv. "

Treaty ntawm Verdun coj Western teb chaws Europe disintegration, economic cev qhuav dej, kev txom tsis sib haum, cov ntshav thiab plunge rau hauv kev ntxhov hnyo. Nyob rau ib lub sij hawm thaum cia li nqa khoom muag los ntawm taw tes A taw tes B heev ib feat, xav ua lag luam linkages, yog naturalization kev khwv nyiaj txiag.

Kom txog thaum lub XIX caug xyoo. muab faib rau ntawm Charlemagne tus faj tim teb chaws twb ntshai keeb kwm science unambiguously tsis zoo. Txawm li cas los, lub Fabkis historians F. Guizot, thiab A. Thierry kho kwv yees ntawm lub Treaty ntawm Verdun, uas pheej nrhiav tau, nyob rau hauv lawv pom, qhov kev siv ntawm txoj kev ntawm lub teb chaws lub xeev, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ntawm chav kawm, Fabkis. Lawv tsis coj mus rau hauv tus account tus nqi uas them cov neeg rau ib tug Unified division Carl Western teb chaws Europe thiab uas, kuv yuav ntxiv, tseem yuav tsum tau them.

Cov neeg koom Verdun ntawv cog lus nyob deb ntawm xaiv yaam xav txog kev teem, ua los ntawm luv luv-term kev pab. Lawv tsis sawv cev rau lub specifics yuav tsum tau muab faib lub teb chaws hais tias tom qab muab ntxiv rau ntau kev tsis sib haum. Tsis muaj leej twg lub tshiab khiv States pejxeem twb tsis tau tau ib zaug xwb lub teb chaws.

Mos Tshaj tub xeeb ntxwv Karla Velikogo, uas nkag mus rau hauv keeb kwm raws li Charles lub Bald, yog romanized chaw uas zoo heev rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub Rhine. Middle tus tub xeeb ntxwv - Louis tau txais ib tug txhob txwm German cheeb tsam sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub Rhine thiab ib tug me me sab laug-bank cheeb tsam raws tus nruab nrab nce mus txog ntawm lub Rhine, muab "rau wine", ua nyob rau South German vineyards. Thaum kawg, tus tij laug hlob - Lothair tau txais ltalis thiab lub "median" ntawm lub Frankish pawg neeg thaj av situated ntawm lub nceeg vaj ntawm nws tus tij laug thiab sai sai no los ua ib tug pob txha ntawm sib cav sib ceg. Louis thiab Charles tsis kam mus paub txog lub imperial cai Lothar, tab sis nws sab laug lub imperial title, devoid ntawm tiag tiag cov ntsiab lus.

Tom ntej cov txheej xwm pom tau hais tias tsis yog txhua tus yuav ntse kav. Cov neeg koom Verdun daim ntawv cog lus heev sai sai no muaj rau them cov nqi kho mob. Lawv ntiag tug tau rov los ntawm sab qab teb ntawm lub koom pheej (Saracens), ntawm sab hnub tuaj - cov Hungarians los ntawm sab qaum teb - Scandinavian Vikings.

Karl Veliky muab feem rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm tus ciam teb los ntawm lub tsev kab ntawm ciam teb chaw tiv thaiv. Nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb, nws twb nrhiav tau los ntawm lub Danish hom, los npog Saxony, rau sab hnub tuaj - cov peb hlis ntuj txog Pannonia, cov tub ntxhais ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm Austria, etc. fleet thiab chaw nres nkoj chaw muaj kev koom tab tom ua.

Txawm li cas los, nws successors, es tsis txhob ntawm strengthening lub fleet thiab fortresses yog mired nyob rau hauv internecine tsis sib haum. Tsis ntev tom qab lub kos npe rau ntawm lub Treaty ntawm Verdun nyob rau hauv 846, nyob rau lub Saracens tub cheev xwm tsaws nrog pirate ships, nws rov Rome thiab puas ib feem ntawm lub nroog. North division ntawm lub faj tim teb chaws los ua ib tug yooj yim lub hom phiaj rau lub Normans. Nyob rau hauv 845 ntawm lawv ships, mus txog lub Elbe, tuaj rau Hamburg. Lub nroog twb yuav luag puas lawm, muaj ntau cov neeg nyob raug tua. Lwm Norman fleet tuaj cia lub Seine rau Paris thiab, unopposed, plundered nws. Nyob rau hauv 50-ies. zapadnofranksky Korol Karl lub Bald entrusted tus tiv thaiv ntawm lub Norman raids ntawm nws colleague Robert Cov, muab nws lub npe ntawm Count ntawm Paris. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv 987, lub great-tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm Robert Gugo Kapet ua lub tus tsim ntawm lub Fabkis muaj koob muaj npe dynasty Capetian.

Tsis txhob ntas cia tom qab lub Treaty ntawm Verdun, lub xeeb ntxwv Karla Velikogo tau pheej sim mus txeeb lub khoom ntiag ntawm txhua lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 858 German Ludwig sim coj lub zwm txwv ntawm Charles lub Bald. Nyob rau hauv lem, Charles lub Bald sim mus txeeb lub teb chaws ntawm nws xeebntxwv - cov tub huab tais Lothair kuv, leej twg tuag nyob rau hauv 855. Nyob rau hauv 869, nws yuav lub Lorraine, tab sis yuav tsum tau muab nws qhia rau Louis lub German. Nyob rau hauv 875, tom qab cov hluav ntawm Lothair dynasty, Karl tam sim ntawd mus rau ltalis rau lub imperial yas, uas raug nqi ntau cov cai ntawm nws tus tij laug Ludwig.

Pope John VIII hais tias huab tais Karl, hoping kom tau kev tiv thaiv los ntawm lub as kev hem thawj. Nyob rau hauv 876, tom qab kev tuag ntawm Ludwig lub German, Carl, ua kom ke tag nrho cov "Roman thiab Frankish faj tim teb chaws" nyob rau hauv nws ob txhais tes, invaded lub teb chaws Yelemees, tab sis twb tua yeej yog tus tub ntawm Ludwig. Meanwhile, nyob rau hauv ltalis, cov koom pheej khiav mus rau ntawm cov phab ntsa Rome. Lub pope hu ua tus tshiab huab tais rau pab. Carl yav tas los yuav tawm lub Normans ravaged lub Seine hav, reluctantly mus rau 877 nyob rau hauv ltalis, tab sis tsis ntev khiav tawm, yuav tsum ntshai qhov pib ntawm lub German pab tub rog. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev uas nws poob mob thiab tuag nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm 54 xyoo. Cov xov xwm ntawm huab tais tus tuag reignited passions tshaj lub succession rau lub zwm txwv.

Txawm approximate Charles disapproved ntawm nws Italian adventures, hais tias nws muaj tsis muaj dab tsi ua nyob rau hauv ltalis thaum nws lub nceeg vaj yog poob. Yuav kom appease lawv, Karl ua ntej lub thib ob Italian phiaj los nqis tes tso cai rau tus hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm thaj av benefices nyob rau hauv raws roj ntsha los muaj, raws li zoo raws li caj ncej suav. Qhov no tsim tej kev cai yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thiab xyoo ntawm ntawv title Kersiyskogo tshooj tsev 877 lub xeev txoj haujlwm suav thiab dukes tau muab rau hauv raws roj ntsha princely lub npe. Nyob rau hauv av, tsim lub princely dynasty ntawm cov cai ntawm cov hwv sovereigns. "Suav cov kev tshav ntuj ntawm Vajtswv" - xa mus rau lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib co 878 chaw rulers.

Kav ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub Carolingian dynasty yog ib lub sij hawm ntxiv decentralization ntawm muaj koob muaj npe hwj chim degradation thiab rupture ntawm phau ntawv yarns kev khwv nyiaj txiag thiab statehood. Muaj koob muaj npe tshooj tsev vainly hu ua rau lub sib ntaus tawm tsam "siab phem looting thiab puas tsuaj." "Yuav ua li cas yog ceeb yog hais tias tus ... neeg invading peb, tub sab tub nyiag peb wealth, yog tias peb txhua tus yog robbing nws nyob ze kwvtij zej zog?" - nyeem tshooj tsev 884

Txheej txheem pib los ntawm lub Treaty ntawm Verdun, muab tau unmanageable. Cov xeeb ntxwv Charles tsum yog ib tug phem piv txwv rau lawv cov me nyuam thiab vassals. Thaum lub sij hawm lawv internecine nriaj paub ua ntej hoob kawm ua ke nyob rau hauv lub imperial zwm txwv, nws kawm tau li cas rau koj tsiv los ntawm ib tug camp mus rau lwm lub, tseeb rival kav cov vaj ntxwv ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab tsim nyog. Los ntawm kawg ntawm tus IX xyoo pua. Karl Veliky yuav tsis paub nws tau sab laug lub teb chaws Ottoman. Muaj nws xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv txuas ntxiv mus "crumble" nyob rau hauv lub semi-ywj siab seigneury, thiab cov dynasty sai hlob rau inglorious kawg. Nyob rau hauv ltalis Carolingians kav kom txog thaum 887 g nyob rau hauv East Francia (lub teb chaws Yelemees) - mus txog rau 911; nyob rau hauv West Francia (yav tom ntej Fabkis) - mus txog rau 987

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus ntshai txoj hmoo tau Lothar "nruab nrab" ntawm thaj av. Tom qab nws tuag nyob rau hauv 855 ntawm lawv yog nyob rau ntawm sab laug txhab nyiaj ntawm lub Rhine, twb hloov mus rau hauv ib qho kev ywj lub nceeg vaj, coj tawm nws ob tus tub Lothar II. Nws twb hu ua Lothari regnum, Lorraine. Nyob rau tom ntej no kaum ib centuries Lorraine yog tus kwv uas qhov nriaj ntawm Fabkis thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees, uas ntawd kub ntev li txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub ob ntiaj teb rog.

Nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus teb ntawm "seignorial anarchy," lub era Karla Velikogo pib zoo li "golden hnub nyoog", thiab nws - lub "leej txiv ntawm cov teb chaws Europe".