Athena Parthenos: hauj lwm, keeb kwm thiab nthuav tseeb

Cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm noob neej tau fwm zoo kawg li tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab. Muaj ntau architectural masterpieces, paintings, tej hauj lwm hauv cov ntawv nyeem thiab suab paj nruag tseem fascinates neeg niaj hnub no. Koj yuav saib tau lawv nyob rau miv, nyob rau hauv lub tsev khaws, private collections. Ib txhia ntawm cov muaj nuj nqis ntawm lub teb chaws tseem nyob rau hauv lub hauv av los yog them nyob rau hauv palaces thiab castles.

Tab sis nws hloov tawm mus, lub keeb kwm ntawm nto moo tej hauj lwm uas tsis tau puas tau pom. Feem ntau cov neeg paub txog lawv los ntawm lwm yam tej hauj lwm. Piv txwv li, Athena Parthenos los ua lub npe hu tsuas yog los ntawm cov ntawv luam thiab piav qhia. Thaum lub caij, yog tsis muaj txoj sculptures. Tab sis piav txog txoj kev zoo nkauj tseem yuav ib tug ua hauj lwm los ntawm Phidias nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm niaj hnub tib neeg.

Nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm ib tug neeg?

Nws tsis yog nyuaj rau twv leej twg xa mus rau Phidias. Athena Parthenos - yog lub embodiment ntawm uas heev ancient Greek vajtswv poj niam, uas ib zaug yog nto moo vim hais tias ntawm nws txoj kev ntse thiab muaj tswvyim. Athena yog tus feem ntau revered vajtswv poj niam ntawm ancient Greece. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj rulers ntawm Olympus. Dhau li ntawm tus fact tias nws raug hu los ua cov vajtswv poj niam ua tsov ua rog, Athena tau implicated nyob rau hauv kev txawj ntse, txuj ci, crafts, kuj raug xa mus rau raws li lub Patroness ntawm lub zos thiab lub xeev.

Yuav ua li cas zoo li cas?

Ua ntej koj yuav paub tias nws yog ib tug pej thuam ntawm Athena Parthenos yuav tsum tshwm sim ua ntej peb nyob rau hauv nws yeej muaj tseeb guise. Tej zaum nws yog rau ntau cov feem ntau paub qhia tej lo cim ntawm ancient Greece. Hais tias nws yog suav tias yog lub feem ntau txawv txawv thiab nco. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias leej twg yog xwm Athena, nws yog ib txwm nyob rau hauv muaj ib tug txiv neej muab: armor, riam phom thiab ntaub thaiv npog. Tsis tas li ntawd tom ntej no mus rau lub vajtswv poj niam koj yeej ib txwm pom cov dawb ceev cov tsiaj.

Feem ntau cov feem ntau Athena - fair-haired poj niam, thiab sulfide. Homer tsis xav txog nws "sovookoy". Tej zaum qhov kev sib piv yog vim lub fact tias tom ntej no ib tug yuav pom cov plas, lub cim ntawm txoj kev txawj ntse. Nws tsis nyob qhov twg peb yog nkag tau rau Athena, los yog nyob rau hauv cov kwv huam, seb puas nyob rau prose, seb nyob canvas, makers yeej sim mus rau ntsiab nws loj ob lub qhov muag.

Lub ntsiab cwj pwm ntawm Pallás tseem tseem yog ib tug kaus mom hlau uas muaj ib tug siab Ridge, thiab Aegis, los yog ntaub thaiv npog, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub taub hau ntawm Medusa lub Gorgon. Tsis tas li ntawd kaw los ntawm, nyob rau hauv kev nyob rau hauv cov duab, koj yuav saib tau lub txiv tsob ntoo, uas yog xam tau tias yog ib yam dawb ceev tsob ntoo, ib niag plas thiab ib tug nab - ib lub cim ntawm txoj kev txawj ntse ob tug. Athens tau pheej tau ntsib thiab Nike - lub winged vajtswv poj niam.

sau

Muaj coob tus neeg npau suav kom txuag tau tus pej thuam uas "Athena Parthenos" nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej. Sculptor Phidias yeej ib txwm nyob rau hauv lub creator ntawm tus poj vajtswv poj niam nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm tus neeg. Creator nyob 400 xyoo ua ntej Tswv Yexus. Nws yog ib tug phooj ywg ntawm Pericles, thiab suav hais tias tus loj tshaj cov neeg pleev kob ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm tus poj classics.

Thaum lub sij hawm nws luv luv hauj lwm, nws tau tsim ib tug lossis loj npaum li cas ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Lawv lub cim tseem ceeb yog yeej ib txwm Athena. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau ib tug uas haum tom qab nyob rau hauv lub Parthenon, nws yog ib tug duab puab ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam nyob rau hauv lub Athenian Acropolis. Nws Phidias tsim nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus kov yeej cov Pawxia. Nws yog loj loj thiab ua hauj lwm raws li ib lub teeb rau neeg tsav nkoj.

Lemnian Athena kuj tsis tau dim rau niaj hnub lub sij hawm, tab sis paub txog nws ua tsaug rau cov ntawv luam. Qhov no pej thuam yog tsim rau cov neeg nyob rau cov kob ntawm Lemnos, chaw pib lub npe. Peb kuj paub ntau ntxiv txog ob sculptures, depicting tus vajtswv poj niam ua tsov ua rog. Ib tug yog nyob rau Plataea, thiab lwm yam nyob rau hauv Achaia.

Phidias kuj tus sau ntawm ib tug ntawm xya kev xav ntawm cov ancient ntiaj teb no. Peb yuav tau tham txog cov duab puab ntawm Zeus ntawm Olympia. Qhov no pej thuam yog tus tsuas yog ib tug uas yog nyob rau hauv lub mainland ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. Nws raug ua los ntawm marble, thiab yog loj tshaj tej lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm.

duab puab

Raws li yog lub npe hu, ib tug duab puab ntawm Athena Parthenos yog nyob rau hauv lub Parthenon. No lub tuam tsev yog ua tau raws li ib lub tsev rau tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm nruab nrab ntawm 447 thiab 432 xyoo BC. Tus pej thuam yog ua los ntawm kaus ntxhw thiab kub. Nws yog tsim rau nquam paj nquam nruas txoj kev vam meej ntawm lub Persian Wars.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias Athena Parthenos tau ntev mus nyob qhovtwg li, nws tseem mus no hnub ib lub cim ntawm ib qho pom lub nroog loj. Lub disappearance ntawm puab tseem me ntsis paub. Keeb kwm tseeb coj peb mus rau Constantinople, nyob qhov twg, tej zaum, tus pej thuam twb thauj. Nws nyob ntawm no hais tias nws yuav rhuav tshem thiab plunder. Restore tus thawj tsos cia luam, sculptural cov ntsiab lus thiab kev qhia txog ntawm Pausanias thiab Plutarch.

Lub kim tshaj plaws

Nws yog yooj yim to taub tias Athena twb muaj npe tom qab lub tuam tsev ntawm lub Parthenon, los yog lwm tus nws yog raws nraim cov lus rov. Tam sim no peb muaj peev xwm qhia tias Parthenos txhais tau tias "nkauj xwb," thiab lub Parthenon txhais tau tias "lub tsev ntawm tus ntxhais nkauj xwb."

Lub tuam tsev nws tus kheej yog tsis muaj tsawg spectacular. Tab sis tus pej thuam uas Athena Parthenos yog tseem lug ntshai raws li lub ntsiab dai kom zoo ntawm lub tsev. Myths xwb thiab legends hais tias lub tuam tsev yog Ameslikas ua mus yuav haum no duab puab. Tej zaum thaum lawv tsa lub Parthenon, twb paub hais tias Phidias rau muab tso rau ib yam dab tsi uas zoo sib xws nrog ib tug pej thuam ntawm Athena Promachos.

Qhov tseem tseeb kev piav qhia ntawm tus pej thuam muab Pliny. Nws sib cav hais tias lub creation tshwm sim txog 12 meters (26 tshim). kaus ntxhw thiab kub npaum li cas rau nws lawm. Thawj Phidias siv los tsim qhov chaw ntawm lub cev ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam, thiab tus so tau tag nrho cov ua los ntawm kub.

Tsis tas li ntawd hais txog nrog lub fact tias kub yuav muab tau yooj yim muab tshem tawm nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm cov nyiaj txiag teeb meem. Rau tus so ntawm hniav nyiaj hniav kub tau siv tooj liab, iav, nyiaj thiab muaj nuj nqis heev pob zeb. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, Phidias tsim cov duab puab, uas raug tus nqi ob peb lub sij hawm siab tshaj tus nqi ntawm tag nrho cov tuam tsev ntawm lub Parthenon.

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias tus pej thuam coj ib tug lossis loj pedestal qhov siab ntawm 4-8 meters. Nyob ze rau sab hnub tuaj lub qhov rooj, thiab twb ncig los ntawm txhua. Ua ntej tus pej thuam yog ib tug loj dej tank, uas yuav tsum tau hu ua ib tug niaj hnub ua luam dej pas dej ua ke. Qhov no twb ua rau xyuas kom meej tias nyob rau hauv lub nrog tag nrho cov sij hawm, nws yog ntub dej, thiab kaus ntxhw khaws cia nyob rau hauv cov tej yam kev mob.

ornamentation

Heev majestic thiab warlike nyob rau hauv Phidias muab Athena Parthenos. Hauj lwm ntawm qhov chaw ua rau nws paub tseeb yuav ua li cas cim yog qhov no duab puab. Nws collates nws los ua tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tes tus vajtswv poj niam muaj ib tug pej thuam ntawm Nike, uas, incidentally, muaj ib tug qhov siab ntawm 2 meters, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm lub ntsiab greatness sculptures ntsia heev tej yam me me. Nyob rau hauv lwm cov tes Athena tuav ib tug ntaub thaiv npog.

Nws yog tus hais tsis sib haum thaum lub sij hawm. Lawv sim ntau theej creators nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Pliny thov hais tias lub ntaub thaiv npog Phidias tso tawm kom pom lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Theseus thiab lub Amazons. Tsis tas li ntawd no koj yuav nrhiav tau cov sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub Giants nrog lub gods. Nws yog ntawm no, thiab cov duab ntawm Medusa lub Gorgon. Tej zaum, thiab txawm ib co nthuav cim.

Tsis muaj tsawg txaus nyiam thiab ciali ib tug kaus mom hlau ntoo Athena Parthenos. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm ib tug sphinx thiab ob griffins winged Pegasus. Nws kuj paub tias nyob rau hauv ob txhais ceg yog vajtswv poj niam nab. Ib txhia hais tias lub nabqa Phidias muab tso rau hauv lub hauv siab ntawm lub patron neeg dawb huv. Qhov no nab twb muab rau tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm Zeus. Nkawm khau dai kom zoo nkauj Centauromachy.

pom cov ntsiab lus

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, rau ib txhia unseen cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov duab puab yuav ua tau ib tug hais lus ntawm nws lub contemporaries thaum tsis muaj leej twg pom cov duab puab? Athena Parthenos yog tag nrho ntawm secrets thiab mysteries. Muaj lus sib liam hais tias cov ntaub thaiv npog ntawm tus vajtswv poj niam Phidias tso nws portrait thiab ib cov duab ntawm nws cov phooj ywg Pericles. Tej zaum nws veiled txhua yam nyob rau hauv Theseus thiab Daedalus.

Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau yam ntawm nws lub contemporaries ntseeg tias Phidias yog fond ntawm cov tub hluas. Nws lover yog ib tug hluas Pantark, uas tau los ua tus khiav nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus nyob rau Olympics. Cov tub hluas ntxhais txiv neej yog li ntawd sculptor txoj kev uas lub inscription "Great Pantark" ntawd carved on ib yam ntawm cov saum. Tej zaum nws yog nyob rau ntawm cov ntiv tes Athena Parthenos flaunted no paub. Txawm tias txhim khu kev qha cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv no tsis muaj. Tej zaum qhov inscription yog ib tug pej thuam ntawm Zeus los yog cov duab puab ntawm Aphrodite Urania.

casualties

Raws li hais ua ntej lawm, Phidias ua npaum li cas rau Athena nyob rau hauv lub Parthenon zoo meej haum. Yog hais tias lub pej thuam ntawm Zeus lub taub hau so tiv thaiv lub qab nthab, thiab nws ciali hais tias yog hais tias tus nroo yuav sawv, nws ntaus lub tsev, tus vajtswv poj niam ntsia sib haum xeeb nyob rau hauv lub architectural qhov chaw.

Qhov tseeb hais tias Phidias tau pheej tshwm nrog Iktinos, builder, mus rau lub me ntsis ncaim los ntawm tus thawj lub hom phiaj thiab cov kev style ntawm lub Doric tuam tsev. Sculptor yuav tsum tau chaw sau ntau ntxiv hauv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, peb tsis pom 6 classical txhua thiab yim. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv nyob tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub sab ntawm tus pej thuam, tab sis kuj qab nws. Athena yog raws li yog hais inscribed nyob rau hauv lub architectural ncej.

chronology

Nws muab tawm, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj los mus txiav txim txoj hmoo ntawm creation. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tsis paub qhov twg tuag lub creation ntawm Phidias Athena Parthenos. Cov zaj dab neeg ntawm nws pib nyob ib ncig ntawm 447 BC. e., thaum lub sculptor yog commissioned thiab pib mus ua hauj lwm. Tsis pub dhau 9 xyoo los ua tsim nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev.

Tom qab ib tug ob peb xyoos, tshwm sim thawj teeb meem. Phidias hloov cov yeeb ncuab thiab khib, ces nws yuav tsum tau kev txaus cai nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm kev ntxuav lawv lub siab xav. Ntxiv mus, ntau tshaj li ib xyoo pua, tsis muaj dab tsi twb paub txog txoj hmoo ntawm tus pej thuam. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 296 BC. e. ib tug tub rog commander coj lub kub nrog ib tug duab puab them nws cov nuj nqis. Ces nws yuav tsum tau muab hloov los ntawm hlau bronze.

Ntau tshaj ib tug xyoo tom qab Athena Parthenos puas los ntawm hluav taws. Tab sis nws ua tsis tau tejyam rau restore. Cov nram qab no ntaub ntawv zoo nkaus li twb nyob rau hauv lub 5 xyoo pua AD. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias ib zaug ib tug tua hluav taws nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev dua quaj los kuamuag vim zeej. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10 BC. e. masterpiece yog nyob rau hauv Constantinople. Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim tom ntej no - yog tsis paub.

txoj hmoo pob zeb

Peb twb luv luv hais lub tsis sib haum uas tau cuam tshuam Phidias. Nws yog Athene Parthenos los ua rau nws lub harbinger ntawm txoj kev tuag. Creator yog ib tug zoo phooj ywg thiab advisor ntawm Pericles. Nws pab nws nrog cov reconstruction ntawm lub Acropolis. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog yeej feemxyuam. Yog li ntawd cov yeeb ncuab thiab khib yuav tsis kis tau los ntawm.

Nws xub ces yuav tsum lawv thaum nws twb liam ntawm tub sab tub nyiag ib tug kub cloak vajtswv poj niam. Phidias yog tsis ib yam dab tsi mus nkaum. Nws twb kom tshem tawm cov kub ntawm lub hauv paus thiab luj. Kev nqhis tau pom.

Tab sis cov no nqi twb nyob rau hauv tsis ua hauj lwm. Cov yeeb ncuab tab tom nrhiav rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm, li cas lub carp. Qhov kawg straw twb them nrog thuam lub deity. Ntau paub hais tias Phidias sim qhia nws tus kheej thiab Pericles nyob rau daim hlau thaiv Athena Parthenos. Lub sculptor raug pov rau hauv tsev lojcuj. Nws yog ntawm no, thiab nws yog nws txoj kev tuag. Qhov tshaj plaws xwb rau historians thiab tseem ib tug paub tsis meej: nws tuag ntawm kev nyuaj siab los yog tshuaj lom.

hwjchim ci ntsa iab

Ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws ua hauj lwm ntawm Phidias yog pom tias yuav Athena Parthenos. Hauj lwm thiab keeb kwm nws yog li ntawd kaj, hais tias qhov no zeej yog lub npe hu rau peb txhiab xyoo tom qab ntawd. Hwjchim ci ntsa iab duab puab swept los ntawm lub xyoo. Hais txog nws pheej sau contemporaries ntawm Phidias, thiab tom qab ntawd sau ntawv. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias txawm Socrates xa mus rau Athena rau tus txhais lus los ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm kev zoo nkauj.

Lub greatness ntawm tej hauj lwm thiab hais tias lub xov tooj ntawm cov ntawv luam uas tau dim mus no ib hnub. Qhov tseem tseeb thiab tiag tiag li duab puab tseem "Athena Varvakion". Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub National tsev cia puav pheej ntawm Athens. Ib tug thib ob uas zoo sib xws daim ntawv tau muab tso rau tam sim ntawd nyob rau hauv lub npe "Afina Lenorman."

Gorgon Medusa, uas twb muab tso rau hauv lub rooj tsavxwm, raws li pheej theej. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws yog ib daim qauv ntawm lub taub hau "Medusa Rondanini". Leej twg yog no duab puab yog nyob rau hauv Munich Glyptotek.

Tsis yog qhov nyuab sim luam cov thawj ntaub thaiv npog. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub British Tsev khaws puav pheej hu ua "Strangford ntaub thaiv npog." Xws li muaj nyob rau hauv lub Louvre.

tsev Athens

Tam sim no los ntawm cov Parthenon yog yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi sab laug. Txawm tias lub tuam tsev tuav ib tug ntev li keeb kwm, uas, ib yam li cov duab puab, tag nrho ntawm mysteries thiab contradictions. Greek archaeologists thiab builders ua peb zoo tshaj plaws mus recreate rau hauv cov style ntawm antique ruins. Tiam sis tag nrho cov grandeur thiab kev zoo nkauj, ntawm chav kawm, hloov yog tsis yooj yim sua. Cuaj kaum, tus xav hais tias muaj ntau yam centuries dhau los, muaj historic cov txheej xwm, charms thiab captivates. Dab neeg ntawm cov txhua xyoo sau ib tug ntau ntawm cov tourists, uas yuav plunge rau hauv lub chaw ntawm ancient militancy.