Yuav ua li cas yog tus nto hardening ntawm steel? Vim li cas siv nto hardening?

Art tshav kub kev kho mob ntawm cov hlau paub rau noob neej rau ib ntev lub sij hawm. Lawv yog cov masters koom nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua cov cuab yeej thiab riam phom nyob rau hauv particular, lawv coj muaj ntawm lawv tus kheej los yog tau kev kawm rau xyoo nyob rau hauv lwm cov tub txawg, ntau txog tej. Secrets khaws cia tsis pub leejtwg paub, uas, ntawm chav kawm, thiaj li tus nqi ntawm diffusion ntawm technology, tiam sis nws yuav tsub kom lub competitiveness ntawm ib tug chaw tsim tshuaj paus cov khoom kev siv. Ib tug ntawm txoj kev ntawm lub medieval armourers yog nto hardening, uas muab qhov txiav npoo thiab ntse swords thiab sabers kev hardness, ua ke nrog rau cov yooj ntawm cov hniav. Niaj hnub no cov zog yog tsis muaj dab tsi tshiab, lub tshuab ua ntau thiab tau kev ncig.

Vim li cas nws yog tag nrho cov paub cov nruab nrab tus neeg?

Qhov tsab xov xwm tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv thermal hlau mas yuav, ib tug txheej ntawm platitudes thiab zoo-paub tseeb. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tej zaum lawv yuav nrhiav tau ib co discrepancies nyob rau hauv terminology. Cov ntaub ntawv muab yog tsis npaj rau lawv, nws hais rau cov neeg, deb ntawm lub lag luam, amateurs yog leej twg xav, qhov txawv ntawm lub zog ntawm ib tug zoo hniav nrog ib tug tsis tu ncua cov lus los yog folding riam, nto hardening ntawm lub ntim, thiab zoo sib xws tej teeb meem. Muas ib tug los yog lwm yam txoj cai nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg yam khoom, tus neeg yog ntsib nrog ib tug tseem ceeb nqi sib txawv. Tus neeg muag khoom yuav tsis yeej ib txwm competently thiab kom meej meej piav qhia txog yog vim li cas ib tug cuab tam (ib tug ciaj ntswj, piv txwv li) yog ntau npaum li cas kim tshaj qhov lwm yam thaum tag nrho cov sab nraud zoo sib thooj. Nws yog yuav mus sim "dag ntxias hlwb" to taub tsis tau mus rau lub zoo tib yam txiv neej nyob rau hauv txoj kev lub tswv yim thiab cov lus. Txhais ua zoo tib yam lus, cov kev piav qhia yuav txhais hais tias tus ciaj ntswj yog tawg los yuav kav ntev dua thiab yuav tsum sharpening ib tug ntau tsawg feem ntau (yog hais tias tus neeg xav kom mus yuav ib tug riam). "Deg hardening!" - mysteriously qhia qhov ua rau ntawm cov neeg muag khoom, dov nws ob lub qhov muag nyob rau hauv ib tug xav txog tej yam delight. Yuav ua li cas yog nws?

Cov tawm tsam cov khoom nyob rau hauv ib yam khoom

Raws li yog tseeb los ntawm cov nqe lus kub kev kho mob nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no raug rau xwb ib tug nyias txheej txheej ntawm tsab xov xwm. Lub fact tias cov steel yuav tsum tau hardening, vaguely twv txhua yam, txawm tias cov neeg uas tsis paub dab tsi nws yog. Hais tias yog dab tsi yog txawv los ntawm lub niaj zaus "daim hlau", mos mos thiab nkig. Tab sis yog vim li cas xws yawm nyiam nws nto? Tempering yog siv los hloov lub zog ntawm cov hlau, tsis yog rau lub hom phiaj ntawm ib co txhim kho, raws li nws yog tshaj tawm hais tias ntau heev. Zoo, pab tau nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, yuav muaj teeb meem rau lwm leej lwm tus. Cov ntaub ntawv yog ib qho nyuaj, vim hais tias nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus ua hlau, txhuas los yog tooj, tab sis yog koj sim mus khoov nws, los yog ntaus nws nrog ib tug rauj, nws yuav keej. Tib yam siv rau lub kaw hniav, feem ntau lov ntawm tsis ncaj ncees lawm lub txiav. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muab hardness ua ke nrog cov yooj thiab plasticity thov nto hardening. Tom qab cov khoom zog yuav muab zoo, tej zaum cov lus rov yam ntxwv sib txawv ntawm cov siv lead ua lug. Tam sim no peb yuav tsum tau delve rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib co ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kawm.

Qhov yooj yim notion ntawm polymorphism co

Cov tib hlau yuav, nyob ntawm seb qhov luaj li tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo, muaj txawv lub zog (hardness, toughness, ductility, yooj, elasticity thiab t. D.) Qhov no muaj peev xwm hloov tus neeg kho tshuab tsis yog hu ua polymorphism. Ib tug ntev lub sij hawm dhau los, raug txheej thaum ub kuaj ntawm riam phom, cov neeg tau pom hais tias ib tug los yog lwm yam ib rab ntaj los yog cutlass muab tawm zoo, nws tseem muaj feem sharpness ntev thiab tsis lov. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, peb pog koob yawg koob twb tsis paub nrog cov molecular qauv ntawm cov hlau, ua ntej lawv mus tag nrho intuitively thiab empirically. Yog li, empirically, lawv nrhiav tau hais tias yog hais tias tus taw tes ntawm tshav kub, lub glow ntawm cov xim nyob rau hauv nws cov kub. Nrog ceev ceev txias nyob rau hauv lub hlau uas yog kev hloov, nws yog ua puas tau nyuaj, los yog acquires yooj. Yog hais tias nws yog rov rhuab, nws yuav yog li dua, raws li nws yog, thiab tej zaum kuj mob heev ntxiv. By ces tsim heev tswv yim hais txog dab tsi yuav tsum, piv txwv li, lub zoo meej mus yos hav zoov riam. Deg hardening yog tseem siv lawm, tab sis ntau zaus siv lub thiaj li hu ua lub zos, uas yog, xws nyob rau hauv uas lub ruaj twb txiav ntug, saj zawg zog - nruab nrab ntawm cov hniav, thiab cov hniav feem uas nyob ib sab mus rau lub kov - yas (nws yog ib qho zoo rau khoov ib tug me ntsis, tab sis tsis tawg).

Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim hauv

Tsis tas yuav mus rau hauv kev cov ntsiab lus, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias hardened steel qauv yog ntawm peb lub ntsiab hom: martensitic, troostite thiab sorbitol. Qhov ratio ntawm cov siv lead ua lug thiab cov tub txhua yam yam ntxwv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws tsis muaj nqi uas lawv thiab yuav ua li cas ua rau lub hardness. Cov nyob yuav ua li cas lub hlau yog sov, thiab yuav ua li cas sai sai nws yog txias. Yog li, nto hardening yuav tshwm sim thaum raising qhov kub ntawm lub qaum txheej thiab tom ntej txias los yog los ntawm tej yam ntawm sab nraud thaum tshav kub kub nruab nrab (kua, feem ntau yog cov roj, dej thiab brine, cov pa los lwm yam tshuaj mas siv) los yog los ntawm nws ib nrab ntsoos ntsoos mus rau hauv cov khoom. Yog li polymorphic transformations tshwm sim nyob rau hauv khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, nyob ntawm seb cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm kev kawm tau ntawm cov tseem ceeb heev kub, rau tsim ntawm ib tug tshiab crystalline qauv.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, muaj ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov nram no:

- Upper, tau undergone hardening.

- intermediate, cov tawv. Nws tseem hu ua tshav kub cuam tshuam cheeb tsam.

- Cheeb Tsam txo hardness.

- Cov puab ib feem tsis tau undergone kev hloov.

Txoj kev rau nto hardening

Tsim ib lub txheej muaj ib tug siab hardness, nyob rau hauv ob peb txoj kev. Railway wagon nrog springs springs cia li raug rho tawm haujlwm me me hlau khoom (txhaj koob tshuaj tivthaiv), tsim ib tug foob saum npoo, nrog lub puab ntim ntawm cov hlau yog sufficiently zas los mas ntev-lub sij hawm txhua yam kev nyuaj siab. Nws yog suav hais tias yog feem ntau ancient txoj kev sai cua sov ib tug kawm tshaj ib qho qhib hluav taws, nrog txau los yog dav hlau khiav. Nws yog qhov no technology yog ua cov tsoos sab hnub tuaj nkhaus ntawm cov hniav (KARAMBIT). Deg hardening yuav tau ua thiab los ntawm intensive txias. Tsis tas li ntawd paub yog roj-ntshav, induction, laser, thiab lwm txoj kev. Ib txhia ntawm lawv xav kom nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

HDTV

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab 30-ies Soviet paub txog VP Vologdin yees txoj kev tau zoo thiab predetermined sis tsis ncaj-ze cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov molecular qauv siv high-zaus currents. Neeg kho tshuab engineering yog tsim sai heev, kev ua lag luam yuav tsum tau technology los xyuas kom meej qhov loj ntau lawm tsis muaj kev txi zoo. Deg hardening ntawm HD yog raws li nyob rau tshwm sim ntawm induction. Lub peculiarity ntawm txoj kev muaj nyob rau hauv ua rhuab txheej thickness nyob ntawm qhov zaus thiab qhov ntau ntawm cov tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub radiating ncej. Thaum zoo li no tshwm sim yog ib co yuav cia siab tias, yog li ntawd, zoo tswj yog heev yooj yim zog. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, txoj kev muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev kho mob ntawm tag nrho cov khoom thiab lub Cheebtsam, xws li crankshafts thiab lwm yam loj tej yam khoom uas yuav muab koj hloov los ntawm lub inductor, sequentially raug lead lom rau tag nrho ntev. Nyob rau hauv no technology, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj los xaiv tus ciaj ciam mus rau txheej txheem me me thiab tiaj khoom, xws li ib tug riam. Deg hardening high-zaus tam sim no muaj feem xyuam rau cov khoom uas siv kuj loj, muaj zog thiab hnav kuj uas yog nyob rau ntawm tus neeg kho tshuab thaj chaw ntawm lub txheej txheej.

Nta ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm tus qauv HDTV

Cov kev twb tsim nyob rau hauv lub ceev ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub engineering kev lag luam, lub ntsiab qhov teeb meem rau tus tiv thaiv tej zaum ntawm lub USSR, uas yog ib tug manifestation ntawm cov specifics ntawm nws daim ntawv thov. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm tractors, tso tsheb hlau luam, cov tsheb los yog cov dav hlau muaj qhov ntev uas tsis tso cai rau mus rau qhov chaw lawv nyob rau hauv lub thav duab ntawm lub compact inductor, raug cov khoom rau txhua tus ntawm lawv yog kim heev, thiab yog hais tias nws yog ua tau raws li nyob rau hauv cov loj tshaj plaws loj, me, lub zog tus nqi yuav loj. Txawm li cas los, induction nto hardening yog thov rau tag nrho cov khoom, los ntawm kuj me me mus rau loj loj. Piv txwv li, lub zog yog raug rau siab zaus sequentially raws "ib tug hniav rau ib tug hniav." Tujtaws successively sov ntsiab ntawm crankshafts thiab driveshafts, tsiv sab hauv lub tsau thav duab ntawm lub inductor, nyob rau lub txias (sprayer) yog muaj rau hauv cov txheej txheem tam sim ntawd tom qab nws. Lub davhlau ya nyob twg ntawm qhov chaw yog ua tam sim ntawd irrigation dej splashes workpiece (chaw pib lub npe, tsiaj ntawv nrog ib tug "tsuag").

Tab sis cov khoom uas muaj ib tug me me nto hardening muab tso nyob rau hauv lub inductor kiag li thiab txias raws li zoo.

laser

Qhov no ntaus ntawv yog presently siv dav nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb ntawm tib neeg kev ua si, thiab twb tau muab siv nyob rau hauv metalworking. Cov kev tsis tau chilling, raws li tej yam beam thiab ib pliag nws muaj feem xyuam rau cov uppermost txheej ntawm cov hlau, yuav ua tau rau lub Desired hloov nyob rau hauv lub siv lead ua qauv. "Laser hliav" yog tiag tiag tsis muaj yuav tsum tau muab ntev wisecrack tej cuab tam (feem ntau rau lawv thiab thov), yog hais tias tus zus tau tej cov nws yog tiag tiag thov no. Txawm li cas los, nws yuav tsum tau borne nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias nyob rau hauv peb muaj hnub nyoog ntawm cuav daim ntawv lo rau cov khoom tsis yeej ib txwm sib haum mus rau qhov tseeb. Tej zaum li ib tug stigma dai kom zoo nkauj thiab muag nyob rau ntawm ib txoj kev Tub Ntsuag ib co pheej yig nozh- "npauj npaim". Deg hardening ntawm laser beam - tsis pheej yig technology, nws yog muaj nyob rau ua manufacturers ntawm cov cuab yeej.

txias

Lub cev lub hauv paus ntawm txoj kev yog lub foundations ntawm cov phenomenon zuj zus lub hardness ntawm steel raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm hloov lwm lub tsev austenite qauv rau cov martensite nyob rau hauv lub sib sib zog nqus khov. Ua xws li ib tug nto hardening txoj kev tsim A. P. Gulyaevym, N. A. Minkevichem thiab S. Sternberg nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Nws yog muaj feem xyuam rau cov (muaj ntau tshaj li 0.5 feem pua ntawm cov C) thiab stainless steel rau tshwj xeeb cov hom phiaj, xws li ua rau zus tau tej cov high-ceev tej cuab yeej thiab lwm yam tshwj xeeb cov cuab yeej khoom.

hluav taws xob cua sov

Nyob rau hauv kev, nws yuav ua rau lub ntsiab cai tib yam li induction hardening, nrog qhov txawv tsuas yog tias cov cua kub resistor yog ua nyob rau hauv cov nuj nqis ntawm dua loj tam sim no qhov tseem ceeb thiab kuj Cheebtsam. Tus zaus ntawm applied voltage nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev muaj feem xyuam rau ntawm qhov tob ntawm lub txheej raug rhuab, thiab lub siab nws yog, qhov ntau nws yog thinner. Lub nto hardness yuav tau nce los ntawm ib feem ntawm ib tug millimeter mus rau ib tug ob peb ntawm nws cov units. Nws yog nyob ntawm cov kev cai ntawm cov khoom thiab ntawm nws loj. Piv nrog rau cov qauv ntawm cov electrically resistive HDTV los ntawm ib tug dav ntau ntawm dej tsaws ntxhee, kub thiab lub depths ntawm khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Nrog nws yuav tau ua, piv txwv li, yog li ntawd loj heev thiab yuav tsum tau ib tug tshwj xeeb zoo yam khoom zoo ib yam li ib tug tub rog lub bayonet. Deg hardening hluav taws xob cua sov yuav tsum tau technologically kom txias lag luam nyob rau hauv cov roj, dej los yog lwm yam teploprinimayuschih agents.

tshawb pom

Yog li, ib tug thawj kwv uas nto hardening yog xws li ib tug muab faib rau cov siv lead ua qauv nyob rau hauv lub tsab xov xwm, nyob rau hauv yog hom troostite los yog sorbitol, thiab sab nraum txheej yog tsim martensite. Qhov no yuav ua tau tiav los ntawm ob peb txoj kev, los ntawm qhov nyuaj thiab feem ntau ancient mus rau feem ntau technologically advanced thiab niaj hnub. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub hardening steel zoo yuav tsum tau siab kev txawj thiab cov neeg ntawm ua raws li uas muaj cai. Cov khoom no yog manufactured raws li cov kev cai, yuav tsis tau pheej yig. Vim li no, nws yog kim thiab ib tug zoo chav ua noj riam, thiab KARAMBIT. Deg hardening ntawm lub laser beam yog feem ntau cia li rau tej cuab yeej.