Yuav ua li cas yog cov theem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob kis haiv neeg? Lub ntsiab theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg

Yuav ua li cas yog cov theem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob kis haiv neeg? Ua ntej teb lo lus nug no, peb nco ntsoov tias lub socio-keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm nws - yog ib tug multilateral txheej txheem, nws yog ib yam nyuaj heev. Nws tshwm sim tshaj ib tug ncaj lub sij hawm ntev ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab muaj xws li kev nom kev tswv, kev cai lij choj, nyiaj txiag, kev txawj ntse, sab ntsuj plig, kev ncaj ncees thiab ntau lwm yam uas ua tau ib co ntseeg. Muaj ntau kws tshawb fawb tau sim muab lawv cov lus teb rau cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi cov kauj ruam haiv neeg nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb xav txog qhov yooj yim kev tshawb xav thiab lub cais npaj los ntawm zoo-paub soj ntsuam rau cov kev kawm.

Tseem ntawm lub sociological txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg

Ib tug sociological txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov tswvyim no yog ib qhov nyuaj, firstly vim hais tias nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau paub qhov txawv tiag tiag kev nam. Tsis tas li ntawd tsis yooj yim los mus txiav txim cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm "kev loj hlob" nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm lub keeb kwm txheej txheem. Thiab tag nrho cov no yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav teb tau cov lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas yog cov theem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob kis haiv neeg?" Soj ntsuam ntawm feem ntau kuv paub twb feeb meej nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo thiab keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug kev sib raug zoo kev kawm. Lawv muaj peev xwm ua raws li ib tug neeg, ib tug tej yam haiv neeg (eg Lavxias teb sab), raws li zoo raws li ib tug pab pawg neeg tuam txhab uas muag (lub Latin American, European), lub teb chaws, kev pab pawg neeg, kev sib raug zoo lub tsev kawm ntawv (tsev neeg, kev kawm ntawv system), ib tug kev sib raug zoo koom haum. Nws kuj yog ib tug ua ke ntawm (lub teb chaws nyiaj txiag Enterprises, nom tswv ob tog, luam-industrial lub tuam txhab). Txawm li cas los, peb tsuas xav nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi zoo ntawm theem nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob kis zej zog raws li ib tug tag nrho.

Civilization thiab lub hom haiv neeg

Qhov loj tshaj kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug sciences yog lub socio-keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg raws li ib social units. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nws muaj txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug neeg kawm ntawv, kev pab pawg, tsev, cov koom haum, thiab cov zej zog. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv txhua theem ntawm nws cov kev sib raug zoo thiab keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug lub tuam txhab nws yog kev ncaj ncees, rau cov uas tus tsom xam thiab cov hauj lwm feem ntau yog siv txawv tswv yim. Lawv yuav tsum tau muab faib ua ob pawg - "civilization" thiab "yam ntawm cov haiv neeg." Cov tswv yim tuab lub zoo lub xeev nyob sib txawv theem ntawm socio-keeb kwm kev loj hlob. Lawv yuav tsum tau sau tseg nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muab ib lo lus teb rau lo lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas yog cov theem nyob lub tuam txhab nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob?"

Lub sij hawm "hom haiv neeg"

Nyob rau hauv cov tswvyim no txhais tau tias ib tug system ntawm structural units (tsev, kev pab pawg, cov zej zog, thiab lwm yam), interacting nrog txhua lwm yam thiab sib thooj, los ntawm ib co kev ideals cai tseem ceeb heev rau lawv.

Nws muaj ntau hom ntawm kev faib societies. Qhov tseem elementary - lawv faib mus rau hauv tej yam yooj yim thiab complex. Nws rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua puv 19 tswv yim hais tias Herbert Spencer.

kev faib Spencer

Teb rau ib lo lus nug nyob rau hauv dab tsi cov kauj ruam haiv neeg kis tau nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob, tus zaum tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej qhov view tias societies yog tsiv nrog lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv mob ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua indefinite homogeneity rau hauv lub rov qab - ib tug tej yam heterogeneity, nrog ua ke thiab ntau yam ntawm cwm pwm, kev sib raug zoo kev sib raug zoo thiab kab lis kev cai. Tam sim ntawd, peb nco ntsoov tias lub division yog heev zwj ceeb. Tom qab tag nrho, txawm lub feem ntau yooj yim lub tuam txhab - ib tug heev kab mob. Txawm tsawg cuab kev yog hais tias txog lub txheej thaum ub system ntawm cov haiv neeg yog ib lub koom haum yog yooj yim dua, piv txwv li, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm niaj hnub. Yog li ntawd, Spencer tus faib yog heev tsis muaj tseeb.

Lub division ntawm cov haiv neeg mus rau hauv ib tug muaj thiab tsoos

Tab sis Spencer tsis yog tus tsuas yog ib qho uas tau muab lo lus teb rau lo lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas yog cov theem nyob lub tuam txhab nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob?" Ib qho ntawm feem ntau yog nyob deb yog cov classifications formulated los ntawm Comte, K. Saint-Simon, Emile Durkheim thiab lwm yam sociologists division rau hauv industrial thiab tsoos. Feem ntau lub tswvyim ntawm "tsoos haiv neeg" yog siv los xa mus rau txoj kev loj hlob theem, uas yog pre-capitalist. Uas yog ib tug sau ntawm cov neeg nyob lub sij hawm no twb tseem tsis tau tsim muaj complex. Nws yog raws li kev lom zem ntau nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb khwv nyiaj txiag. Xws li ib tug lub neej yog tsis tshais kev. Los ntawm tiam mus rau tiam qauv ntawm tus cwj pwm thiab tsoos ntaub ntawv ntawm lub neej yog kis yuav luag unchanged. Cov tshwm sim ntawm Industrialization yog muaj haiv neeg. Nws generates urbanization, loj nyeem ntawv, kev specialization. Xws li ib tug lub neej yog raws li tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tus muaj kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Nws tsim ib tug system ntawm socio-chav kawm ntawv thiab muaj division of labor. Nws yog dynamic, yus muaj los ntawm qhov kev siv technology tshiab thiab scientific thiab hauj nrhav thiab inventions, ib theem siab ntawm kev mus ncig.

Wallerstein keeb kwm system

Nws muaj lwm yam kev xav nyob rau hauv dab tsi theem ntawm cov haiv neeg nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob. Lub luv luv lo lus teb rau lo lus nug no, raws li nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug ntawm cov uas niaj hnub Western sociologists Emanu-es Wallerstein, yuav muab raws li nram no. Qhov no paub txog pom nws tsim nyog faib ntawm keeb kwm systems. Txhua yam ntawm cov systems raws li nyob rau hauv ib co hom division of labor. Nws muaj ntau yam tsev (socio-cultural, kev nom kev tswv, nyiaj txiag), uas thaum kawg txiav txim qhov kev siv ntawm tej ntsiab cai ntawm no system, lub socialization ntawm pab pawg thiab cov tib neeg. Wallerstein cav hais tias ib tug yuav nrhiav tau ntau hom keeb kwm systems. Ib tug ntawm lawv - tau muaj rau hais txog 500-600 xyoo ntawm capitalist ntiaj teb no kev khwv nyiaj txiag (niaj hnub). Lwm - lub Roman faj tim teb chaws. Qhov thib peb yog nyob rau hauv Central America, Mayan lug. Me keeb kwm systems, muaj ib tug lossis loj npaum li. Ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, cov neeg hloov nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg tshwm sim thaum qhov kev hloov pib los ntawm ib tug keeb kwm system mus rau lwm lub. Qhov no tsis cuam tshuam rau ntau yam nrog contradictions txiav txim los ntawm nws lub disappearance. Inefficiency lag luam txoj kev yuav qhib txoj kev rau lwm yam, ntau sophisticated txoj kev.

Rho tawm ntawm ntau hom ntawm societies tso cai soj ntsuam ntawm los ces kaum sib txawv, los ntawm ntau txoj haujlwm thiab nyob rau hauv sib txawv ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm kev sib raug thiab keeb kwm kev loj hlob thiab yuav tau xav txog nws raws li ib tug multi-ncau txheej txheem, nrog rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm indicators thiab tej yam tshwm sim.

Lub ntsiab socio-keeb kwm hom societies

Mus sum txog cov saum toj no, thiab lwm yam views ntawm sociologists thiab philosophers, economists thiab historians, peb yuav paub qhov txawv luv luv, nyob rau hauv schematic daim ntawv no, lub nram qab no socio-keeb kwm hom (theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg lub neej)

- muaj nyob rau ntawm tus sau los ntawm lub txiaj ntsim ntawm xwm thiab kev yos hav zoov cov zej zog ntawm neeg tua tsiaj thiab gatherers;

- nqa tawm lub dag sau qoob ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab sau qoob ntawm lub teb chaws ua liaj ua teb societies;

- raws li nyob rau hauv cov sau qoob rau txawv tsiaj ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg nyuj;

- yog tsuas yog raws li nyob rau handicraft thiab cov tshuaj ua liaj ua teb ntau lawm (nyob rau hauv lawv muaj cov khoom ntawm ntiag tug, lub nroog, lub xeev hwj huam, cov chav kawm, lag luam ntawv, sau ntawv);

- raws li tsuas yog nyob rau zus tau tej cov muaj cov cav tov muaj societies;

- hloov muaj postindustrial.

Nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm, raws li sau tseg los ntawm ntau tus sau phau ntawv, nws yog ib lub economic hauv paus ntawm ntau lawm yog tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas txawv lub cev cov khoom raws li cov lus qhia, kev txawj ntse, thiab kev pab cuam kev lag luam.

Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, qhov no typology, uas qhia txog lub ntsiab theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg, saws lug txaus cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub humanities thiab kev sciences nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws. Nws yog feem ntau siv rau cov kev siv ntawm ntau tshwj xeeb thiab ncauj lus kom ntxaws tswv yim ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab keeb kwm kev loj hlob.

Lub tswvyim ntawm "kev vam meej"

Nyob rau hauv Sociology, kev philosophy thiab kev coj noj coj kuj highlight tej yam kev lis kev cai thiab kev sib raug zoo qauv ntawm cov haiv neeg nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm "kev vam meej" tswvyim. Txawm li cas los, yog hais tias tus hom haiv neeg tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhia ntau txog cov xwm ntawm kev sib raug zoo, kev sib raug zoo thiab lug, civilization raws li ib tug lub tswv yim qhia ntau txog yog nyob rau hauv sab ntsuj plig, kev sib raug zoo, kev cai thiab kev cai dab qhuas nta ntawm txawv societies.

Cultural-keeb kwm hom

Yuav kom qhov no lub sij hawm tseem nyob ze tswvyim npaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 N.Ya.Danilevsky, Lavxias teb sab sociologist thiab philosophy ( "kev cai-keeb kwm hom"). Qhov no soj ntsuam yog cov thawj xav sim tau tam sim ntawd los ntawm cov pa duab ntawm socio-keeb kwm kev loj hlob tsuas yog raws li linear, planar txheej txheem. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov neeg tsim kev cai-keeb kwm hom uas txawv ho ntawm lawv tus kheej. Nws suav hais tias yog lub ntsiab rau kev xaiv hom "affinity lus", hwv, kev cai dab qhuas, psihoetnograficheskoe kev sib sau, kev nom kev tswv kev ywj pheej, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nyiaj txiag kev ua si, raws li zoo li ib co lwm cov nta. Danilevskii (qhia hauv qab no) yog cov hom Assyrio-Babylon, Suav, Iyiv, Iranian, Indian, Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, roman, European (German-roman).

Txhua yam ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv nws cov kev loj hlob theem nyob rau hauv lub neej voj voog, xws li lub keeb kwm, kev loj hlob, blossoming, lwj. Tom qab hais tias, ib tug tshiab kev cai-keeb kwm hom los txog rau lub forefront ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm peb ntiaj chaw. Raws li Danilevsky, lub tsev lag luam ntawm Slavic civilization mus rau ob peb centuries. Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm lawv tam sim no theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg. Nws kwv yees ib tug zoo yav tom ntej Slavic civilization. Tswvyim Danilevsky, dua li cov nom tswv conservatism thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm theoretical naivete, yog zoo vim hais tias nws muaj ib tug uas tsis yog-linear duab ntawm lub keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg. Nws presupposes lub hav zoov ntawm cov keeb kwm digressions, zigzags, txawm ntau yam pauv loj kev puas tsuaj ntawm yav tas los sau kev cai qhov tseem ceeb.

tswv yim Toynbee

Tom qab ntawd, lub tswv yim ntawm cyclical txoj kev loj hlob yog nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Spengler txuas ntxiv, lub German philosopher, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Arnold Toynbee, English historian. Los ntawm Toynbee txhua civilization (thiab nws yog nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej kev vam meej suav 21, xws li cov tub ntxhais 13) extends nyob rau hauv nws kaw txoj kev loj hlob lifecycle. Nws txav los ntawm tus me nyuam yug rau tus tuag thiab decomposition. Toynbee qhia 5 loj civilizations: Lavxias teb sab, Western, Islamic, Indian thiab Suav. Nws them rau kev mloog kom lub yog vim li cas rau tuag civilization. Toynbee, nyob rau hauv particular, ntseeg hais tias cov kev pab txhawb nqa ntawm lub neej quab yuam ntawm ib qho kev kab lis kev cai, nws "muaj tswv yim cov neeg tseem ceeb" yog nyob rau hauv ib co taw tes tsis tau nrog tawm keeb kwm thiab socio-economic teeb meem. Nws dhau mus ua ib tug alienated haiv neeg tsawg ntawm lub pej xeem hais tias dominates nws tsis muaj txoj cai ntawm txoj cai, thiab rightly muaj zog lub hwj chim. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg tsom xam, tus kws tshawb fawb, cov dab ua kom puas civilization.

Tam sim no uas koj paub tias dab tsi cov kauj ruam haiv neeg yog muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov nyiaj txiag txoj kev loj hlob raws li Toynbee.

Lub tswvyim ntawm kev vam meej nyob rau hauv lub Sociology

Nyob rau hauv lub Sociology (thiab, feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub humanities thiab kev sciences) nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los yog ua nce ntau tswvyim ntawm kev vam meej, thaum twg koj xav mus piav qhia txog lub social thiab keeb kwm kev loj hlob. Qhov no yog vim mas rau lub fact tias lub Marxist tswvyim uas yeej kiag nyob rau hauv lub Soviet social science, raws li uas nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm cov uas twb kev economic formations, twb tso tseg los ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo zaum li ib tug simplistic thiab overly politicized. Lub tswvyim ntawm kev vam meej yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv kev siv nyob rau hauv lub domestic scientific ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv peb lub ntsiab qhov tseem ceeb:

- tom qab lub loj leeb theem ntawm socio-cultural kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg;

- socio-cultural hom (Lavxias teb sab, European, Suav, Japanese, thiab lwm yam civilizations);

- raws li lub siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no theem ntawm technology, socio-economic, kev nom kev tswv thiab kev loj hlob.

Txawm nyob rau ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv peb ua ntej tau ntsib nrog dab tsi theem haiv neeg nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob. Qib 8 - nws yog lub sij hawm mus kawm ntawv rau qhov teeb meem. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov kev kawm yog haum ces dag. ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws cov lus teb rau lo lus nug twb muab nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm hais txog dab tsi cov kauj ruam haiv neeg kis tau. Nws yuav siv tau rau kev npaj rau chav kawm thiab xeem, tsis tsuas cov tub ntxhais kawm, tab sis kuj cov tub ntxhais kawm.