Uranium iav. Cov khoom ua los ntawm uranium iav (yees duab)

Uranium iav, Vaseline, reed - cov npe ntawm cov khoom uas lub tas li ntawd ntawm ib tug zas xim ntawm uranium oxides. Tej khoom? Yuav ua li cas yog nws hais tias cov khoom yog cia rau cov lub neej tau raug ua nrog rau kev siv 92-th caij (Periodic rooj D. I. Mendeleeva), tib yam li rau lub atomic foob pob? Nws hloov tawm hais tias lub khob yog tsis tshua muaj txaus ntshai? Los yog nws tsis?

Yuav ua li cas yog uranium thiab nws oxides?

Lub German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth nyob rau hauv 1789 tau txais lub "tshiab hlau" dub mineral mined nyob rau hauv Ioahimshtal mines nyob rau hauv Bohemia (niaj hnub Czech koom pheej), piav txog nws raws li uranium. Nws ua tsaug xav tias nws yog ib tug dawb huv hlau - mus saib qhov no assumption nyob rau hauv kev kawm lus, nws ua li ntawd tsis tau. Yog vim li cas "uranium"?

Nyob rau hauv cia li yim xyoo ua ntej lawm, nyob rau hauv 1871, Frederick Uilyam Gershel (German astronomer uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ces) sab ib tug tshiab lub ntiaj teb nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci System - lub xya. Nws yog kaum tsib lub sij hawm ntau tshaj li qhov loj ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Herschel hu nws Uranus tom qab lub Greek mythological hwjchim loj kawg nkaus tus txij nkawm ntawm Gaia (lub ntiaj teb).

Tsuas yog tsib caug xyoo tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1841, Fabkis chemist Ezhen Peligo muaj pov thawj hais tias tus "tshiab, xyoo nyob rau hauv ib tug kab hlau" ua Klaproth, qhov no oxide (nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg - oxygen). Peligot tau txais cov ntshiab hlau, tab sis nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg ntawm lub foundations ntawm uranium yog tsis yog nws nkag mus hauv, thiab Klaproth.

Tsis tau ze li ntawm ib nrab xyoo kom txog rau thaum 1896 uranium twb tsis tau thov nyob rau hauv lub lag luam, thiab tsuas yog tom qab tus foundations ntawm radioactivity thaj chaw ntawm uas caij rau nws muaj kev txaus siab ntawm kws tshawb fawb. Tab sis kom txog thaum 1939, thaum lawv tau luam tawm qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm thwmsim rau nuclear fission, lub uranium ore mined tsuas yog rau cov neeg radium.

keeb kwm kom paub meej

Siv cov teb chaws Europe ntuj uranium oxide belongs rau lub thawj ib puas xyoo BC: tais diav ntim chaws shards them nrog daj glaze, pom thaum lub sij hawm excavations ntawm Pompeii.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub archaeological tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ltalis ntawm dhaus Cape Posilippo (Bay ntawm Naples) daj mosaic daim twb pom nyob rau hauv 1912. Stained iav nyob rau hauv cov qauv muaj ib tug feem pua ntawm cov uranium oxide. Qhov no discovery hnub rov qab mus rau lub xyoo AD 79

Zus tau tej cov hniav thiab iav mosaic tias lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe tau mas ore los ntawm teb chaws Africa.

Raws li extant sau qhov chaw los ntawm Tuam Tshoj lub zos tswv glassmakers tau experimented nyob rau hauv lub 16-17 centuries nrog tus ntxiv ntawm cov uranium ores muab cov iav xim ntxoov. Cov khoom ua los ntawm uranium iav ntawm lub sij hawm no tsis tau pom.

Ntuj hlau oxides, uas yog feem ntau nrog lub extraction ntawm nyiaj ore nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, tau pom glassblowers - cov me nyuam no mus hloov cov xim ntawm cov iav coj lawv ib tug ntev lub sij hawm dhau los.

Uranium iav: pib ntawm ib tug zoo kawg li Procession kev ntawm lub teb chaws

Habsburg nyiaj mines, nyob rau hauv Bohemia, abounded nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso uranium ores _­ - pitchblende (uraninite). Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, tus tswv glaziers tau yeej ib txwm xav siv tej yam ntuj tso zas tau xim tso zis. Qhov thib peb tiam ntawm ib tug naas ej dynasty ntawm ntxias Riedel, Franz Xaver Anton, nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov thib kaum cuaj xyoo pua, experimented nrog sau xim ntawm cov iav khoom. Successful yog qhov sib ntxiv mus rau lub batch ntawm uranium oxides tau Hawj txawm los ntawm daj rau sib sib zog nqus ntsuab, thiab uranium iav nyob rau hauv lub rays ntawm lub nce thiab teem hnub greenish lub teeb, uas tau muab nws ib tug zoo ntawm tej yam yees siv tsis.

Txij li thaum xyoo 1830, dynastic successor Yozef Ridel (Franz tus tub xeeb ntxwv, uas tau sib yuav nws tus ntxhais), tom qab kev kawm cov ntaub ntawv-nyob rau hauv-txoj cai, tau tsim ib tug high-tech zus tau tej cov daj (cov xim txawv), ntsuab (rau qhov tsaus ntuj nti) thiab ruby uranium iav. Kom txog rau thaum 1848 (xyoo ntawm txoj kev tuag Yozefa Ridelya) tso zis - vases, tsom iav, khob, puzyrechki, pugovok, hlaws dai - tsuas ntau zog.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub British masters hais raws li ib tug khoom plig rau nws poj huab tais Victoria candlestick ob xim ntawm uranium iav uas muab teev podttverzhdeno. Qhov tseeb muab vim li cas mus ntseeg tau hais tias tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv lub Czech koom pheej, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ces, ua hauj lwm tawm ib tug tshiab master daim ntawv qhia stain iav khoom.

Khoom ntawm uranium iav: loj ntau lawm

Ua ntau lawm tagnrho nyob teb chaws Europe (Fabkis, Netherlands, Belgium, England) ua iav nrov thiab fashionable. Cov tsuas yog ib qho nyob rau hauv lub Czech koom pheej Ioahimshtal nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv Bohemia kom txog rau thaum 1898 ua ntau tshaj li 1,600 tons ntawm ntau yam khoom ntawm uranium iav.

Txij li thaum xyoo 1830, Gusev cog nyob rau hauv Russia kuj tau pib tsim cov khoom.

Daj thiab ntsuab uranium iav yog kuj pheej yig. Siv rau nws tso tawm barium thiab calcium muab nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm poov tshuaj thiab boron, uas tsu ib tug ntau khaus illumination.

Kom txog rau thaum 1896 (discovery ntawm radioactivity AA Becquerel) lub extraction thiab siv cov uranium ore tsis muaj kev txwv, muaj tsuas yog ib tug muaj peev xwm cais tawm radium los ntawm lawv.

nta

Uranium iav nyob rau hauv qhov haum ntawm UV tawg hloov zog mus rau ib tug sib txawv cheeb tsam ntawm lub tawg spectrum - ntsuab. Ntxiv mus, qhov no theem nrab tawg yog tawg khiav ri niab, tsis ntxiv rau qhov teeb meem beam. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse yog hu ua fluorescence. Qhov no feature tsis muaj tag nrho cov pleev xim rau daj thiab ntsuab cov khoom, tiam sis tsuas yog uranium iav. Photo kawm nyob rau hauv UV tawg thiab proves authenticity ntawm tus sau nqi yam khoom.

Ib tug txaus ntshai zej zog?

Uranium iav nrog ib tug high degree ntawm fluorescence yuav tsum muaj los ntawm 0.3 mus rau 6 lub% uranium oxide. Ua lub concentration ntawm kev txo luminescence li zoo raws li lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau lead hauv cov nyiaj, tab sis tsub kom lub radioactivity (tawg).

Master glassmakers, zoo li txhua leej txhua tus lwm tus kom txog rau thaum 1939, tsis tau paub txog lub toxicity ntawm uranium thiab nws tawg teeb meem. Ncaj qha kov lub ores ntev nyob twj ywm nrog lawv nyob rau hauv txaus ntshai sib thooj coj mus rau heev tsis paub hais tias cov kab mob, feem ntau xaus nyob rau hauv kev tuag ntawm tus tswv.

Tab sis los ntawm lub uranium iav khoom faib thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no, thiab tsis muaj ib tug muaj tej yam tsis xis los yog mob, ua tom ntej no mus rau lawv. Yog vim li cas?

Lub tawg theem ntawm cov khoom ua los ntawm uranium iav yog tsawg - los ntawm 20 mus rau 1500 MR / hr, lub pub txwv ntawm cov keeb kwm yav dhau - 30 MR / hr. Qhov no txhais tau tias, Yog hais tias ib tug xov tooj ntawm uranium iav khoom, koj yuav tsum sawv ntsug ntawm ib sab lawv tsis tu ncua rau ntau tshaj kaum xyoo los tau tawg kev mob kev nkeeg.

Cessation ntawm uranium iav raug

Ua ntej lub ob ntiaj teb rog, uranium yog tsis xav physicists. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1939, thaum tus qauv yog tsim saw tshuaj tiv thaiv, tso enormous nqi ntawm lub zog, raws li nyob rau hauv uranium pib los tsim ib tug qauv ntawm ib tug nuclear foob pob. Thiab ces peb yuav tsum tau los tsim deposits ntawm uranium ore.

uranium iav ntau lawm twb tsis nres ze li ntawm 50 xyoo ntawm lub thib nees nkaum caug xyoo.

Tag nrho cov uranium deposits thoob ntiaj teb tau sau npe, thiab nyob rau hauv ces thaum manufacturers 'Vaseline iav "tau seized tsis tsuas raw cov ntaub ntawv, tiam sis kuj tas cov khoom.

Rau hnub tim, lub uranium iav yog ua nyob rau hauv tsawg heev ntau nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States thiab cov Czech koom pheej. Raws li dyes siv depleted uranium, uas ua rau kev pab txhawb ntxiv ntawm uranium rau nuclear roj. Diav rawg ua los ntawm uranium iav, raws li zoo li lwm yam khoom, nws yog li no kim heev, thaum nws tseem nrov heev.

Yuav ua li cas los mus txiav txim lub uranium iav?

Yog hais tias ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov stocks ntawm cov laus (Soviet lub sij hawm) cov tais diav nyob rau hauv kuv pog tus sideboards, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, nyob rau hauv lub nthab, koj yuav nrhiav tau daj los yog ntsuab pob tshab tais, uas tej zaum yuav ci nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov hnub. Artifacts yuav ua daj los yog ntsuab ntsev co, ashtrays, vases, tsom iav, nyees khawm, hlaws dai, txawm qub eelenye qhov rooj (qhov rai) kov.

Thaum mub ciaj uas muag muaj tag nrho cov saum toj no. Khom nqi, koj yuav tau ua tus tswv ntawm delicious rarities.

Xyuas kom tseeb tias hais tias nws yog ib yam uas uranium iav khoom, nws yog tsim nyog nrog ib tug UV teeb thiab ib tug Geiger counter. Cia li thiaj li ua tiag tiag lolus.

uranium antiques

Vim lub fact tias cov uranium iav tau ua nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau, cov pejxeem tseem ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm daim daj thiab ntsuab. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub lawv yog keeb kwm txaus siab, tej zaum - Antique, collectible.

Vases ua los ntawm uranium iav nyob rau hauv lub catalog qhov ntawm ntau lub teb chaws, ua nyob rau hauv yeej sib txawv, los ntawm lub Biedermeier (puas tawm xyoo dhau) mus rau lub Art Deco (twentieth).

Rau lolus ntawm kev txaus siab kuj figurines ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cov noog ntawm lub uranium iav, fwj thiab khob, tableware - phiaj, saucers, saucers, khob, teev rau cawu cub.

Uranium khoom nyob rau hauv lub US

Nyob rau hauv lus Askiv-hais lus teb chaws, uranium iav nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua tuaj yuav tsum tau hu ua "kua paraffin" vim hais tias ntawm cov xim zoo sib thooj rau lub eponymous ntau tshuaj pleev. Khob, tsuas yog tseeb, daj thiab ntsuab, ib tug subspecies - lub carnival (nrog rau xim inserts), kev nyuaj siab iav (tag nrho cov khoom, tsis hais style, tso tawm nyob rau hauv lub US thaum lub sij hawm lub kev nyuaj siab loj), brewing (opaque daj ntseg daj), jade (opaque daj ntseg ntsuab), Burmese (opaque nrog ntxoov daj ntseg liab daj).

Qhov twg lwm tus siv tshuaj los ntawm uranium ore?

Na ₂ U ₂ O ₇ - sodium uranate - painters siv raws li ib tug daj xim. Rau nrag iav thiab ceramics (glaze enamels) nyob rau hauv dub, xim av, ntsuab thiab daj xim raug siv uranium oxides ntawm txawv degree ntawm oxidation. Uranyl nitrate twb siv nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua thaum ntxov nyob rau hauv cov duab - lug txhim khu negatives thiab rau tinting, dyeing positives xim av.