Tsim, Secondary kev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv
Tsab ntawv Gogol rau Belinsky: txoj kev, tsom xam
Thaum lub sij hawm ib tug thiab ib tug ib nrab centuries lub kawm Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg cov koom haum muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub mas, lub communist zog, nrog paj coj nto moo controversy ntawm V. G. Belinskim thiab N. V. Gogolem, muab nyiam mus rau tus thawj sib cav.
txawj thuam
Tom qab 1917, cov tsis sib haum ntawm cov poj cov txiv neej twb muaj nyob rau hauv lub hoob uas tuamyeem kawm. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv nws tau piav xwb ib tug taw tes ntawm view advocated los ntawm Belinskiy V. G. Tsab ntawv rau Gogol li nws tus cwj pwm mus rau kev muaj tiag qhia tau hais tias solidarity nrog nws kev xav ntawm lub siab dav-kev ywj pheej lub tswv yim. Nikolai Tib yam siv rau lub saib. Nyob rau hauv Gogol txawj xav ntawm revolutionary Russia yog tsis tsuas tsis xav tau, tab sis txawm teeb meem. Tag nrho cov kev txiav txim uas Twb pom kev los ntawm nws, nws tau lam xav nyob rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws cov ntaub ntawv, los txhais lus, yog li hloov lawv tshaj Vocabulary. Rau xyoo lawm, cov nom txawj tsiag ntawv Gogol rau ntawm ib sab xwb. Nws ua raws li ib tug critic ntawm "ib haiv neeg nyob rau hauv uas nws nyob." Nws tsom raws li ib tug txawj sau ntawv uas nws ua hauj lwm nrhiav kev xwb los qhia kev tsis zoo uas twb muaj lawm bourgeois tswv tsev ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, anti-neeg qhov xwm ntawm tus autocracy. Lub sab ntsuj plig sab ntawm Nikolai tseem nyob rau hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo.
yog vim li cas rau tsis sib haum
Hlis ntuj nqeg 31, 1846 tuaj lub ntawv phau ntawv ntawm Gogol. Nws twb hu ua "Xaiv zajlus los ntawm teb nrog cov phooj ywg". Enraged Belinsky yuav luag tam sim ntawd sau ib tsab ntawv mus rau Gogol. Nyob rau hauv nws, nws hu tus phau ntawv "kev phem", accusing nws sau tus ignorance ntawm kev muaj tiag. Cov khoom yog nws thiaj li mus tas li rho los ntawm kev thiab muab tso rau hauv them cia. Lavxias teb sab pub mus nyeem cov "soj ntsuam", "tuag Souls", "Wii", "Nevsky Prospect" thiab lwm yam ntawv tseeb. Txawm li cas los, tus sau nws tus kheej hu ua "Xaiv zajlus ..." nws tsuas paub tab paub xav phau ntawv. Tam sim no, nws rov qab mus rau cov txawj nyeem ntawv.
pej xeem lub tswv yim
Phau Ntawv 1846 tshwm sim los nyob rau hauv advanced Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg chim heev. Thaum lub sij hawm cov xyoo, muaj ntau yam sau phau ntawv tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej ib tug ntau yam yog vim li cas rau Gogol sau nws. Ib txhia hais tias nws yog ib tug nyuaj thiab iab yuam kev sau uas twb poob lawm txoj cai kev nkag siab ntawm cov kev muaj tiag nyob ib ncig ntawm nws. Lwm tus muaj hais tias phau ntawv no qhia nws tsis muaj zog, tsis tsuas yog raws li ib tug txawj xav, tab sis kuj tag nrho tus neeg. Tseem lwm tus hais tias Gogol ntshai cov lus xaus uas ua raws li los ntawm nws lwm yam tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab. Plaub ntseeg hais tias phau ntawv tsom cov ideological hloov mus hloov los ntawm tus sau, uas pom nws tus kheej rau hauv tej kev teev dab thiab reactionary utopias.
Belinsky tsab ntawv mus rau Gogol: txoj kev
Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nws kos ib txoj kab ntawm kev sau ntawv thuam kev ua ub no, raws li nws tau sau ua ntej nws tuag. Lenin ntseeg hais tias cov tsab ntawv mus rau Gogol yog ib tug ntawm cov koj tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kev ywj pheej tsis raug cai xovxwm. Nws tus nqi yog khaws cia txawm rau ib ntev lub sij hawm. Thaum xub thawj, cov phau ntawv "Xaiv zajlus ..." twb tsa raws li ib tug banner, tau ntsib ib tug zoo lus teb nyob rau ib feem ntawm zej zog. Txawm li cas los, decisive rebuff nws muab tsab ntawv mus rau Gogol. Yuav ua li cas lub critics hais? Nyob rau hauv nws kab, nws muab ib tug tsis hlub leejtwg li characterization ntawm cov txawj sau ntawv. Critic hu ua nws "ib tug xibhwb qhia Vajtswv lus ntawm cov nplawm, tus tubtxib ntawm ignorance, zus ib ntawm obscurantism thiab obscurantism panegyrist Tartar morals." Belinsky tsab ntawv mus rau Gogol, ib txoj kev uas retold Petrashevzy thiab tag nrho cov hnyav voj voog ntawm lub neej, ib qho kev qhia ntawm kev txaus siab thiab cov tswv yim ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam cov autocracy, serfdom. Critics hais tias cov ua ntej lawm txawj sau ntawv denounced cov tsarist tsoom fwv, luag thuam cov tswv av tawm tsam serfdom. Revolutionary vajvoog coj Gogol. Nws ua rau tag nrho cov teb chaws luag Plyushkin Sobakevich, lub kuaj dav dav, uas undoubtedly heev thawm lub tawm tsam nrog lawv. Nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj kev txiav txim zoo, nws denounced serfdom. Belinsky tsab ntawv mus rau Gogol Nikolai Vasilievich reminiscent ntawm cov laus lub sij hawm. Critics hais lawv hwm thiab hlub rau nws, raws li ib tug txiv neej, yog vitally kev cob cog rua nrog lub teb chaws, ua ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm kev kawm. Tom qab qhov kev tso tawm ntawm phau ntawv "Xaiv zajlus ..." Belinsky muab ib tug heev zoo saib xyuas nyob rau hauv lub "Kawm". Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm nws kev hu mus rau Nikolai Vasilyevich nws yuav tsis tsum luam, tab sis tau txais, txawm li cas los, coob leej ntau tus. Lub advanced ib feem ntawm haiv neeg tsis muaj tej teeb meem to taub cov essence ntawm tsab ntawv mus rau Gogol. Critic fav xeeb tawm tsam tshaj tawm txoj xov ntawm "kev nkauj kev nraug thiab lus dag nyob rau hauv cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev ntseeg thiab cov nplawm." Belinsky taw tes qhia tawm nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv mus rau lub Neeg xwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws pom tau hais tias lub historicity ntawm Yexus Khetos thiab nws tej lus qhuab qhia ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej, cov kwvtij nkauj muam thiab koob pheej ntawm lawv. Tsab ntawv rau Gogol, Belinsky, nyob rau hauv luv luv, los ua tus manifesto ntawm lub xav thiab paub ntau Russia. "Lub npe ntawm lub thuam twb paub rau txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub hnyav hluas", - hais tias Aksakov.
Belinsky tsab ntawv mus rau Gogol: tsom xam
Tsis tshua muaj neeg siab qhuas mus rau lub critic muab Lenin. Thaum tsoom fwv twb caum mus khaws thiab nyeem nws. Nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas thiab tus thib peb ceg Petrashevists, critics hais tias ua universal admiration. Belinsky tsab ntawv ua raws li cov loj monument ntawm kev xav. Critics hais txog Nikolai Vasilievich tsis raws li qhov zoo tshaj plaws artist, tab sis raws li ib tug reactionary publicist. Nws phau ntawv advocated Nikolaev autocracy, serfdom txaus siab. N. V. Gogol twb muab mus rau tus tswv tsev, hais tias nws "leej txiv ntawm cov peasants", nws taw tes qhia tawm cov tseem ceeb ntawm kev mloog lus rau nws. Ntawm fortress nws hu ua "tsis ntxuav cia snout." Tswv av Gogol qhia ntau ntau preying on neeg pluag zog, hu rau cov uas mloog cov vaj ntxwv thiab nws ua hauj lwm, cov tua ntawm cov laus lig kev cai. Tag nrho cov no coj mus rau ntse thuam. Belinsky hais tias Russia txoj kev cawm seej yog tsis nyob rau hauv asceticism, mysticism thiab pietism, thiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev vam meej rau cov tib neeg, kev kawm ntawv thiab kev vam meej. Nws categorically txwv cov lus qhuab qhia hu rau lub awakening ntawm cov neeg self-esteem, uas rau centuries tsuj nyob rau hauv lub pom tej kev phem thiab av.
Sau ntawv lus
Belinsky twb ntaus los ntawm cov lus ntawm Gogol txog lub uselessness thiab txawm harmfulness ntawm sawvdaws rau qhov cov neeg. Nikolai lus tias tej zaum nws phau ntawv - dag ntxias, categorically tso tseg. Belinsky hais tias xws li ib tug kab kev xav nyob rau hauv Russia tau ntev tau paub. Ntxiv mus, critics taw tes rau lub vim tsis muaj kev txawj ntse thiab txuj ci nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm. Nws hais tias nws tsis yog nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev zoo nyob rau hauv nrog cov creatures uas tau tsim los ntawm nws ua ntej lawm. Qhov xaus hais tias phau ntawv yog tus txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm kev puas hlwb kev ntshawv siab Gogol, Belinsky xav rejects. Nws qhia txog qhov no los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias kev sau ntawv nws twb nqa tawm ntau tshaj li ib hnub los yog ob tug, thiab tej zaum lub xyoo.
teb Nikolai
Raws li twb hais los saum no, lub critic luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm hais txog ib tug tshiab phau ntawv "Xaiv zajlus ..." nyob rau hauv lub "Kawm". Tu siab los ntawm nws, Gogol sau tau ib tsab ntawv mus rau Belinsky. Nyob rau hauv nws nws hais tias tus thuam ntawm nws phau ntawv, feem ntau yuav tshwm sim los ntawm tus kheej kev sib raug zoo. Meanwhile Belinsky poob mob. Nyob rau hauv Russia, nws yuav tsis teb Nikolai Vasilyevich, vim hais tias thaum lub sij hawm uas ua nruj me ntsis censored. Tab sis mob yuam nws mus txawv teb chaws. Los yeej muaj nws xa ib tug npau taws teb.
Tsab ntawv Gogol rau Belinsky twb xa mus rau Lub yim hli ntuj 10. Nyob rau hauv nws cov txawj sau ntawv heev xav tsis thoob pej xeem cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau nws phau ntawv. Nws hais tias nws tau txais li 50 xyuas thiab lawv twb tag nrho sib txawv. Nikolai lees paub hais tias, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ib tug tsis zoo to taub cov teeb meem no. Txawm li cas los, ib tsab ntawv Gogol rau Belinsky yuav hu ua hloov siab lees txim rau lub "Xaiv zajlus ...". Ntxiv mus, peb yuav hais tias nws tsis paub txog qhov yuam kev ntawm nws lub tswvyim, kev tshawb pom, cov lus thiab cov tswv yim. Nws tsuas hais tias yuav tsum tuaj mus rau Russia, thiab saib rov qab mus rau nrhiav tau tag nrho muaj yog mus rau nws. Lub xeem tsab ntawv Gogol rau Belinsky qhia ib unwillingness ntawm tus sau los tsim ib yam dab tsi tshiab, ua ntej nws ho tsis mus saib lub teb chaws. Tus sau yog li ntseeg hais tias txawm cov neeg uas yog nyob rau hauv Russia, yuav tsis to taub tag nrho cov teeb meem no. Tig mus rau Vissarionu Grigorevichu, nws cov ntsiab lus tawm hais tias nws thiab nws tog kuj yuav tsis paub tias muaj ntau yam uas paub tias nws. Raws li, ib tug tag nrho cov kev nkag siab ntawm yog vim li cas vim li cas ua ib tug "Xaiv zajlus ...", yuav tsis tau. Gogol tsab ntawv mus rau Belinsky tsis nrog txhawb nqa ib yam dab tsi, tsis pom qhov twg hu. Nikolai nws mus nrhiav pov thawj nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev los mus piav qhia txog lub xeev ntawm qhov chaw. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws realizes hais tias, feem ntau yuav, nws cov lus yuav resonate nrog cov thuam.
Gogol tsab ntawv mus rau Belinsky qhia hauv lub xeev ntawm tus sau. Nws yog muaj kev nyuaj siab thiab yuav luag puas yog tus critics. Progressive voj voog tau ntsib nrog indignation ntawm nws ua hauj lwm, tab sis enthusiastically tham txog teb G. Vissarion. Txawm tias cov nyiaj them yug yog muab los ntawm nws tsoom fwv phau ntawv, Gogol tsis muaj kev txaus siab uas xav tau. Nyob rau hauv nws cov lus teb rau cov thuam nws tsis qhia qhov tiag yog vim li cas hais tias kev tshoov siab sau rau hauv phau ntawv. Tsab ntawv Gogol rau Belinsky nkawd fuzzy thiab qhov muag plooj, muab piv nrog ib tug cov lus thuam. Txawm li cas los, nws pom hais tias dhau lawm teem rau lawv tus kheej. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws cov ntsiab lus tawm Belinsky tias nws heev "tawg." Nws hais tias lub critic mloog qhov yuav tsum tau paub txhua yam uas nws paub nws tus kheej kom to taub nws motives thiab kev xav. Gogol tsab ntawv mus rau Belinsky 1847 xav kom noj qab haus huv xaus. Nikolai Vissarionu Grigorevichu nco tias tsuas yog tus tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm tus kab mob tej zaum yuav tsim nyog los muab tus neeg mob nyob rau hauv tej teb.
tshawb pom
Gogol Belinsky qhia hais tias sib nrug los ntawm Russia, qhov teeb meem no nkawd yuav heev zoo siab. Txawm li cas los, nws yuav tsis tau nyob ze thiaj li zoo nkauj. Gogol lees nws. Txawm li cas los, nrog rau qhov no, thiab nws hais tias tus critic nws tus kheej ntau yam uas yuav tsis paub. Tab sis, tsis zoo li Belinsky, Gogol ntawd hais tias nws yog npaj txhij rau lees lawv yuam kev thiab ua hauj lwm rau lawv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tib txoj kev xav tsis tau pom lub critic, uas, ntawm chav kawm, nws yog ib frustrating. Nws hais tias Russia yog nyob rau hauv lub chaw pib ntawm kuj zoo kawg cov txheej xwm uas yuav tsum tau cov neeg mus saib lub neej los ntawm tag nrho cov sab, tsis rushing headlong rau hauv ib lub kiv puag ncig. Tej zaum Gogol yeej tau los ntawm kev cai dab qhuas tej lus qhia. Xaav hais tias nws muaj, xa nws xav mus rau autocracy. Nws tham txog sab ntsuj plig kev twb kev txuas ntawm cov neeg thiab tus huab tais, tus yuav tsum tau khaws cia rau nws thiab mus txuas ntxiv. Qhov no piv sharply nrog lub tswv yim hais tias nws tau ua raws li ua ntej lawm. Txawm li cas los, vim hais tias ntawm nws cov Belinsky lub teb uas tso tseg lawv cov kev xav, nws tsis npaj siab yuav mus. Nws yog npaj txhij rau rov nug xwb Russia thiab hauv lub xeev ntawm affairs muaj. Tab sis nws yog feem ntau yuav, nws yog tsim nyog rau nws mus txawm ntau dua kev paub ntawm nws lub tswv yim.
Kev sib txuas lus ua hauj lwm
Belinsky thiab Gogol muaj ib zaug zoo cov phooj ywg thiab los ntawm UFW ntawm ib co tswv yim. Ua ntej, raws li ib tug critic, kuv muab tso rau pem hauv ntej tsoom fwv tus muaj zog social thiab kev nom kev tswv xav tau, insisting on lub rooj sib tham ceev xav tau kev pab ntawm cov neeg pluag masses, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub quab ntawm serfdom. Ntawm cov feem ntau pressing teeb meem ntawm peb lub sij hawm, nws ntaus nqi qhov kev tshem ntawm kev nplua, cov kev taw qhia ntawm nruj ceev xwm uas twb muaj lawm txoj cai. Ib tug tseem ceeb yuav tsum yog mus overthrow system ntawm serfdom. Gogol, nyob rau hauv lem, raws li ib tug txawj sau ntawv yog ib tug tim khawv rau cov tswv av, ua hauj lwm autocracy. Nws yog nyob rau hauv no converged views ntawm cov neeg no. Belinsky, illuminating lub humiliating txoj hauj lwm ntawm peasants, sau tias Russia ua ib tug txaus ntshai lub teb chaws, uas yog tib neeg trafficking. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev muaj yog tsis tsuas tsis muaj guarantees rau tej khoom vaj tse, yawm thiab cwm pwm, tab sis kuj cov tub ceev xwm kev txiav txim. Lub hom hauj lwm ntawm Belinsky pom txoj kev puas tsuaj ntawm serfdom. Literary ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, yog ib daim ntawv qhia rau cov neeg. Raws li ib tug txawj sau ntawv, nws pom cov thawj coj ntawm lub tshiab regime. Cov lawv kuj zoo kawg hwm thiab hlub, thiab ntawm Belinsky, thiab lwm tus neeg lub siab heev haiv neeg enjoyed Gogol. Tab sis, mus txawv teb chaws, nws luam tawm ib phau ntawv uas overturns tag nrho cov notions txog nws.
xaus
Teb rau cov kev thuam, Gogol tsis ua kom muaj lus sib cav nyob rau hauv lawv cov haum. Nws tsuas hais qhov tseeb tsim. Tsis yog, nyob rau hauv nws tsab ntawv lub siab xav los txhim kho, "rov xav dua", mus thov txim, tom qab tag nrho, ua ntej cov pej xeem. Nws phau ntawv yog tsis nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm pom tau hais tias cov advanced sectors ntawm haiv neeg. Nws yog vim mas rau lub fact tias cov neeg muaj heev ingrained siab rau ib tug tshiab, free lub neej uas muab lub autocracy yog tsis tau.
Similar articles
Trending Now