Tooj ore. Ntu nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej

Ib qho ntawm thawj hlau, uas tau kawm mus ua hauj lwm txiv neej yog tooj liab, los yog Latin Cuprum (Cu). Nws lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg kev vam meej tsuas yog tsis yooj yim sua rau exaggerate: ib tug tag nrho ntu nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm hu ua "Bronze Hnub nyoog" (bronze - ib tug hlau ntawm tin thiab tooj liab). Tau txais no zoo nkauj thiab malleable hlau (tooj liab xim - golden liab) tau kawm rau BC. Cov lus no "bornite", "chalcopyrite", "chalcocite", "covelline", "enargite", "cuprite" suab zoo li lub npe ntawm ib yam dab tsi txawv txawv, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb qhov thiaj li hu ua ib co ntawm cov tooj liab-tau cov kabmob ores. Yog qhov ntawm no hlau yog tooj liab ore.

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, Cuprum tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov nuggets thiab hauv daim ntawv ntawm tebchaw. Muaj ntau ntau ntau hom kev tooj liab ores, uas muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv sulfide, oxidized thiab mixed. Feem ntau tooj liab ore yog complex, nws muaj ntau ntau lwm yam ntsiab thiab cov tebchaw - sulfides ntawm hmoov txhuas, zinc, npib tsib xee thiab lwm yam hais. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg, muaj ib txoj lw ntsiab - selenium, tellurium, cadmium, indium, thiab cov zoo li. Thaum ib tug nqi ntawm cov co yog tsis tsawg tshaj li 50% ntawm cov Cuprum, rho tawm los ntawm lub pob zeb.

Cov feem ntau siv sulfide ores muaj Cu compound nrog sulfur. Needless tooj liab lawm muaj ntau cov theem. Lub ntsiab txoj kev nws ntau lawm yog ib pyrometallurgical.

Feem ntau tooj liab ore muaj ib tug me nyuam npaum li cas ntawm Cuprum, li ntawd, yug yav tas los raug rau kev pab txhawb ntxiv. Rau lub hom phiaj no nws yog pulverized, tov nrog dej thiab tej yam tshwj xeeb tshuaj, thiab ces muab tso rau hauv ib tug flotation tshuab. Muaj tag nrho cov tov, sulphide hais sawv mus rau qhov chaw raws li ib tug ua npuas ncauj thiab nqa mus, thiab tus pov tseg settles mus rau hauv qab.

Cov theem tom ntej ntawm kev, uas yuav siv sij hawm tooj liab ore, hu ua "smelting rau matte." Rau cov concentrate twb ntxiv ib sib tov ntawm xuab zeb thiab rhuab mus txog rau thaum cov hlau melting kub. Nrog xws raug leej faj yog oxidized rau leej faj oxide, thiab cov molten hlau yog sau rau hauv qab ntawm lub cub tawg. Qhov no qhuav yog poured mus rau hauv ib tug converter thiab tshuab nrog cua. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov oxidation ntawm cov leej faj tau nws yog xim hlau tooj liab, uas yog poured rau hauv molds. Thaum cua txias cov ingots (nyob rau hauv uas cov ntsiab lus ntawm Cu yog 98%) yog tso tawm leej faj dioxide. Nws yog sau thiab ces siv raws li ib tug feedstock rau zus tau tej cov sulfuric acid.

Yuav kom muab tau cov kev kawm hlau purity crude tooj liab yuav tsum tau raug mus rau refining. Nws yog ib ob hom - hluav taws, los yog electrodeposition. Refining kuj yuav lub noble co muaj nyob rau hauv lub resulting sawv hlwv tooj liab.

Hluav Taws refining yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb rauv taws nte, electrolysis yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv da hlua txhuas los yog yas yas.

Hluav taws kub refining lub resulting billet yog them mus rau hauv lub cub tawg thiab melted. Ces pib bubbling cua los ntawm cov kua hlau. Nyob rau hauv lub oxidation ntawm lub impurities kis mus rau hauv lub slag, thiab lwm yam yog sublimated thiab yog muab tshem tawm los ntawm lub cub tawg roj cua. Oxidized kuj Cuprum. Tag nrho cov noble co nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub qhuav. Rov qab oxidized tooj liab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sis raug zoo nrog cov pa roj carbon qhov chaw uas protrude roj sib tov paromazutnaya thiab t. D. Xws li ib tug lag luam yog hu ua voos tooj liab. Yog li Cu yog zoo tu qab tso pa roj carbon ntoo. Ces tus ingot casting los yog tshwj xeeb anode phiaj no rau electrolytic refining.

Los ntawm electrolysis Refiners resorted mus rau nyob rau hauv lub rooj plaub uas tooj liab yog yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws xob kev lag luam, los yog thaum nws muaj ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm noble co (silver, kub, platinum).

Nyob rau hauv lub electrolysis da dej lawm ua tus sau nrog ntsha, nws yog muab tso rau hauv ib lub refined tooj liab raws li lub anode thiab cov cathode ntshiab Cu, thiab tam sim no yog dhau los ntawm lub da dej. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub cathode yog tso rau cov ntshiab hlau (purity - mus txog rau 99,95%).