Shorthand - yog dab tsi? Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus "shorthand." Stenographer - uas yog qhov no?

Shorthand - ib cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem cim tshwj xeeb luv luv. Lawv muaj xws li ib tug abbreviated daim ntawv uas tso cai rau kom muaj me tub rau ntawm daim ntawv txawm nyob hais lus. Cov kev ceev uas ua tsab ntawv, 4-7 lub sij hawm siab tshaj qub.

Shorthand txhais tau muab ib tug sib txawv dog dig. Cov tswvyim no yog muab piv nrog cov kos duab ntawm kev sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog li ntawd ceev ceev, uas yog tsis inferior mus rau lub hais lus ceev. Yuav ua li cas yuav ua tau xws li ib tug tshwm sim? Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kom cov kev ceev ntawm kev sau ntawv, kev sau ntawv yeej tsim lub hom phiaj no qhov nyuaj cim. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub suab thiab cov lus yuav raug rau cov teeb meem loj tawm txiav. Verbatim tej yam tshwm sim muaj peev xwm cawm xya caum-tsib feem pua ntawm lub sij hawm muab piv rau kev xa ntawv.

zaj dabneeg

Ntau tshaj 2 txhiab xyoo muaj shorthand. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus, uas yog hais txog ib lub ntsiab uas yog txhais los ntawm Greek - "narrowband". Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus,

Explanatory phau ntawv txhais lus Dahl kuj muab ib tug kev piav qhia ntawm lub sij hawm "shorthand." Lub ntsiab lus yog raws li nram no: "abbreviated tsab ntawv, cursive, kom PACE nrog tus hais lus." Tab sis tus naas ej txawj sau ntawv Charles Dickens hu ua no txoj kev ntawm me nyuam lus mysterious thiab noble art.

Sau ntawv nyob rau ob peb txhiab xyoo ua ntej peb era. Nws tsim yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm lub relentless pursuit ntawm ib tug neeg rau kev sib txuas lus. Thaum thawj zaug rau theem ntawm kev sau ntawv nws yog kev kawm. Cov neeg siv kis lawv cov kev xav nrog kev pab los ntawm tej yam khoom khoom. Tom qab ntawd, sau ntawv tau ua uas yuav piav txog. Rau ntawm no theem, cov qauv ntawm cov kis xav los ua cov dluab, cim, thiab, nyob rau hauv lub kawg, cov tsiaj ntawv, uas tshwm sim rau hnub no.

Shorthand sawv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau lus. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau ib tug heev thaum ntxov rau theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg kab lis kev cai, qhov chaw uas sib txawv haiv neeg tsim ib tug yuav tsum tau kom meej kis tau tus mob ntawm kev hais lus los ntawm ib tug ceev thiab cos ntaub ntawv.

Cov ancient Egyptians kuj siv shorthand. Yuav ua li cas yog ceev tsab ntawv meant rau cov ancient cov neeg? Nrog kev pab los ntawm kaw has lug hab ntawm tus poj orators.

Qhov loj tshaj flowering ntawm shorthand hu nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos thiab Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws. Ib tug tshwj xeeb pab rau kev txhim kho ntawm kev kub ceev sau ntawv thiab ua secretary tub qhe ntawm tus poj orator Cicero - Tyrone. Nws yog tus sau ntawm ib tug Latin shorthand. Cov tsab ntawv yog tseem hu ua tironovymi sau ntawv.

Lub advent ntawm alphabetic shorthand

Thaum thawj zaug rau theem nws yog zoo li cursive. Ua li cas nws txhais li cas? Rau txhua lo lus nws yog tsim kos npe rau. Qhov no zoo heev complicates lub chaw ua hauj lwm. Mus ua si qhov tseem ceeb yuav tsum tau sawv nyob rau hauv memorizing ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov cim. Lawv tus naj npawb mus txog 13000. Ntawm no yog qhov no shorthand. Yuav ua li cas yog tus naj npawb ntawm cov cim yog heev yooj yim mus rau nco ntsoov, nws yog tseeb rau txhua leej txhua tus. Cov tshuaj twb pom nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. Nws yog ces hais tias lub Englishman Willis tau tsim alphabetic shorthand system. Qhov no shorthand sai ua nrov heev nyob rau ntau lub teb chaws nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.

Ceev sau ntawv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab

Shorthand siv nyob rau hauv Pskov thiab Novgorod li thaum ntxov raws li 15-16 centuries. Nyob rau hauv Moscow, ib tug high-ceev tsab ntawv twb tau muab siv nyob rau thawj lub Romanovs. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th. Ntawm no yog ib tug ntev li keeb kwm nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws muaj ib tug shorthand. Lavxias teb sab tsiaj ntawv twb tau muab siv nyob rau hauv lub tshiab thawj system tsim Ivaniv nyob rau hauv 1858. Tus thawj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov qauv no yog ua li cas nyob rau hauv Russia Lub peb hlis ntuj 19, 1860 Nws yog ua dua tsis sib haum ntawm Kostomarov xibfwb thiab academician Pogodin. Nws lub ntsiab yog rau lo lus nug ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Russia.

Verbatim tej yam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus tau tau nquag siv nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo. Lawv yuav tsum tau los ntawm ib co neeg sau xov xwm, sau ntawv, kws tshawb fawb, thiab menyuam kawm ntawv.

Tshwj xeeb kev loj hlob shorthand nyob rau hauv Russia tau txais nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 20th caug xyoo. Thaum tsim, lub xeev Duma. Nrog cov creation ntawm no txoj cai muaj yog ib tug yuav tsum tau sau cov rooj sib tham muaj nyob rau. Nyob rau qhov no qhov teeb meem tsim ib tug shorthand Bureau, neeg ua hauj lwm los ntawm ob peb lub kaum os tus neeg.

Saib xyuas kom yooj yim zog intensified nrog lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm cov Bolsheviks rau lub hwj chim. Nyob rau hauv 1925 nws twb muaj nyob rau tag nrho cov-Union sablaj nyob rau hauv shorthand teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union nws luam tawm ib tug tshwj xeeb magazine - "Lus nug ntawm shorthand." Nws los nyob rau hauv 20-ies ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv tib lub sij hawm, nws yog tsim los rau pej xeem siab dua stenography kawm. Tom qab, kev kub ceev sau ntawv qhia ntawm ib co Soviet cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab universities. Profession stenographer kaum ntawm txhiab tus neeg muaj tug nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws.

Yog li, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab high-ceev sau ntawv peb muaj kev koom siv rau ib puas xyoo. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm tau pom lub teeb ntawm heev heev cov phau ntawv thiab phau ntawv nyob rau qhov kev qhuab qhia.

Cov ntaub ntawv tshuab ceev cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv

Nws yeej ib txwm tau nyob rau hauv coob shorthand. Yuav ua li cas yog tsab ntawv constituted? Rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo, qhov no zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo thiab tsim. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ntau yam txoj kev tau raug txo kom ob systems. Ib tug ntawm lawv - lub geometric thiab lub thib ob - cursive. Tus thawj yog raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj kab thiab ib lub voj voog nrog nws qhov chaw thiab taw tes. Qhov thib ob system muaj ib feem dawb thiab cov tsiaj ntawv siv nyob rau hauv cov pa sau ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv Fabkis thiab nyob rau hauv ces, feem ntau yog cov geometric shorthand. Lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv no system yuav ntsia ib tug ua ke ntawm cov kab ncaj nraim, voj voog (los yog qhov chaw ntawd) thiab cov ntsiab lus.

Cursive shorthand yog siv mas nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Qhov no system yog zoo nkauj tshaj nyob rau hauv style thiab yooj yim rau kev sau ntawv.

Verbatim cov tsiaj ntawv muaj cim uas yog txawv los ntawm tus nqes hav thiab qhov siab ntawm cov thickening thiab hneev taw, thiab lwm yam Thiab qhov no muaj ntau haiv neeg yuav pom nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si systems.

Raws li rau cov niaj hnub shorthand, nws nrhiav kev sib sau ua ke tag nrho cov saum toj no hom. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm ceev cov tsiaj ntawv nyob rau tam sim no theem yog coj tus uas twb muaj lawm systems rau ib tug. Ntxiv mus shorthand thov kom rov muaj kuab brevity thiab taub hau.

Leej twg xav tau lub peev xwm los sai sai ntawv

Shorthand - yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog ib tug heev kev qhuab qhia. Thiab ib txhia neeg xav tsis thoob hais tias nws thiab yog tam sim no muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov nrauv kawm nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob qhov twg, piv txwv li, kev kawm secretary profession. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, niaj hnub siv tshuab ua nws tau mus ua ib cov ntaubntawv povthawj ntawm qhov kev sib tham los yog kev nthuav qhia rau cov recorder. Txawm li cas los, ib tug ntau ntawm lub sij hawm uas yuav tsum tau ua cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tsis yog txhua txhua ntawm nws yeej yuav hnov vim muaj ntau yam teeb. Lwm yam - lub shorthand. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus, nqe lus thiab hais lus yuav tag nrho yuav siv tus qauv no tau saib tau yooj yim, raws li thaum sau ntawv qub ntawv nyeem. Verbatim tej yam tshwm sim yog dab tsi yooj yim npaum li tus ntawv sau.

Rau hnub tim, high-ceev tsab ntawv cog noob nyob rau hauv ntau yam teb. Shorthand yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yuav tsum tau rau cov neeg uas muaj tibneeg hu tauj coob puas siab puas ntsws ua hauj lwm rau. Nws tsis yog li ntawd kev sau ntawv ib tug hais lus nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej secretaries yog xyaum kawm siv tshwj xeeb tej yam tshwm sim. Tom qab tag nrho, tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub profession rau ib tug txhua txhua hnub yuav ntsib nrog ib tug loj ntim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, thiab muaj shorthand tso cai rau lawv mus zoo heev pab txhawb lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm tsis tsuas yog lawv tus kheej, tab sis kuj cov neeg saib xyuas.

tus nqi cursive

Shorthand nyob rau hauv coob tsis tau tsuas yog vim hais tias ntawm lub high school sau ntawv ceev. Nws tso cai rau koj mus sau ntaub ntawv raws li meej li sai tau. Leej twg yog tswv txheej txheem no yuav shorthand tseem ceeb sib tham cia rau lub xeem kom meej. Nquag thawj coj uas siv los ua hauj lwm rau ib tug ceev ceev pace, yuav txaus siab nrog nws secretary, tau sau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv thaum lub sij hawm cov kev sib khom los yog cov rooj sib tham.

Cov nrhiav tau ntawm ib tug pab tau cov kev txawj

Yuav ua li cas kawm stenography kawg? cursive sau ntawv qhia tsim nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam ib theem zuj zus. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov kev tshawb no yog kev kawm rau tus niam ntawv.

Cov thawj cov cim qhia ntawm lub kawm ntawv ntaus kaw tseg kaw nyob rau hauv ib phau ntawv uas muaj ib tug nqiam kab. Qhov no yog tsim nyog vim hais tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ceev ceev nkag ntawm cov ua cim qhov siab thiab caj npab yuav tsum maj mam siv tau rau nws. Me ntsis tom qab, koj yuav tau mus rau cov ntawv txheeb nrog tus ib txwm kab. Muaj mastered rau tus txheej txheem ntawm stenography tag nrho cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv yog rau lub tiaj ntawv nerazlinovannoy. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, txhua lub shorthand tshuaj ob peb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib tug uake. Ntau npaum li cas yog tias nyob rau hauv sau ntawv nws muaj nqis yuav tsum tau hais. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cursive sau ntawv tawm kev yuav tsum tsim sai. Thaum nyeem ntawv rau transcripts ntawm cov qhab nia yuav tsum tau rov txiav nyob ib ncig ntawm tus xaum.

Cov yooj yim hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug ceev tsab ntawv

shorthand system siv ib txoj kev nyob rau hauv uas lub pass yog nqa tawm ntawv niam. Ib tug icon muab cov ob peb ua ke ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv uas tshwm sim feem ntau heev, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj ntau lub suab. Piv txwv li, xws kaw lus raws li -tsiya, -tsa, thiab -ntsiya -ktsiya, ib tug shorthand cim yuav tau tib yam. Nws muaj ua nrog, hais, xws lus raws li "feem", "ciam teb", "chaw nres tsheb" thiab "kev tshav ntuj."

Tej yam icons sau nquag siv idioms thiab kab zauv. Nyob rau hauv kev qhia ntawv shorthand qhia lawv mus sau npe ob peb lub sij hawm, rov qab ua dua lub hlwb muaj nuj nqis. Rau yooj yim cim idioms thiab kab zauv yog sau nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib phau ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws yuav tsum muaj cai alphabetical kev txiav txim. Qhov no phau ntawv txhais lus yuav tsum tsis tu ncua sau rov thiab nyeem. Lub hom phiaj ntawm no kev sib ntsib yog kom coj tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sau ntawv ntaus kaw tseg rau automatism thiab cov kev loj hlob ntawm lub peev xwm los nyeem lawv tus kheej thiab lwm tus neeg lub account nrog tus ceev tib yam li qub ntawv nyeem.

Tom qab ib co sij hawm siv nyob rau hauv kev cob qhia, kev txawj ntse tau yuav tsum maj mam pib muab tso rau hauv xyaum. Yuav kom qhov no kawg, chiv shorthand cim tso rau hauv ib tug dog dig tsab ntawv. Maj mam hloov mus mixed ntawv nyeem cursive.

Thiab tam sim no shorthand tseem tseem ceeb thiab nrov. Kawm nws yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb kev kawm. Lawv feem ntau yog kav rau plaub caug kawm teev.

Yam ntxwv ntawm kev kub ceev sau ntawv

Shorthand, ua rau lub alphabetic hauv paus ntsiab lus, muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov nta. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, raws li hais saum toj no, nws yog yus muaj los ntawm txog khij. Ntxiv mus, arbitrarily hloov cov sau ntawv shorthand tsis yooj yim sua. Lawv yog cov txheej txheem. Peb txhua tus yeej paub hais tias nyob rau hauv lub qub sau ntawv hauv tib tsab ntawv muaj peev xwm yuav sau nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm ob peb muaj kev xaiv. Tej txoj kev ywj pheej nyob rau hauv shorthand txwv tsis pub. Tag nrho tej yam tshwm sim yuav tsum tau nruj me ntsis txhais xwb cim system.

Nta stenographic tsiaj ntawv

Nyob rau hauv cursive cim coj consonants, yuav tsum tau sau nyob rau ntawm ib kaum sab xis ntawm rau caum degrees rau hauv txoj kab ntawm kev sau ntawv. Thaum zoo li no yog ua li cas rau txoj kev nqes hav. Tag nrho tej yam tshwm sim yuav tsum tau sau nyob rau hauv txoj kab ntawm kev sau ntawv. Cov yooj yim txoj cai, uas yog ua thaum lub tsab ntawv verbatim: raws li cov kev nqes hav, zoo lawm thiab pes tsawg luaj li cas ntawm txhua lub cim. Yog hais tias nws yog ua txhaum, cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsis tau nyeem.

Loj verbatim tias txhais tau hais tias los ntawm lawv qhov siab. Tag nrho cov dluab yog cov consonants raug muab faib mus rau hauv me me, loj loj, thiab ib-seem. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lawv qhov siab yog nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam ratio. Yog li, tus tau txais tus nqi rau ib-seem tias - 3 hli. Me los yog ib feem peb lub qhov siab ntawm ib tug-dimensional.

Verbatim tej yam tshwm sim raug muab faib mus rau hauv oval ostrookanchivayuschiesya thiab sublinear. Nyob rau hauv lub shorthand cim coj mus rau tag nrho lub lo lus, yuav tsum tau kev cob cog rua. Lawv sau tsis cuam tshuam cwj mem los ntawm daim ntawv. Cov kis ntawm tus ob cim yuav tsum ib nrab ntsuas. Lub cim "p" cov tsiaj ntawv "l", "b", uas sawv ntsug nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm cov lo lus, sau ntawv nrog rau sab laug ncig.

Ntawv conforming sau tag nrho cov lo lus, sib thooj, los ntawm txoj kev cov yam ntxwv tib, raws li yuav ua li cas nyob rau hauv longhand. Yog hais tias tej duab tau raug kaw incorrectly nrog lub verbatim cov ntaub ntawv, nws tsis yog tseeb, tab sis tsuas yog tus ntoo khaub lig tawm siv lub luaj.

Lub cursive yog tsis siv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov uas twb muaj lawm lus cim. Verbatim cov ntaub ntawv muaj tsuas yog tus khiav ceev thiab taw tes. Siv raws li ib tug exclamation thiab lo lus nug tias. Raws li rau lub comma thiab hais tias, lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv tsuas mob ntawm huab yuav tsum muaj.

tswv cursive

Specialist nyob rau hauv shorthand yuav tsis tsuas ib tug poj niam. Feem ntau cov txheej txheem no yog muaj thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub zog txiv neej pw. Tab sis, dua li no, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua xeem nws tam tus saib hais tias cov cursive - nws yog ib tug txhob txwm poj niam txoj hauj lwm. Yuav ua li cas yog cov yooj yim uas yuav tsum tau rau cov kws tshwj xeeb?

Stenographer - ib tug kws uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv kev hais lus los ntawm txoj kev ntawm ib tug qhia tshwj xeeb uas tsim system ntawm tej yam tshwm sim. Cov dej num ntawm cov tub txawg xws li txo kho txhua yam uas yog cov lus hais nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, nws yog ib tug xav mus xav rau ntawm daim ntawv nqa ib tug sib tham los yog hais lus. Lub stenographer yuav tsum tau decipher thiab hais tias yuav thaws rov los rau ntawm daim ntawv, tawm hauv ib cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv tshwmsim daim ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nws yog tseeb hais tias cov cursive - nws tsis yog ib yam uas muaj peev xwm tuaj nrog ib tug txiv neej tsuas yog rau lawv tus kheej. Nws yog ib tug tej yam system ntawm tus cim tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nws yuav tsum xub kawm shorthand.

Nyob qhov twg thiab thaum thov xws tshwj xeeb? Stenographer yuav tsum tau nyob cov rooj sib tham, cov rooj sib tham thiab rooj sib tham, qhov twg presentations twg yuav tsum tau kos mus txog. Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, qhov no ua hauj lwm rau nkawd ua uncreative thiab monotonous. Txawm li cas los, cov neeg sawv cev tham txog cov tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau muaj exceptional tus kheej thiab kev zoo. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov stenographer yuav tsum tau ua kom pom tseeb, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws xav tau ib tug zoo lub cim xeeb, ib tug zoo meej kev txawj ntse ntawm cov lus, cov neeg thiab kev sib txuas lus.

Nws yog ib nqi hais tias cov cursive sau ntawv yuav tsis tau tsuas yog pab txhawb lub chaw ua hauj lwm, tab sis kuj yog ib txoj uas pab, raws li zoo raws li lub sij hawm saving. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm qhov kev qhuab qhia txhawb rau tag nrho cov kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug neeg, ho pom nws cov lo lus, uas yog Iwj thaum uas sau ntawv ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov ntawv.