Qhov kev tshawb xav - nws ... lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "kev tshawb xav"

Tag nrho cov niaj hnub science tsim los ntawm kev xav uas chiv ciali mythical thiab kwv. Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm, sau substantiated pov thawj ntawm cov kev xav tau ua neeg pom tau hais tias qhov tseeb. Thiab tej kev tshawb xav uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev txawj ntse ntawm tib neeg. Tab sis li cas yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "kev tshawb xav"? Lo lus teb rau lo lus nug no koj yuav kawm tau los ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm.

lub ntsiab txhais

Muaj ntau ntau cov ntsiab lus txhais ntawm lub sij hawm. Tab sis pom yog qhov sawv daws yuav siv los ntawm scientific ib puag ncig. Tej ntsiab lus thiab coj raws li ib lub hauv paus.

Theory - yog ib tug system ntawm cov tswv yim nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev txawj ntse, uas muab ib tug holistic saib ntawm uas twb muaj lawm kev cai hais txog rau kev muaj tiag.

Muaj yog ib tug ntau nyuab txhais. Qhov kev tshawb xav - nws yog ib tug txheej ntawm cov tswv yim uas raug kaw mus rau lub suab ib theem zuj zus. Nws yog zoo li ib tug paub daws teeb ntsiab txhais ntawm lub sij hawm "kev tshawb xav" muab logic. Los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm no ziag no yuav hu ua science tej lub tswv yim.

Typology ntawm scientific theories

Rau ib tug zoo kev nkag siab ntawm lub scientific theories yuav tsum tau nrog lawv cov kev faib. Vib this thiab philosophy ntawm science, muaj peb theem pib hom ntawm scientific theories. Cia peb xav txog lawv nyias.

empirical tshawb xav

Tus thawj hom feeb xam tau tias yog empirical tshawb xav. Piv txwv yog lub physiological kev tshawb xav ntawm Pavlov, Darwin lub hom phiaj ntawm evolution, kev tshawb xav ntawm evolution, puas siab puas ntsws thiab lus xav. Lawv yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub zoo loj ntawm kev sim lus tseeb thiab piav qhia txog ib tug tej yam pab pawg neeg ntawm phenomena.

Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov phenomena formulated kwvyees, thiab raws li ib tug tshwm sim - tus kev cai lij choj uas yog lub hauv paus uas los tsim kom tau ib tug kev tshawb xav. Qhov no kuj muaj tseeb rau lwm hom ntawm theories. Tab sis lub hom phiaj ntawm empirical hom formulated raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov uas yuav piav txog thiab generic cim, tsis muaj raws li nrog tag nrho cov kev cai ntawm logic.

zauv theories

Lej scientific theories roos ib tug thib ob hom theories nyob rau hauv no cais. Lawv cov yam ntxwv feature yog kev siv ntawm zauv cuab yeej thiab xaam qauv. Nyob rau hauv cov theories, ib tug tshwj xeeb zauv qauv, uas yog ib yam ntawm cov zoo tagnrho yam khoom uas yuav hloov ib tug tiag tiag kwv. Ib tug prime piv txwv ntawm no hom yog logic kev tshawb xav, cov kev tshawb xav ntawm particle physics, tswj kev tshawb xav, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lawv yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub axiomatic txoj kev. Hais tias yog, tus ntsoos ntsoos ntawm lub ntsiab cai ntawm txoj kev tshawb xav ntawm ib tug ob peb yooj yim axioms. Cov yuav tsum muaj axioms yuav tsum tau raws li cov txheej xwm ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab tsis nyias hais txawv nyias.

Deductive theoretical tshuab

Qhov thib peb hom kev theories - ib tug deductive theoretical systems. Lawv nyob vim hais tias ntawm qhov teeb meem rationally taub thiab pov thawj rau cov kev ua lej. Thawj deductive kev tshawb xav yog xav tau cov Euclidean geometry, uas twb ua tau lub tsev siv axiomatic txoj kev. Deductive theories yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub formulation lus qhia thiab ces mus rau lub hom phiaj ntawm cov nqe lus uas yuav tsum tau raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm inferences nyob rau starting txaus qhia. Tag nrho inferences thiab cov cuab yeej uas yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshawb xav yog kaw meej, tsim lub pov thawj puag.

Raws li ib tug txoj cai, deductive kev tshawb xav yog heev general thiab paub daws teeb, li ntawd, feem ntau muaj yog ib lo lus nug ntawm kev txhais. Ib tug piv txwv yog lub hom phiaj ntawm tej yam ntuj tso kev cai lij choj. Nws yog ib tug kev tshawb xav uas tsis muab ib tug unambiguous kev soj ntsuam, yog li nws sib txawv txhais.

Philosophy thiab scientific theory: yuav ua li cas ua lawv piv?

Cov kev txawj ntse ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm thiab cov kev luag hauj lwm muab rau philosophy. Nws yog ib lo lus nug hais tias zaum no formulating thiab comprehending no los yog tias kev tshawb xav, sawv mus rau theem ntawm tsis tsuas yog qhov kev nkag siab ntawm ib tug scientific teeb meem, tab sis kuj to taub ntawm lub neej thiab tus essence heev ntawm cov txuj ci. Thiab qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, philosophy.

Yog li, cov lus nug tshwm sim. Yuav ua li cas philosophy influences qhov kev siv ntawm ib tug scientific theory? Cov lus teb yog yooj yim heev, raws li cov dab yog inextricably txuas. Lub philosophy yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv ib tug scientific theory nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov zajlus kom txoj cai lij choj, vib this, ib tug dav dav daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thiab nws cov kev nkag siab ntawm, thiab outlook ntawm tus paub txog ntawm tag nrho cov siv scientific cov me nyuam yaus. Nyob rau hauv qhov ntsiab lus teb, philosophy yog ob lub qhov chaw thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm lub tsev feem ntau ntawm cov kev theories. Txawm tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb, thiab lub koom haum lub hom phiaj (piv txwv li - lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tswj) no tsis tsis muaj philosophical hauv paus.

Kev tshawb xav thiab xyaum ua tej yam

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj txoj kev empirical qhia txog cov kev tshawb xav yog ib tug xyaum ua tej yam uas yuav tsum muaj xws li cov kev ntsuas thiab saib xyuas, raws li zoo li ntau lwm txoj kev cawv rau cov tshawb nrhiav yam khoom los yog cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov khoom.

Xyaum ua tej yam - yog ib tug tej yam khoom muaj feem rau tus kwv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no los yog nyob rau lub tej yam kev mob uas koos, uas yog ua rau lub hom phiaj ntawm koj kawm ntxiv txog qhov no kwv. Qhov kev tshawb xav - yog tias yav dhau los thwmsim.

Nyob rau hauv ib tug scientific xyaum ua tej yam nws yog yooj yim los txhais tau ob peb ntsiab;

• lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov xyaum ua tej;
• tus kwv yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam;
• lub tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv uas tus kwv yog nyob;
• txhais tau hais tias coj kev xyaum ua tej yam;
• ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas tej yam rau tus kwv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no.

Nrog txhua tus neeg lub caij muaj peev xwm tsim ib tug faib thwmsim. Raws li nqe lus no, nws yog tau paub qhov txawv ntawm lub cev, lom neeg, tshuaj thwmsim, nyob ntawm seb tus kwv uas nws yog tuav. Nws yog tseem tau mus rau faib cov thwmsim rau lub hom phaj uas yog kev tsim txom nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev coj cwj pwm.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov xyaum ua tej yog cov nrhiav kom tau thiab nkag siab txog li cas ib txhia ntawm cov lus tseeb los yog kev cai. Qhov no hom ntawm kev tshawb fawb no yog hu ua thwmsim. Cov tshwm sim ntawm no yuav pom tau tias ib tug extension ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tus kwv. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, xws li ib sim yog ua kom paub meej tias lub hypothesis ntawm ib zaug xwb los yooj yim kev tshawb xav. Qhov no zoo ntawm xyaum ua tej yam no yog hu ua kev soj ntsuam kuaj. Raws li koj paub, ib tug zoo nkauj ntshiab kab nruab nrab ntawm cov ob hom ntawm kev coj cwj pwm tsis tau. Cov tib txoj kev yuav nkag rau hauv ob hom xyaum ua tej yam los yog nrog ib tug koj yuav nrhiav tau cov ntaub ntawv uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lwm yam. Niaj hnub nimno science thiab raws li nyob rau hauv no ob hauv paus ntsiab lus.

Xyaum ua tej yam - nws yeej ib txwm zoo ntawm lo lus nug qhov. Tab sis nws yeej ib txwm muaj yuav tsum tau muaj txiaj ntsim thiab raws li nyob rau hauv pre-paub kom tau ib tug txaus teb. Nws yog ib qhov kev txawj ntse thiab muab ib tug kev tshawb xav, nws yog nws txo nws hwj cov lus nug. Chiv, yog ib tug kev tshawb xav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug paub daws teeb, idealized khoom, thiab ces los tus txheej txheem ntawm kev kuaj rau authenticity.

Yog li, peb soj ntsuam cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lo lus "kev tshawb xav", nws typology, uas nyob ib sab relation to science thiab kev ua. Peb yuav xyuam xim hais tias muaj yog tsis muaj dab tsi ntau cov tswv yim tshaj li ib tug zoo kev tshawb xav.