Arts thiab lom ze, Ntaub ntawv
Polonskiy Yakov Petrovich: biography thiab tej hauj lwm
Cov Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv ntawm cov XIX xyoo pua muaj paj huam thiab sau ntawv uas nws ua hauj lwm yog raws li ib qho tseem ceeb raws li cov pab mus rau lub teb chaws cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Titans, zoo li Pushkin, Gogol thiab Nekrasov. Tab sis yog tsis muaj lawv, peb cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau deprived ntawm ntau xim thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg, qhov dav thiab tob ntawm rog xav txog ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub ntiaj teb no, lub thoroughness thiab tiav ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm complex ntsuj plig ntawm peb lub teb chaws.
Ib tug neeg uas Ryazan
Kuv hluav taws nyob rau hauv lub pos huab ci
Sparks yog extinguished rau tus yoov ...
Tus neeg sau ntawm cov kab los ntawm ib tug zaj kwv txhiaj uas tau ntev raug suav hais tias pej xeem, yug nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm Russia, nyob rau hauv lub ntsig txog lub xeev Ryazan. Leej niam ntawm tus yav tom ntej kws sau paj lug - Natalia Y. - tuaj ntawm ib tug laus tsev neeg Kaftyrevyh thiab nws tus txiv yog ib tug impoverished nobleman, uas tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Ryazan Governor-dav Petr Grigorevich Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, yug nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub hlis ntuj nqeg 1819, yog tus hlob ntawm lawv xya cov me nyuam.
Thaum Yakhauj muaj 13 xyoo, nws leej niam tuag lawm thiab nws leej txiv thaum nws tau teem tseg rau lub breech txoj hauj lwm, mus rau Erivan, tawm hauv cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm nws tus poj niam cov txheeb ze. By lub sij hawm Yakova Petrovicha Polonskogo twb dhau thawj chav xyaum tes taw Ryazan, uas yog ib tug ntawm cov chaw zov me nyuam cov kev cai lub neej ntawm ib lub teb chaws lub zos.
Lub rooj sib tham nrog Zhukovsky
Koom nyob rau hauv lus sib dhos rau hauv lub xyoo thaum nyob rau hauv nws cov heyday yog lub hauv paus rau Pushkin, nws yog commonplace. Ntawm cov neeg uas muaj ntau khees nyiam nyiam heev rau poetic creativity, tso rau saib koj muaj peev xwm, muaj kuj yog ib tug hluas schoolboy Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, uas nws biography yog tag nrho ntawm landmark sib tam mus rau lub zoo tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv ntawm cov XIX xyoo pua, feem ntau recalled hais txog lub rooj sib tham, uas muaj ib tug yawm cawv rau nws xaiv ntawm cov txawj sau ntawv ua hauj lwm.
Nyob rau hauv 1837 nws tau mus xyuas lub Ryazan yav tom ntej huab tais Alexander II. Crown tub huabtais mus rau ib tug lub rooj sib tham ntawm tej phab ntsa ntawm lub chav xyaum tes taw Polonsky, sawv cev ntawm tus thawj coj, wrote nyob rau hauv nqe vaj lug kub tos txais nyob rau hauv ob nqe no, yog ib tus uas yuav tsum tau yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv unison rau lub suab ntawm "Vajtswv Txuag lub Tsar!", Uas tau los ua tus official anthem ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws rau xwb 4 xyoo ua ntej lawm. Nyob rau hauv lub yav tsaus ntuj, tom qab ib tug muaj kev vam meej yav dhau los txheej xwm uas muaj cov txais mus rau lub rooj huas tias, tus thawj coj ntawm lub chav xyaum tes taw tuav lub txais tos, nyob qhov twg cov tub ntxhais kws sau paj lug los ua paub nws tus kheej sau cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub tshiab anthem - Vasiliem Andreevichem Zhukovskim.
Cov naas ej paj huam, saib thiab zoo phooj ywg ntawm tus poj Pushkin qhuas kwv huam Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, hnub tom qab ncaim ntawm Alexander txawm muab tsub rau sawv cev ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej huab tais ib tug kub saib. Qhuas Zhukovsky ntxiv dag zog rau Polonsky nyob rau hauv lub siab xav mus muab nws lub neej ntaub ntawv.
Moscow University
Nyob rau hauv 1838 nws los ua ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv los ntawm txoj cai tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm Moscow University. Contemporaries tau yeej ib txwm nyiam ib tug amazing sociability, lub sab hauv thiab sab nraud attraction, uas txawv Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich sai sai mas yuav kis tau paub ntawm cov leading nuj nqis ntawm science, kab lis kev cai thiab kos duab. Muaj ntau Moscow lub sij hawm cov phooj ywg ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv tau ua phooj ywg rau lub neej rau nws. Cov lawv - lub kws sau paj lug Afanasiy FET thiab Apollon Grigoriev, historians Sergey Solovyov thiab Konstantin Cavelin sau ntawv Aleksey Pisemsky thiab Mikhail Pogodin, Decembrist Nikolai Orlov, philosopher thiab journalist Peter Chaadaev, ib tug zoo kawg actor Mikhail Shchepkin.
Nyob rau hauv cov xyoo, nws yug los nyob ze friendship Polonsky thiab Ivan Turgenev, mas muaj nuj nqis rau hauv lub txiaj ntsim ntawm txhua lwm yam rau ntau xyoo. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov phooj ywg, cov thawj ntawv Polonsky - nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv journal "Sau ntawv ntawm lub Fatherland" (1840) thiab ib tug sau ntawm paj huam, "Gamma" (1844).
Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov thawj thwmsim ntawm cov tub ntxhais kws sau paj lug twb zoo tau txais los ntawm critics, xws li Belinsky, nws vam mus nyob ib lub txawj ua hauj lwm tau naïve npau suav. Polonsky me nyuam kawm ntawv lub xyoos dhau nyob rau hauv cov neeg txom nyem thiab nyuaj siab, nws twb yuam kom lossi tau muab private qhia thiab pab qhia ntawv. Yog li ntawd thaum lub sij hawm cia li sawv tau ib qho chaw nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Caucasian tswv xeev ntawm Count Vorontsov, Polonsky tawm hauv Moscow, cia li tom qab kawm tiav rau xyoo los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv cov kev kawm.
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev
Txij li thaum 1844 nws nyob ua ntej nyob rau hauv Odessa, ces tsiv mus rau Tiflis. Thaum lub sij hawm no, nws tau ntsib nrog nws tus tij laug Pushkina Lvom Sergeevichem, collaborates nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm "Transcaucasian Gazette". Tawm ntawm nws collections ntawm paj huam - "Sazandar" (1849) thiab "Ob peb Kwv huam" (1851). Nyob rau hauv lub verses ntawm lub sij hawm muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb tsw, inspired los ntawm cov kws sau paj lug lub acquaintance nrog cov kev lis kev cai ntawm lub Highlanders, nrog rau keeb kwm ntawm Russia lub tawm tsam rau kev pom zoo ntawm yav qab teb ciam teb rau lwm.
Cov extraordinary muaj peev xwm Polonsky mus rau lub kos duab twb pom nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm txoj kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub Ryazan tsev kawm ntawv, yog li ntawd, tshwm sim los ntawm lub cim scenery ntawm lub Caucasus thiab cov cheeb tsam surrounding, nws tau ib tug ntau ntawm kev kos thiab painting. Qhov no fascination yog nrog los ntawm cov kws sau paj lug thoob plaws lub neej.
Nyob rau hauv 1851, Yakov Petrovich tau mus rau lub capital, Saint Petersburg, qhov uas nws ncua lub vajvoog ntawm nws kev sau ntawv cov phooj ywg thiab ua hauj lwm nyuaj rau cov tshiab cov kwv huam. Nyob rau hauv 1855 nws luam tawm lwm phau ntawv, nws cov kwv huam yog nkag luam tawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev sau ntawv phau ntawv Magazine - "Kawm" thiab "Sau ntawv ntawm lub Fatherland", tab sis cov nqi yuav tsis muab txawm ib tug coj hav zoov. Nws ua ib tug pab qhia tus tub ntawm St. Petersburg Governor Smirnov. Nyob rau hauv 1857, ib tug senior official ntawm ib tsev neeg mus txawv tebchaws los Baden-Baden, nrog lawv mus txawv teb chaws thiab Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich tau mus feem thoob plaws teb chaws Europe, noj nqus qhia nyob rau Fabkis ntxias, tau ntsib nrog ib tug xov tooj ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab txawv teb chaws sau ntawv thiab ntxias - nyob rau hauv particular, tus naas ej Aleksandrom Dyuma.
Tej lub neej
Nyob rau hauv 1858 Polonsky rov qab mus rau St. Petersburg nrog nws cov tub ntxhais tus poj niam - Elena Vasilyevna Ustiug, uas nws tau ntsib nyob rau hauv Paris. Lub ob xyoos tom ntej twb rau Yakov ib qho ntawm feem tragic nyob rau hauv lub neej. Thawj nws tau tiag raug mob, lub txim uas yuav tsis tau kom tshem tau ntawm ua ntej thaum xaus ntawm nws lub neej, mus nrog cov kev pab los ntawm pas txheem. Ces mob typhus thiab tuag tus poj niam Polonsky, thiab ob peb lub hlis tom qab ntawd nws tua thiab lawv yug los tus tub.
Txawm tias tus kheej ua yeeb yam, cov txawj sau ntawv ua hauj lwm amazingly nyuaj thiab fruitfully nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lwm yam - los ntawm me me lyrical kwv huam, librettos kom loj-volume prose phau ntawv artistic cov ntsiab lus - yog nws feem ntau nthuav yaam puab paub nyob rau hauv nws memoirs thiab journalism.
Ob txhais sib yuav nyob rau hauv 1866 Polonsky ua ke nrog Zhozefinoy Antonovnoy Ryulman, los ua tus niam ntawm lawv peb cov me nyuam. Nws pom ib tug sculptor muaj peev xwm thiab nquag koom nyob rau hauv lub artistic lub neej ntawm Lavxias teb sab capital. Lub tsev thiab kev sau ntawv kev xyaum seevcev tau tuav Polonsky, uas twb tau mus kawm los ntawm cov feem ntau nto moo sau ntawv thiab ntxias ntawm lub sij hawm. Cov yav tsaus ntuj thiab txuas ntxiv rau ib lub sij hawm tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus kws sau paj lug, uas ua raws li Lub kaum hli ntuj 30, 1898.
cuab yeej cuab tam
Legacy Yakov siab thiab kwv yees teej. Lub ntsiab feature ntawm paj huam Polonsky xam tau tias yog nws lyricism originating nyob rau hauv Romanticism enriched ntse heev ntawm Pushkin. Nws yog tsis muaj kev huam yuaj nws twb xam tau tias yog ib tug yeej muaj tseeb successor ntawm kab lig kev cai ntawm tus poj poet, tsis nyob rau hauv vain, Baklanov tus kwv huam yog feem ntau siv rau hauv nws zaj nkauj nto moo tshaj plaws composers - Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Rachmaninov thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Txawm li cas los, txawm tus ncaj ncees lovers ntawm lub poetic khoom plig Polonsky ntseeg tias lub siab tshaj plaws ua tau nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas.
Nyob rau hauv lub xeem feem peb ntawm cov XIX xyoo pua Lavxias teb sab xav tau muab faib ua ob camps - lub "Westerners" thiab "Slavophiles". Ib tug ntawm cov neeg uas nrhiav kom qhia ib tug ntshiab kev cog lus rau ib qho ntawm ob tog Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich (interesting tseeb txog nws theoretical kev tsis sib haum nrog Tolstoy yog nyob rau hauv lub memoirs ntawm contemporaries) qhia ib tug ntau conservative tswv yim hais txog Russia lub loj hlob mus rau hauv European kab lis kev cai, thaum loj pom zoo nrog nws tus phooj ywg - ib tug ntshiab "Westerner" Ivan Turgenev.
Nws nyob ib tug nplua nuj tej hauj lwm thiab cov tswv yim ntawm lub neej ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab txawj sau ntawv, tau txais ib txoj koob hmoov los ntawm Pushkin lub contemporaries thiab nyob tam sim no kws sau paj lug, thaum nws nce lub hnub qub ntawm lub Bloc. Schedule nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim, lub metamorphosis ntawm cov tsos, uas tau undergone Polonsky. Yakov Petrovich, uas nws yees duab ntawm lub kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua twb technically zoo meej, zoo nkaus li nyob rau hauv lub portraits ntawm lub sij hawm tas los rau tam sim no yawg suab, kom paub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub traversed txoj kev.
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