Petrified ntoo: zog thiab daim ntaub ntawv

Petrified ntoo - ib cov khoom uas ua los ntawm cov ntoo uas loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los geological epochs. Xws "curiosities" yuav qhia tau rau ib tug ntau. Muab lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov ntoo, nrog rau lawv cov kev pab nws yog ua tau rau lw lub evolution ntawm ib tug tej yam ntawm tsob ntoo cov qoob loo, kawm txog lub sij hawm ntawm lawv cov kev loj hlob thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm yav dhau los centuries.

Raws li tus txheej txheem ntawm petrified ntoo

ntxhov khib nyiab kom piam sij, lawv ua kab mob nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso tej yam kev mob. Qhov no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm free cua nkag. Tab sis nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, tuag ntoo yeej tsis lawm kiag li. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum nws yog faus nyob rau hauv lub sediments (volcanic tshauv, landslides, avalanches, glacial Moraine, etc.), Tiv thaiv cov ndlwg ntawm oxygen. Cov uas ua cav ntoo yog tsis muab zibntab, thiab thaum lub sij hawm vim muab los ntawm fossilized organic teeb meem minerals. Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm tsob ntoo yog kiag li hloov, thiab nws dhau mus ua ib tug heev ntom thiab check khoom.

Nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob, organic ntoo nqaij yog hloov los ntawm cov zaub mov, silica (silicified ntoo). Yeej nws yog ib lub opal, chalcedony los yog quartz. Tej fossils khaws cov anatomical qauv ntawm cov ntoo. Tsawg zaus, koj yuav nrhiav tau thiaj li hu ua marbleized ntoo, lom zem ntau hloov cov zaub mov uas yog dolomite, calcite los yog siderite. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, hloov ntsiab yuav ua tau gypsum, barite, dav hlau thiab thiaj li nyob. Nws muaj ntau tshaj li 60 minerals muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ntxhov fossils.

Cov yooj yim zog ntawm petrified ntoo

Cov mineral yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug lub khob los yog waxy ci, conchoidal puas, tsis muaj cleavage. Lub hardness ntawm lub tawv ntoo, nyob ntawm seb lub substituent ntawm minerals yog nyob rau hauv lub chav 4 mus rau 6 lub Mohs scale. Ib tug yuav nrhiav tau lub kaw txiav feem lom zem ntau ntau nyob rau hauv cov qauv thiab cov xim.

Vim tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub sediments los yog impurities nyob rau hauv dej petrified khoom tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov xim. Yog li, cov pa roj carbon muab tsob ntoo ib tug dub xim; hlau oxide - liab, daj los yog xim av; tooj liab, chromium thiab cobalt - ntsuab los yog xiav; Manganese - txiv kab ntxwv los yog liab; manganese oxide - dub los yog daj.

Ntawm cov fossilized ntoo yuav nrhiav tau, thiab conifers thiab hardwoods. Conifers xws li cov fossilization ntawm amber inclusions.

textural variations

Ntoo tau undergone fossilization, tej zaum yuav muaj ib tug txawv kev ntxhib los mos. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog ntau yam. Cia peb xav txog qhov uas twb muaj lawm textural ntau yam petrified ntoo, raws li tau zoo raws li vim uas lawv tau tsim.

homogeneous fossils

Lawv muaj xws li hom uas yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug ntau heev niaj hnub qauv nrog ib tug txawv xim. Pob zeb yog kom meej meej qhia los ntawm cov zoning vim tsis paub qhov txawv ntawm cov xim ntawm tsob ntoo ib ncig, tiam sis tsuas yog lub xub ntiag ntawm kab uas yog muaj kev txwv. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws-paub tus neeg sawv cev ntawm no pab pawg neeg ntawm fossils yog lub thiaj li hu ua opal ntoo, featuring ib lub teeb heev xim (yuav ua tau yuav luag dawb) thiab khw muag khoom noj feem ntau yog lawv thawj qauv.

Petrified ntoo: lens kev ntxhib los mos

Qhov no kev ntxhib los mos muaj nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm sau tus loj hlwb thiab pores ntawm ntoo chalcedony, opal thiab hlau hydroxides. Lub lo ntsiab muag yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug linear orientation. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, nws hais txog hlau hydroxide, tsim raws tib kab.

tsis zoo xws luag tsob ntoo

Nws yog lub feem ntau ntau hom petrified ntoo. Tsiag ntawv opal-chalcedony muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog ib tug ntau yam pauv loj admixture ntawm hlau hydroxides. Qhov ratio ntawm cov peb Cheebtsam yog nce mus nce los, thiab qhov no piav txog cov sis tsis ncaj mottled coloring thiab kev ntxhib los mos ntawm lub mineral. Tej zaum nws spotting tshwm sim los ntawm cov ntoo relics, uas xyoo chalcedony, tswj cell zoo nyob rau tom qab ntawm lub opal loj. Xws li ib tug coloration xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb, nrog rau ntau yam ntxoov xim av.

Concentrically zoned petrified ntoo

Rau ib cov ntaub ntawv uas tsiag ntawv los ntawm alternation ntawm opal los yog chalcedony, opal concentric bands muaj xim sib txawv. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv hais txog tus qauv ntawm cov txhua xyoo ntoo rings nyob rau hauv tus ntoo khaub lig-section. Longitudinal no muaj ib tug linear banded kev ntxhib los mos uas yog kom meej meej heev qhia.

Gagatovidnoe petrification

Qhov no petrified ntoo muaj carbon-carbon-opal los yog carbonate muaj pes tsawg leeg. Kab txhua xyoo ib ncig kom meej meej qhia thiab daim ntawv concentric (concentric undulating chaw) qauv. Raws li cov hniav zoo ntawm dub petrified ntoo piv nrog dub jade los yog gagate.

Qhov twg yog qhov fossils ntawm cov ntoo

Feem ntau cov feem ntau petrified ntoo muaj nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw uas muaj volcanic eruptions. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws qhov chaw ntawm foundations ntawm no cim cov ntaub ntawv uas - qhov thiaj li hu ua "lub hav zoov petrified", nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm Arizona thiab yog ib tug ntawm lub teb chaws Chaw ua si los nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States (txij li thaum 1962). Qhov ntev ntawm lub sab tawv shafts nce mus txog 65 m, lub cheeb - 3 m.

Muaj kuj yog ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam tso ntawm petrified ntoo, uas muaj nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws thiab loj-scale pob txha forests yog nyob rau hauv Argentina, Brazil, Belgium, tim Nkij teb chaws, Canada, Is Nrias teb, New Zealand, Russia, Ukraine, Czech koom pheej, Georgia, Armenia, thiab lwm tus neeg. Muaj ntau qhov chaw yog lub teb chaws Chaw ua si los los yog tej yam ntuj tso monuments.

Daim ntaub ntawv petrified ntoo

Petrified ntoo - pob zeb vim thaum ub lub sij hawm siv raws li ib tug raw khoom rau qhov siv thiab ua hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Qhov kev thov rau lawv tseem siab thiab nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no. Qhov no zoo nkauj pob zeb no zoo heev kho. Nws yog zoo txiav, hauv av thiab polished, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kis ib hom ntawm glassy ci. Nyob rau hauv cov zauv ntoo loses nws kev ntxhib los mos.

Hom petrified ntoo muaj zoo contrasting qauv siv rau manufacturing inserts thiab medium-qhov loj qhov me hniav nyiaj hniav kub, xws piv txwv raws cov necklaces, bracelets thiab li ntawd. Tshwj xeeb nqi yog ib tug zoo nkauj pob zeb nrog cov txhua xyoo ib ncig kab. Nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua khoom ntawm hniav nyiaj hniav kub xws kuaj feem ntau nrog rau zoo zoo nkauj tshooj, lwm lub pob zeb thiab iav.

Tsis tas li ntawd, petrified ntoo yog siv nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm ntau yam souvenirs thiab tej yam uas sab hauv kho kom zoo nkauj. Nws yuav ua tau cwjmem, ashtrays, vases, thawv, txee, txee thiab tshaj. Rau lub chaw ua khoom ntawm tej khoom uas nquag siv cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj tsawg cov zonal thiab muaj ib tug mottled los yog striated krupnopyatnisty duab. Pob zeb no mas muaj nuj nqis los ntawm lolus, muab hais tias lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov ntoo lab xyoo.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias petrified ntoo yog pom tias yuav tau cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj kev tshwj xeeb lam zog. Nws yuav pab ib tug neeg mus rau tiv nrog kev nyuaj siab thiab deal nrog kev nyuaj siab, multiplies lub kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev, tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev raug mob. Raws li tsoos tshuaj, tuag ua los ntawm petrified ntoo, tau yooj yim qhov mob. Ua li no, koj tsuas muaj mus thov nws mus rau tus mob nqaij ntawd. Lub Mongolian tshuaj txij ancient sij hawm rau kev mob caj dab thiab zoo sib xws cov kab mob mus rau lub pob qij txha thov petrified ntoo (nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov phiaj) los ntawm lub Gobi suab puam.