Paleontology: nws kawm dabtsi?

Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tham txog lub tswv yim xws li paleontology - nws kawm li cas, yog vim li cas nws thiaj tsim nyog thiab qhov kev siv nws rau lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no.

Ancient lub sijhawm

Feem ntau, thaum hais txog thawj hom kev ua neej nyob hauv lub Ntiaj Teb, cov neeg tuaj mloog hlwb dinosaurs. Tab sis qhov pom tias lawv yog cov neeg laus tshaj plaws ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb, txij li 65 plhom xyoo dhau los txij thaum lawv ploj lawm, yog qhov yuam kev. Raws li ib txhia kwv yees ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, lub neej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb originated 3.9 billion xyoo dhau los, thiab nws yog qhov nyuaj heev kom paub qhov no daim duab.

Nyob rau lub sij hawm no, lub ntiaj teb tau nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov kab mob thawj zaug thiab kab mob, thiab tom qab thawj zaug invertebrates, amphibians thiab cov tsiaj reptiles.

Txawm nyob hauv lub teb chaws Yudais thaum ub, cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias muaj ntau yam hauv lub neej, tab sis, lawv lub hnub nyoog thiab keeb kwm tsis paub dab tsi, thiab yog li ntawd lawv tsis tau kawm lawv lub hom phiaj. Tab sis twb nyob hauv nruab nrab Hnub nyoog, hauv Renaissance, kev nyiam hauv cov neeg laus hauv peb lub ntiaj teb tau tawm nrog kev rov ua dua tshiab. Thiab thaum pib ntawm xyoo pua 19th lub sijhawm "paleontology" tau thov. Nws kawm dabtsi thiab vim li cas?

Peb lub sijhawm

Yog li, raws li cov hauj lwm txhais, paleontology tau kawm ancient ntaub ntawv ntawm lub neej uas muaj nyob rau hauv yav tag los geological sij hawm thiab dim rau hnub no nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov fossils thiab tawg tsam ntawd. Nws kuj yog tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov kev kawm no reproduces lub intermediate links ntawm txheeb raws roj ntsha hom raws li txoj kev xav ntawm biological evolution.

Kev kawm txog cov pob txha fossilized, kev tsom xam cov khoom siv thiab lwm yam kev tseeb ntawm lub neej ntawm cov kab mob - tag nrho cov no muaj nyob rau hauv tus kheej ntawm kev xav ntawm kev tshawb fawb xws li paleontology. Qhov kev tshawb fawb tau muab rau peb li cas? Ntxiv rau qhov kev paub theoretical thiab kev nkag siab ntawm hom kawm ntawm evolution, me ntsis. Tab sis qhov tseeb yog qhov yooj yim tib neeg tsis tsim lawv tus kheej lub hom phiaj ntawm kev nrhiav cov khoom siv nyiaj.

Tej zaum qhov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom ntawm kev kawm txog kev tshawb fawb, ua tsaug rau txhua tus neeg tsawg kawg ib zaug, tab sis hnov txog nws, yog txoj kev kawm txog dinosaurs ntawm txhua yam thiab hnub nyoog. Tab sis nyob rau hauv kev xyaum nws yog ntau thiab ntau prosaic - lawv cov fossils yog tsawg thiab deb ntawm tag, yog li ntawd txawm nyob rau hauv museum ib tug yuav pom tsuas yog rov kho ntawm skeletons, qhov twg tiag tiag cov pob txha yog tsuas yog ib feem me me.

Thaum teb lo lus nug dab tsi paleontology yog kawm, nws yog tsim nyog hais txog cov neeg nyob ntawm cov qub oceans - ntau trilobites thiab lwm tus. Cov seem tshuav tau zoo heev nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb tso thiab sandstone txaj. Zoo, feem ntau "cov tub ntxhais hluas" cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov keeb kwm fauna yog mammoths. Vim muaj cov kab mob hauv cov kab mob Siberia, lawv qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau lawv txoj kev nyab xeeb thiab kev nthuav dav.

Vim li cas paleontology no pab tau?

Dab tsi tuaj yeem piav qhov kev tshawb fawb tau muab rau peb thiab yuav ua li cas thiaj li siv nws rau lwm qhov? Qhov tseeb yog qhov kev qhuab qhia no, tsis zoo li lwm tus, tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb thiab cov txiaj ntsim zoo uas cuam tshuam rau peb lub neej, xws li physics, engineering lossis medicine. Tab sis nyob ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev paub sau rau ntawm me ntsis, cov kws tshawb fawb kawm ntau txog keeb kwm ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb ua ntej pom ntawm tus txiv neej thiab ua tiav cov ceg ntoo ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm evolution. Piv txwv li, nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm radiocarbon tsom xam ntawm seem kawm tau los ntawm dab tsi txoj kev nyab xeeb yog lab xyoo dhau los, ib tug neeg tuaj ntawm nqaij qaib los yog lwm yam tsiaj, thiab ua kom txoj hau kev, lawv yuav hloov txawm tom qab ob peb puas txhiab xyoo.

Cov kev tshawb fawb paleontology, hauv kev xyaum, zoo li kev lom zem, tab sis qhov kev ua si uas yooj yim los ua yuam kev los yog coj raws li koj xav tau rau kev muaj tiag, vim muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov povthawj ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tshaj qhov peb xav tau.

Excavations

Tab sis yog hais tias lub thooj ntawm tus kab mob nyob muaj ntau xyoo, ces yog vim li cas lawv tsis rot nyob rau hauv lawv lub sij hawm? Yuav ua li cas lawv khaws cia tsheej plhom xyoo tom qab, thiab yog vim li cas lawv thiaj tsis tuaj?

Raws li tau hais lawm, paleontology yog qhov kev kawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qub ntawm lub neej, thiab lawv tau hu peb hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pob txha. Thiab tag nrho cov ntsiab lus yog hais tias rau lawv cov kev kawm, tsim nyog rau tej yam kev mob. Feem ntau lawv pom nyob hauv sandstone, thiab qhov no tsis muaj kev huam yuaj. Kev sibtham yog qhov tshwjxeeb ntawm cov mineralization ntawm biological khoom, thaum nyob hauv siab, thaum tsis muaj cua txaus thiab ya raws, cov pob txha lossis hlwb ntawm "tus neeg raug" yog maj infiltrated nrog cov ntxhiab pobzeb. Thiab thaum kawg, lawv tig mus rau hauv cov pob zeb.

Cov txheej txheem no ntev heev, thiab feem ntau cuam tshuam los ntawm qee yam ntawm lub cev kev cuam tshuam, yog li ntawd, rau peb lub hnub, petrified seem tseem tsawg dua nws yuav tau. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv yuav tsum xub nrhiav, thiab tsis tas li nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib qho zoo tagnrho pob txha. Qee zaum cov kws tshawb fawb-paleontologists siv ob peb lub hlis kom thiaj li sib sau ua ke rau lawv.

Cov chaw cog lus pheej yig tshaj plaws yog cov canyons, cov hav dej, cov sandstone deposits, thaum, piv txwv li, ib qho av qeeg tshwm sim thiab cov tsiaj nyob hauv ib txheej kab ntawm ntau pob zeb.

Ncau ceg

Hauv paleontology, muaj ntau ntau yam ceg ntoo: paleozoology thiab paleobotany. Thawj cov kev tshawb fawb vertebrates thiab invertebrates, thiab lub thib ob - lub qub nroj tsuag thiab txhua yam uas yog txuam nrog lawv. Thiab lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, yog muab faib ua ntau ntu, ntawm ib qho tsis tuaj yeem hais paleoanthropology, uas ua haujlwm nrog txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov poj koob yawg koob ntawm tib neeg. Yog li paleontology yog qhov kev kawm ntawm ib zaug-kab mob sia nyob rau hauv dav dav.