Lub ideology ntawm populism. Revolutionary populism. Populism - yog ...

Yuav ua li cas peb paub hais txog populism? Tej zaum peb yuav tob zuj zus lawv cov kev paub? Tom qab nyeem ntawv no tsab xov xwm, koj yuav muaj tseeb nrhiav tau ib yam dab tsi tshiab.

Yog li, populism - nws yog ib tug socio-thoj zog ntawm ib tug tej yam stratum ntawm lub intelligentsia, raws li zoo raws li lub ideological lus qhuab qhia ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman, lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 19th - thaum ntxov. 20th centuries. Tus aim ntawm qhov ntawm UFW ntawm no yog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib lub teb chaws qauv uas tsis yog-capitalist evolution thiab lub tsheb txhob sibtsoo adaptation ntawm cov pejxeem mus rau lub tej yam kev mob ntawm kev Modernization. Populism - yog ib tug system ntawm cov tswv yim uas prevailed mas nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws nrog ib tug feem ntau ua liaj ua teb khwv nyiaj txiag nyob rau hauv lub warehouse thaum lub sij hawm hloov mus rau lub industrial theem ntawm kev loj hlob (tshwj tsis yog rau Russia, nws yog teb chaws Poland thiab Ukraine, lub Caucasus teb chaws thiab cov Baltic lub xeev).

Tam sim no, science twb tau pom hais tias nws cov neeg sawv cev thov mus rau lub masses, tau ua tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm nom tswv expediency tam sim ntawd tshem tawm ntawm lub autocracy (qhov no yog qhov aim ntawm qhov kev revolutionary zog nyob rau hauv cov hnub), tab sis lub hauv yuav tsum tau ntawm convergence ntawm ob haiv neeg - pej xeem thiab cov kawm ntawv hauv chav kawm ntawv. Populism - yog ib tug zoo ntawm utopian socialism nrog tej yam kho kom zoo tej yaam num nyob rau hauv ntau spheres ntawm pej xeem lub neej. Lub kis ntawm no phenomenon pab mus rau txoj kev sib sau ntawm lub teb chaws los tshem tawm hauv chav kawm ntawv hnub nyoog xws thiab rau tom qab los ua ib tug tib kev cai lij choj lub neej rau cov neeg ntawm tag nrho cov strata.

founders ntawm populism

Lawv Herzen thiab Chernyshevsky. Tab sis thawj cov cim qhia yuav yuav ntes tau nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm A. N. Radischeva, A. S. Pushkina, N. V. Gogolya, thiab A. Ya Chaadaev, uas tsom zoo txaus siab nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug teeb meem nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, "qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej." Nws yog los ntawm no thiab muaj nws cov hauv paus nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab populism.

Herzen

Nyob rau hauv thaum xyoo 1830 Herzen ua xav nyob rau hauv Hegelianism, nws ntseeg hais tias tus yuam sij rau kev sib raug zoo kev kawm yuav tsum muaj lub zeem muag ntawm tus kheej txoj kev loj hlob, thiab kov yeej txoj kev thiab ntawm sab ntsuj plig tyranny tshaj nws. Txawm li cas los, chim nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm teb chaws Europe, nws ntseeg nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, nyob rau hauv populism nyob rau hauv Russia. Herzen pom nws yav tom ntej nyob rau hauv lub transformation ntawm vaj tse kev sib raug zoo, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv solidarity yuav tsum tau qhia thiab cov kev sib nrig sib haiv neeg tswv cuab. Tag nrho cov currents ntawm populism, nws pom nyob rau hauv lub zej lub zos. Herzen siab kawg rau cov ethos ntawm lub peasants nyob rau hauv Russia, muab tso rau lawv cov "natural" collectivism deb saum toj no lub individualistic dee ntawm lub Europeans. lub hauv paus ntsiab lus formulated los ntawm nws tsim lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug thawj tswvyim ntawm "Lavxias teb sab socialism".

Chernyshevsky

Chernyshevsky, rau lwm cov tes, tau fascinated los ntawm lub "Westernism" thiab nws lub tswv yim ntawm kev kawm raws li cov kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub universality ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo thiab nyiaj txiag txoj kev loj hlob, raws li zoo raws li lub zej lub zos ntawm cov European thiab Lavxias teb sab kev loj hlob paths. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub tiaj Herzen lub tswvyim ntawm "uas tsis yog-revolutionary socialism", nws tsis kav tawm tsausmuag kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev sib raug teeb meem ntawm. Chernyshevsky yog zoo paub txog qhov yuav tsum tau rau long-term kev kawm thiab kev nom kev tswv kev ua hauj lwm nrog cov neeg los daws kom tau nws loj kev teeb meem. Qhov no pej xeem daim duab los txhawb cov tswv yim ntawm lub liberation ntawm peasants los ntawm lub teb chaws tsis muaj nyiaj, tshem tawm ntawm bureaucracy, kev xiab nyiaj, nqa tawm kho kom zoo ntawm lub xeev apparatus, lub koom haum ntawm lub zos nws tus kheej-tsoom fwv, convening vsesoslovnogo tus neeg sawv cev tsev thiab lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub kev cai txiav txim. Muaj ntau domestic radicals pom nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm tsis hu rau long-term muab cov nyiaj qhia ua hauj lwm, tab sis lub tswv yim ntawm cov revolutionary transformation ntawm lub teb chaws.

Cov ob le caag - ntsis (mas) thiab radical (revolutionary) Populism los ua qhov ua rau ntawm lub ob currents. Xam tias yog revolutionary kev taw qhia ntawm nruab nrab ntawm 1850 thiab ua ntej 1881. Tom qab lub tua neeg ntawm tus huab tais Alexander II (1 Lub peb hlis ntuj 1881) thiab mus txog rau thaum ntxov 20th caug xyoo, lub feem ntau lug nrug mus kom ze.

Populism - yog ib tug tshwj xeeb kev cai phenomenon

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm populism yog txuam nrog cov keeb kwm ntawm lub tsim ntawm lub intelligentsia nyob rau hauv Russia. Lub tswv yim ntawm txoj kev khuv leej rau cov neeg muaj kev txhaum (Berdyaev) pleev xim rau ib tug tag nrho system ntawm pej xeem nco qab peb lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo. Populism ideology sim mus ua ke ntsiab ntawm Westernism thiab Slavophilism. Lawv views - ib tug uas tsis yog-capitalist txoj kev ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, kev hloov mus rau socialism collectivism khaws cia nyob deb nroog zej zog - tau ua tu thiab tseem ceeb tshwm sim ntawm Lavxias teb sab philosophy thiab kab lis kev cai. Qhov no system ntawm cov tswv yim nyob rau hauv kev muaj tus nquag ntsiab ntawm kev muaj tiag, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm utopianism. Hauv plawv ntawm tus cuj pwm zoo tagnrho - cov ntseeg nyob rau hauv tus cuj pwm thiab qhov zoo uas yuav hloov lub ntiaj teb no rau lub zoo dua. Populists tsis ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv Vajtswv twb convinced atheists, txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim peb tau txais nyob rau lub tswvyim ntawm "socialism" thiab "Christian qhov tseem ceeb."

Adherents qhov no raug tso tawm los ntawm pej xeem nco qab nyob rau hauv lub dictates ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, tab sis tseem ntau kev cai Christian lig kev cai. Populism ideology ntawm autocracy ua tiv thaiv kab mob rau tsim nyog cawm rau lub xeev siab. Liberals pom cov tub ceev xwm ntawm lub rebels, ces tus muaj koob muaj npe hwj chim pom nws kev txhawb nqa xwb nyob rau hauv ib tug conservative ib puag ncig, uas thaum kawg pib ceev nws txoj kev tuag.

Qhia thiab tiam sis

Raws li cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm radicalism yog distinguished:

• Thaum lub sij hawm conservative;
• mas-revolutionary;
• socio-revolutionary populism;
• anarchist.

Conservative tis tau txuam nrog slavophiles (Insurance, Grigoriev). Cov kev ua ub no yog cov tsawg kawg yog tshawb nrhiav thiab yog sawv cev tsuas yog los ntawm cov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg ua hauj ntawm tus magazine "lub limtiam" Chervinsky P. thiab I. Kablitz.

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub mas-revolutionary (centrist) tis ntawm cov 60-70s ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19: Elisha ( "Kawm" magazine), Zlatovratski, Obolensky, St. Michael Korolenko (1868-1884, "Txom cov ntaub ntawv"), Krivenko, Yuzhakov, Vorontsov thiab lwm yam . Ua nws ideologues twb Lavrov thiab Mikhailovsky.
Los ntawm UFW kev revolutionary kev taw qhia Narodnichestvo taws Tkachev thiab rau ib co raws li tsis txaus siab rau Morozov aiming nyob txhawb ntev npaj thiab mus rau kev sib raug. Lawv kos lub tswv yim ntawm acceleration, speeding li lub kiv puag ncig.

Anarchist tis sib tw qhov yuav tsum tau rau kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Populists anarchist Kropotkin thiab Bakunin twb tsis ntseeg txog qhov tsoom fwv, xws li nws enslaving thiab suppressing txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm cov neeg. Raws li nws muab tawm, nws tau ua si thaum lub sij hawm feem ntau tug luag hauj lwm, tab sis muaj nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo tswv yim.

Tus thawj pab pawg thiab koom haum

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1856-1858 muaj ib tug dag lub vajvoog ntawm Kharkov University. Nyob rau hauv 1861 nws twb hloov los ntawm lub union tuaj nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm PE thiab PG Agriropulo Zainchevskogo nyob rau hauv Moscow. Nws cov tswv cuab yog tib txoj kev mus txia ua lub surrounding kev muaj tiag mas suav hais tias ib tug kiv puag ncig.

"Av thiab kev ywj pheej"

Tus haib tshaj koom haum zais cia ntawm St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv 1861-1864 xyoo yog lub "Av thiab kev ywj pheej". Nws cov tswv cuab (Sleptcov, Kurochkin, hoops, Utin, Rymarenko) ua npau suav ntawm "lub tej yam kev mob rau lub kiv puag ncig." Qhov kev pab cuam ntawm lub Society featured cov kev hloov ntawm cov av mus rau peasants (npaj rau tus nqe txhiv), kev hloov ntawm tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm raug xaiv ua hauj lwm, yuav txo tau ntawm cov tub rog siv thiab cov muaj koob muaj npe lub tsev hais plaub. Txawm li cas los, cov kev cai tsis tau txais txaus cov nyiaj them yug ntawm cov neeg, thiab raws li ib tug tshwm sim rau lub koom haum disbanded, tshuav tsis txawm nrhiav tau tus muaj koob muaj npe conservatory cov kev pab cuam.

"Ishutintsy"

Ishutina revolutionary haiv neeg loj hlob tawm ntawm ib lub voj voog, cov mej zeej ntawm lub koom haum "Av thiab kev ywj pheej". Nws aim yog los npaj cov neeg pluag kiv puag ncig los ntawm cov zajlus txawj ntse pawg. Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev rau siab mus coj mus rau lub neej ib co ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm Chernyshevsky los tsim kev cob qhia thiab cooperatives, cov mej zeej ntawm lub zej zog qhib nyob rau hauv Moscow ib tug dawb lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv 1865, losis tswvyim dabtsi thiab sewing kev cob qhia, ua kev sib khom lus hais txog lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub commune, nrog neeg ua hauj lwm Lyudinovo ironworks nyob rau hauv lub Kaluga xeev, tsim ib lub paj rwb Hoobkas rau lub hauv paus ntawm Association nyob rau hauv 1865 nyob rau hauv Mozhaisk koog tsev kawm ntawv. "Ishutintsy" Chernyshevsky npaj khiav tawm hauv nkuaj, tab sis lawv ua hauj lwm raug ncua Plaub Hlis Ntuj 4, 1866 tib sim Karakozov, ib tug ntawm cov mej zeej ntawm no zej zog, huab tais. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ntau tshaj li 2,000 populists tau tuaj nyob rau hauv kev tshawb nrhiav, 36 twb raug txim mus txawv ntsuas ntawm lub hwj chim (Karakozov - hanged Ishutin muab tso rau hauv keev xeeb twj ywm nyob rau hauv Shlisselburg fortress, qhov twg nws tom qab mus chim).

"Cov neeg tus tua neeg pov tseg"

Qhov no koom haum coj los Nechayev sawv cev ib tug radical zog ntawm populism thiab yog tsim los pab nyob rau hauv 1869 nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab St. Petersburg. Nws muaj 77 tus neeg. Nws lub hom phiaj twb tseem npaj ib tug "neeg lub kiv puag ncig". Sergei Nechayev embodied nyob rau hauv lub koom haum fanaticism thiab tsis muaj kev ntsiab cai, kev dag thiab dictatorship. Tawm tsam nws tab advocated P. L. Lavrov, uas ntseeg hais tias "tsis muaj ib tug yuav tsum raug nws tshwj tsis yog tias tsim nyog kiag li ncaj ncees kev coj dawb huv tawm tsam, thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob los muaj ib tug ntxiv nco ntawm cov ntshav." Nechayev yog hu ua xav tias tsam lawv, provocation. Nws twb ntxias hais tias xws li txoj kev yuav pab tau nyob rau hauv loosening hom, yuav coj ib tug ci yav tom ntej. Ivanov, hais lus tawm tsam Nechayev, tom qab them nrog treason thiab tua. Tub ceev xwm qhib kev txhaum cai, thiab lub taub hau ntawm lub koom haum khiav txawv teb chaws, tab sis twb pom, puas tau raug ntes thiab coj mus hais li ib tug neeg raug txim.

Qhov no ideology tsis tau nyob rau hauv vain, thiab thaws rov los nyob rau hauv lub revolutionary kev xav ntawm lwm lub xeev. Yog li ntawd, peb sib ntsib populism (xyoo pua XX) nyob rau hauv lub populist taw ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb lub teb chaws rau ntau xyoo yuav tuaj.