Lub enzyme uas ua rau lub txhaws ntawm cov ntshav, yog dab tsi yog ib lub npe?

Raws li zoo, thaum zoo li no cov teeb meem, raws li ib qho kev txiav los yog nkaug, kho sai sai thiab tsis muaj teeb meem. Peb tsis muab qhov tseem ceeb rau ntau npaum li cas lub zog, cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov tshuab muab kev koom tes los xyuas kom meej lub meej mom ntawm peb lub cev.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub coagulation system?

Nyob rau hauv kev kho mob science ntawm cov ntshav coagulation yog hu ua "homeostasis." Nws yog ib tug txheej txheem uas muab ib tug kua hauv lub xeev ntawm cov ntshav thiab tiv thaiv tsis tau ntawm ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm nws. Ntshav rau cov neeg - nws yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej, raws li nws yuav pab tau tuaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov hlwb ntawm cov as-ham. Nws tsuas tsis nourishes lub cev, tab sis kuj tiv thaiv nws. Cov kua nyob rau hauv lub cev yog tsis heev npaum li cas, yog li txhua txhua tej los yog incision, uas tau ua txhaum lub meej mom ntawm cov hlab ntsha, yuav xaus nyob rau hauv lub kua muag. Tab sis tuaj rau cov kev pab ntawm lub coagulation system, precisely ntau, nws enzyme uas ua rau cov ntshav txhaws. Nws hu ua tsiaj ntawv nrog lub heev hais ntawm cov kua platelets.

Qhov no system yog nws vim hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv ib cov kua ntshav thoob plaws hauv cov hlab ntsha. Thaum cov hlab tau tawg, tam sim ntawd tuaj mus rau hauv lub lag luam txawv mechanisms thiab cov neeg ua hauj tsum vov lub qhov nyob rau hauv cov hlab. Qhov no system tsis tau tsuas yog minimizes cov ntshav, tab sis kuj tsis pub nws los ntawm kev siv kev tshuaj. Feem ntau, tag nrho cov dab yog balanced, li no tag nrho ua txawm tias qhov teeb meem ntawm cov hlab ntsha puas.

anticoagulation ntshav

Lub hom phiaj ntawm no system yog tswj cov ntshav txhaws. Tom qab tag nrho, yog hais tias tus txheej txheem tsis yog tswj, nws yuav coj mus rau ib tug ua txhaum cai ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb tiv thaiv muaj nuj nqi. Anticoagulant system yog aimed ntawm kev tiv thaiv tus tsim ntawm cov ntshav txhaws rau tag nrho cov hlab ntsha mus thrombin ua xwb nyob rau lub puas chaw. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub anticoagulants nyob rau hauv qhov kua tag nrho cov ntshav los ntawm counteracting cov ntsuam ntawm viscosity thiab nkoog cov kua.

Thaum lub physiological theem, heparin, antithrombin, protein, contact lenses yam (anticoagulants no system) inhibit qhov kev tsim ntawm fibrin, inhibit aggregation ntawm erythrocytes, platelets thiab inhibit qhov kev lawm kab thromboplastin. Tsis tau, raws li cov enzyme hu ua ntshav, thiab dab tsi yog nws cov nyhuv?

Yog vim li cas koj yuav tsum yaj cov ntshav txhaws nyob rau hauv lub coagulation system?

Qhov thib peb tivthaiv ntawm tag nrho cov teev txheej txheem lag luam yog cov ntshav coagulation fibrinolytic system. Nws muaj nuj nqi yog yaj uas twb muaj lawm txhaws. Qhov no tus txheej txheem no yuav tsum tau thaum lub ntsiab hauj lwm yog ua tiav, thiab tej lub ntsha rov qab los. Hemostasis tiav ntse, yog hais tias cov peb lub Cheebtsam ntawm cov ntshav coagulation system yog sbalanstirovano. Txwv tsis pub muaj ib tug ntxaug nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem - tej zaum nws yuav ntev li los ntshav los yog thrombosis. Xws "skewed" nyob rau hauv cai rau daim siab, mob ntsws, qog, coronary mob plawv, rheumatism thiab lwm yam pathologies.

Qhov twg txhaws pib?

Coagulation - qhov kev hloov no, cov conversion ntawm cov kua ntshav los khov rau ntawd jelly qauv. Nrog rau qhov no feature, lub cev tej yam nws tus kheej los ntawm txoj kev poob ntawm cov ntshav. Yog hais tias qhov kev puas tsuaj yog me me txog ntsha los khov rau ntawd yog tsim (thaum nws pib mus ua enzyme ua rau cov ntshav txhaws) kuj ua stoppers uas txhawb hemostasis.

ntshav no tshwm sim vim muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb system, uas yog hais txog mus rau lub coagulation inhibitors, pov tseg yam. Ib enzyme uas ua rau lub txhaws ntawm cov ntshav, tsim lossi. Contact lenses ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug tas mus hom nyob rau hauv theem:

• 1 theem. Nws pib ua heparin thiab antiprotrombinaza.
• 2 theem. Nyob rau hauv lub lag luam tuaj thrombin inhibitors (fibrinogen, fibrin, pretrombin kuv thiab II, thrombin hydrolytic khoom).

Thaum lub sij hawm muaj ntau yam kab mob nyob rau hauv lub cev yog tsim ntxiv inhibitors. Rau ntau nws tseem yog ib tug paub tsis meej yuav ua li cas lub enzyme ua ntshav. Tom qab tag nrho, tus txheej txheem no muaj ntau yam txoj lw ntsiab thiab tshuaj. Tiam sis tag nrho lawv ua yog nruj me ntsis lawv cov hauj lwm, yog hais tias tus enzyme loses nws muaj peev xwm hemostatics, txawm lub slightest kev puas tsuaj rau cov hlab yuav ua rau neeg tuag taus los ntshav.

Ib enzyme uas ua rau cov ntshav txhaws

Peb xam kom paub tias dab tsi peb yuav tsum tau txhaws system, tam sim no ib tug me ntsis mloog rau nws cov physiological mechanisms. Yuav ua li cas yog lub npe lub enzyme uas ua rau lub txhaws ntawm cov ntshav? Central rau txoj kev no yog thrombin los ntawm ib tsev neeg ntawm trypsin. Thaum lub sij hawm tshuaj haum, nws ua rau fibrinogen tsim fibrin nyob rau hauv nws. Ib enzyme uas ua rau cov ntshav coagulation, fibrinolysis, thiab quaj tawv heev regulates thrombosis, vascular laus. Cov tsim ntawm lub enzyme tshwm sim nyob rau hauv inflammatory dab.

Thrombin los ntawm prothrombin tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub kawg kauj ruam ntawm coagulation. Thrombin txhawb kom cov V, VIII, XIII txhaws yam. Nws muaj hormonal zog tshaaj thaum nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog lub qe ua ntshav khov thiab endothelial hlwb. Thaum kev cob cog rua rau lub thrombomodulin no enzyme tsis mus tua cov ntshav.

Theem ntawm hemostasis: dab tsi yog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov ntshav txhaws enzyme

Ib tug feature tshwj xeeb yog cov hemostatic kaw ntawm lub puas txog ntsha. fibrin yarns pab mus rau tsim ntawm ib tug thrombus, uas tom qab acquires ntshav astringent zog. Yuav ua li cas yog lub npe lub enzyme uas ua rau lub txhaws ntawm cov ntshav? Lub npe yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau cov lo lus "cov ntshav los khov rau ntawd" - thrombin. Nws yog ib txwm npaj txhij mus ua hauj lwm, thiab rau kev ua txhaum ntawm khaus txiav txim pib. Hemostasis yog muab faib ua ob peb theem:

1. Theem tshwm sim prothrombinase. Rau ntawm no theem lub tsim cov ntaub so ntswg thiab cov ntshav enzymes, cov txheej txheem hais nrog lawv cov keeb kwm nyob txawv speeds. Ntshav prothrombinase tsim nyob rau hauv lub prothrombinase cov ntaub so ntswg (cov ntaub so ntswg enzyme activates yam tsim ntawm ib tug ntshav enzyme). Nyob rau hauv no tib yam theem sab thiab tus puab mechanism ntawm cov ntshav coagulation.
2. Theem ntawm thrombin tiam. Nyob rau hauv no theem, peb tau txais ib lo lus teb rau ib lo lus nug txog yuav ua li cas lub enzyme ua ntshav. Prothrombin yog phua rau hauv qhov chaw thiab yog tsim trombinaktiviruyuschee tshuaj uas nkoos thiab siv cov nram qab no theem accelerin.
3. Theem tshwm sim ntawm fibrin. Thrombin (ib qho enzyme uas ua rau cov ntshav txhaws) nyhuv on fibrinogen, amino acid cleavage tshwm sim.
4. Rau theem no yog tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv uas lub polymerisation ntawm fibrin thiab los khov rau ntawd tsim.
5. Fibrinolysis. Nyob rau hauv no theem hemocoagulation xaus.

"Sab nraud" phasing

Qhov no mechanism yog heev tham thiab nyob rau hauv theem. Ua ntej, puas chaw nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov ntshav, thromboplastin activating tau III. Ces nws converts VII (proconvertin) nyob rau hauv VII-A (Convertino). Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tshwm sim complex Ca ++ + III + VIIIa, activates tau X, thiab hais tias yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv Xa. Raws li ib tug rau txim ntawm tag nrho cov dab seb puas tsimnyog tau lwm txoj, uas muaj tag nrho cov nta ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg prothrombinase. Kuaj Va qhia xub ntiag ntawm thrombin, Factor V-activating. Hais tias cov ntaub so ntswg prothrombinase converts prothrombin rau thrombin. Qhov no enzyme ua ntshav coagulation los ntawm activating yam V thiab VIII, uas yuav tsum tau cov tsos ntawm cov ntshav prothrombinase.

"Internal" ntshav

Ua ke nrog rau sab nraum sab hauv txhaws pib. Hu nrog cov lus ib feem ntawm cov hlab, activates Factor XII (XII - XIIa). Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ntawd nws tsim hemostatic ntsia hlau. Active XII activates qhov zoo tshaj yuav XI, tshwm sim tom qab XIIa + Ca ++ + Xia + III, uas muaj feem xyuam rau IX thiab hloov ntaub ntawv ib tug complex. Nws activates X, thiab tom qab ntawd zoo nkaus li Xa + Va + Ca ++ + III, uas yog ib tug ntshav prothrombinase. Ntawm no yog lwm enzyme ua ntshav. Lub division rau hauv "lwm" thiab "sab hauv" yog heev zwj ceeb thiab yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv voj voog rau kom yooj yim, raws li cov dab yog zoo li zoo txuas.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub coagulation yam nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem

Peb twb hais tias tus txheej txheem ntawm cov ntshav txhaws tsis yog tsis muaj tej yam tshuaj, hu ua yam. Cov tshuaj yog inherently - ntshav cov nqaijrog, uas nyob rau hauv kev kho mob science hu ua yam.

• Fibrin thiab fibrinogen. Fibrinogen yog nyoog thaum qhov kev txiav txim ntawm thrombin.
• Thrombin thiab prothrombin. Prothrombin yog ib tug glycoprotein, nws yog txaus ntshav mus hloov fibrinogen rau hauv fibrin. Thrombin - ib qho enzyme uas ua rau cov ntshav txhaws, nws tsuas ib co kua nplaum ntawm nws yog pom.
• Thromboplastin. Nws muaj ib tug phospholipid qauv, thaum pib ntawm kev ua si. Nws yog ib tug loj koom tes nyob rau hauv thawj zaug rau theem.
• Ionized calcium Ca ++. Rau siab koom nyob rau hauv lub mechanism ntawm homeostasis.
• Proaktselerin thiab accelerin (AC-globulin). Muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ob theem txhaws. Leeb ntau enzymatic dab.
• Prokonvertina thiab Convertino. Qhov no protein beta-globulin feem. Activates cov ntaub so ntswg protombinazu.
• Ib tug Antigemofilichesky globulin (AGG-A). Tug ntawm cov ntshav prothrombinase. Yog hais tias tsis no protein ntau, ces nws npaj hemophilia. Nws ib tug me me npaum li cas ntawm cov ntshav, tiam sis nws yog tseem ceeb heev rau tib neeg beings.
• Antigemofilichesky globulin (AGG-V, Christmas tshaj). Lub catalyst thiab activator X-tau.
• Qhov zoo tshaj yuav Koller, Steward-Prauer tau. Cov neeg koom prothrombinase.
• Rosenthal tau, ntshav thromboplastin thawj (ppt). Nws accelerates tus rov tshwm sim ntawm prothrombinase.
• hu tau Hageman tau. Yog thawb lub txhaws mechanism. Yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv qhov ua kom txog lwm yam.
• Fibrinstabilizator Laki-Lorand. Yuav Tsum Tau nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov insoluble fibrin.

Tag nrho tej yam zoo tsim nyog rau kom zoo txhaws thaum txoj kev no tshwm sim sai sai thiab nraaj, tsis tas yuav ua tib neeg lub cev mus ntev tsis tau ntawm cov ntshav.

Lub mechanism ntawm tsim ntawm thrombi

Txum Tim Rov Qab puas hlab ntsha tsis tshwm sim cas, nws yuav ib tug ntau ntawm tshuaj uas raug nyob rau hauv kev ua tau zoo lawv zog. Lub essence ntawm no yog lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias muaj irreversible coagulation cov nqaijrog thiab ntshav corpuscles hlwb. Ntshav txhaws uas txuas mus rau cov hlab phab ntsa thaum lub los khov rau ntawd twb koom nrog cov ntsha, ib tug ntxiv disconnection tsis tshwm sim.

Thaum ib tug txog ntsha puas, cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw ntawd yog distinguished, nrog rau inhibition ntawm coagulation dab. Platelets hloov thiab puas, uas ua rau tawm hauv procoagulants cov ntshav: thromboplastin thiab thrombin, ib qho enzyme uas ua rau cov ntshav txhaws. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm fibrinogen yuav fibrin, uas muaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib daim phiaj thiab yog lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug ntshav los khov rau ntawd. Qhov no mesh rau tej lub sij hawm yuav tuab. Rau ntawm no theem, tus tsim ntawm cov ntshav txhaws xaus, cov ntshav nres.

Coagulation lub sij hawm raws li ib tug hais txog ntawm enzyme ua hauj lwm

Lub sij hawm los ntawm kev raug mob thiab mus nres lub los ntshav yuav siv sij hawm ob mus rau plaub feeb. Lub enzyme ua txhaws ntawm cov ntshav tsis pub dhau 10 feeb. Lub sij hawm no yuav muaj tseeb nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, yog hais tias muaj yog tsis muaj teeb nyob rau hauv lub loj systems muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem. Tab sis muaj ib co kab mob nyob rau hauv uas lub txhaws yog tub ceevxwm los yog txawm tsis yooj yim sua. Tej txaus ntshai pathologies yog hemophilia, mob ntshav qab zib thiab lwm cov neeg.

Kev koom tes los ntawm poob siab system nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem

Thaum raug mob tshwm sim, lub cev xa ib tug mob lub teeb liab mus rau lub hlwb. Mob alters dab. Qhov no zoo ntawm stimulus yuav pab tau leeb txhaws. Yuav kom tus mob zoo tshaj no ntxiv ntshai hais tias ntxiv tsub kom qhov kev txiav txim ntawm thrombin thiab coagulation. Yog hais tias tus mob yog sawv ib luv luv lub sij hawm, cov ntshav txhaws enzyme thrombin ua hauj lwm yog li ntawd rov qab los mus rau li qub sai npaum li cas, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muab kev koom tes tsuas yog tus reflex mechanism. Ntev mob thiab txuas lub humoral mechanism ntawm cov ntshav txhaws, ntaub so ntswg zoo yog npaum li cas qeeb qeeb.

Thaum kis tau tus sympathetic qab haus huv los yog tom qab txhaj tshuaj ntawm adrenaline txhaws qab. Thaum cov nyhuv rau lub parasympathetic qab haus huv qeeb cia cov dab. Departments ua hauj lwm ua ke thiab txhawb txhua lwm yam. Tom qab siv ceev xwmphem cov ntshav, tsub kom cov kev ua ntawm lub parasympathetic system, uas muaj txhawb rau kev ua protivosvertyvaniya.

Lub endocrine system mus pab hemostasis

Tag nrho cov kabmob teej tug mus rau lub endocrine system, tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev khiav dej num. Cov tshuaj hormones yog ib tug heev muaj zog ntxim rau lub cev system. Leeb tus txheej txheem ntawm cov ntshav coagulation cov tshuaj hormones xws li ACTH, kev loj hlob lawm, adrenalin, cortisone, testosterone, progesterone. Lub retarding ntxim rau cov hemostasis yog muab los ntawm: thyroid-stimulating lawm, thyroxin thiab cov tshuaj no. Yog hais tias koj ua txhaum hauj lwm ntawm cov tshuaj hormones tej zaum yuav hloov nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem thiab yuav muaj teeb meem loj teeb meem, uas yuav tsum tau los sib tham nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb.