Lavxias teb sab tshuab-tsev complex

Tshuab-tsev ua yog ib tug txheej ntawm kev lag luam, cov khoom uas yog txawv cov cav tov thiab mechanisms. Ntxiv mus, nws yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm tsim ntawm heev kev sib raug zoo.

Tshuab complex uas nws qauv yog kim heev, muaj xws li ncaj qha mechanical engineering thiab metalworking. Cov khoom ntawm no complex plays ib tug luag hauj lwm loj nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm qhov tseeb tau ntawm niaj hnub science thiab technology. Thiab qhov no yog muaj tseeb rau cov qhov chaw ntawm lub kev khwv nyiaj txiag.

Tus qauv ntawm lub engineering kheej

Qhov no loj complex kev lag luam muab tag nrho ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag seev thiab khoom. Rau cov pejxeem nws ua ib tug ntau yam ntawm npas. Lub tshuab-tsev complex muaj xws li cov kev kho ntawm cov khoom thiab machinery, li zoo li hlau. Yam ntxwv rau nws yog mus tob zuj zus rau hauv lub specialization ntawm ntau lawm thiab rau qhov expansion ntawm lub Scope ntawm kev ua ub no.

Tus qauv ntawm lub tshuab-tsev complex muaj tshaj li xya caum ceg. Tag nrho cov uas yog grouped raws li cov lo lus uas peb ntawm cov khoom, kev zoo sib thooj ntawm dab thiab hom ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv siv.

Tus qauv ntawm lub tshuab-tsev complex muaj xws li:

1. fais fab thiab heavy kev lag luam. Cov no muaj xws zus tau tej cov zog, cov ntaub ntawv tuav thiab tsuas, printing thiab nuclear khoom, wagon, turbino- thiab tshem ciav hlau tsev.
2. Tshuab, yog lub luag hauj lwm rau ua ntau hom tshuab cov cuab yeej.
3. Thauj engineering, uas muaj xws li kev ua lag luam rau zus tau tej cov tsheb thiab ships, raws li zoo raws li txog aviation thiab aerospace teb.
4. Tsheb Laij Teb thiab ua liaj ua teb siv lub tshuab.
5. Instrumentation, hluav taws xob engineering thiab electronics tso zis, ntseeg tau tias yuav yog mechanical engineering.
6. Qhov teeb meem ntawm cov cav tov thiab khoom siv rau khoom noj khoom haus thiab lub teeb kev lag luam.

Sib nrug los ntawm saum toj no rau lwm xws li tus menyuam yaus engineering complex metallurgy, dov ntau lawm thiab yog koom steel. Qhov no txoj kev yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv foundries. Cov chaw no yog nyob rau ntawm lub tshuab los yog nyob rau lub tshwj xeeb qhauj. Nws ua stamping, casting, forging thiab weldments.

hnyav engineering

Tag nrho cov nroj tsuag yog muaj nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam, yus muaj los ntawm siab hlau noj. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv muab cov kev tsim nyog cov cav tov thiab cov khoom ntawm lub enterprise muaj feem xyuam rau lub tsuas thiab tshuaj, tsuas, roj thiab lub zog thiab metallurgical ceg.

Heavy machinery nroj tsuag yog lub Cheebtsam, qhov chaw (piv txwv li, steel yob rau dov mills), raws li zoo raws li npaj txhij-ua khoom (turbines, boilers, excavators, tsuas khoom). Raws li ib feem ntawm qhov kev lag luam muaj kaum sub-sectors. Ntawm lawv, tuav, mus ncig teb chaws, atomic, printing, tsuas thiab metallurgical engineering, li zoo li dizele-, wagon, generators thiab Boiler siv.

Qhov siab tshaj plaws nqi ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub hnyav machinery kev lag luam ua zus tau tej cov metallurgical khoom. Lawv yog nruab nrog hluav taws xob smelting thiab moj tej tawg rauv taws nte, thiab kuj sinter nroj tsuag. Cov nqi thiab txawv cov khoom rau crushing thiab kev sib tsoo thiab dov ntau lawm.

Cov khoom ntawm kev uas tsuas machinery qhauj yog units siv rau qhov kev tshawb kawm thiab ntau lawm (qhib thiab kaw yam), kev pab txhawb ntxiv thiab crushing minerals muaj ib tug khoom qauv. Cov no muaj xws dej kev kho mob thiab tsuas combines, taug kev thiab thoob-log excavators. Zoo ib yam li cov khoom uas siv los ntawm uas tsis yog-ferrous thiab ferrous metallurgy, thee thiab tshuaj industries zoo li raws li nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua lub tsev ntaub ntawv.

Great economic qhov tseem ceeb rau lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag muaj khoom manufactured los mus txog-thiab-thauj engineering. Tom qab tag nrho, nrog xws li cov khoom txog tsib lab cov neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Russia. Qhov no sub-sector ua hluav taws xob thiab nyiaj siv ua haujlwm cranes, conveyor thiab nyob ruaj ruaj conveyors, raws li zoo raws li cov khoom rau cov kev mechanization ntawm warehouse qhov chaw.

Qhuav ntawm phab xis, tshem ciav hlau tsev no yog tsim los muab cov kev tsheb nqaj hlau thauj kheej tsim nyog rau nws. Qhov no sub-sector teeb meem thiab mus ncig teb chaws npaj tsim nyog rau kev tsheb nqaj hlau welding, paving, daus tshem tawm thiab lwm yam hauj lwm.

Raws li rau turbine siv, nws hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog kom equip qhov tsim nyog cov khoom rau lub zog sector ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Mills ntawm no subsector muaj cov rooj sib txoos rau hydraulic thiab nuclear, thermal fais fab nroj tsuag thiab cov nkev turbine. Nws yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov khoom ntawm lub ntsiab roj pipelines thiab mov txhaj tshuaj, compression thiab recycling ntawm aggregates siv nyob rau hauv lub roj av thiab tshuaj industries, raws li zoo raws li ferrous thiab uas tsis yog-ferrous metallurgy.

nuclear engineering nroj tsuag txhij txhua nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov ntau yam ntawm cov khoom rau nuclear fais fab nroj tsuag. Qhov no daim ntawv muaj xws thiab tank reactors.
Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus lub ntim ntawm ntau lawm raws printing machinery. Nws qhauj tsim conveyors rau printers, printing presses thiab thiaj li nyob. D.

tshuab-tuam siv

Cov kev lag luam ua ib tug tshuab-tsev complex:

- Metalworking cuab tam;
- xovxwm-forging khoom;
- tshuab cov cuab yeej;
- txua ntoo machinery.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub tso zis ntawm tiav lawm cov khoom, lub lag luam yog tseem lub luag hauj lwm rau lub centralized kho ntawm chav nyob, siv tau rau hlau.

tsheb thauj mus los engineering

Ib qho ntawm nws ceg yog lub chaw ua dav hlua kev lag luam. Rau lub chaw ua khoom ntawm cov khoom siv cov ntaub ntawv thiab ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov khoom ua nyob rau qhauj ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov ceg ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab engineering. Nyob rau hauv chaw ua dav hlua kev lag luam factories muab kev koom tes mas txawj engineers thiab neeg ua hauj lwm ua cov khoom thiab cov neeg nrog caij dav hlau. Nrog rau cov tuam txhab uas muag mus conveyors thiab helicopters ntawm ntau yam kev hloov kho.

Qhuav ntawm lub foob pob ua ntxaij thiab qhov chaw kev lag luam yog orbital foob pob ua ntxaij thiab manned ships thiab cargo hom. Nyob rau hauv cov tsheb, paug combines siab technology thiab ib sab tus ntoo khaub lig-sectoral kev lawm.

Shipbuilding kev lag luam siv nyob rau hauv nws cov ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm cov hlau. Tab sis, dua li no, qhov kev tso kawm yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas muaj ntau lub metallurgical puag. Qhov no yog vim tus poj teeb meem ntawm kev thauj mus los ntawm tas cov tsheb. Shipbuilding kev lag luam muaj heev heev nyuas ties nrog factories ntau sectors ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Qhov no pub rau nyob rau hauv dej thauj txhais tau tias installation ntawm ntau yam khoom.

Qhov loj tshaj plaws tshuab-tsev lag luam yog cov automotive kev lag luam. Cia nws ua pom nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov spheres ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Tsheb yog nyob rau hauv coob nyob rau hauv lub khw muag khoom ua lag luam.

Tsheb Laij Teb thiab ua liaj ua teb tshuab

Qhov no kev lag luam yog yus muaj los ntawm specialization nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev siv thiab ua ntawm lawv cov khoom muab kev koom tes ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm cov nroj tsuag uas tsim qhov chaw thiab cov rooj sib txoos rau ntau theem ntawm tus txheej txheem.

Tsheb Laij Teb thiab ua liaj ua teb machinery harvesters manufactured ntau hom. Cov no muaj xws lnouborochnye thiab combines, paj rwb pickers thiab pob kws, qos yaj ywm thiab lwm yam kev machine. Ua rau qhov kev lag luam factories thiab ntau yam kev hloov kho ntawm wheeled thiab tracked tsheb laij.

Ntsuas thiab Hluav taws xob cov lag luam

Cov khoom manufactured los ntawm cov qhauj ntawm cov ceg, raws me ntsis zog thiab cov khoom noj. Txawm li cas los, nws tso tawm yog tsim nyog los xaiv txawj neeg ua hauj lwm thiab kev tshawb fawb cov neeg ua haujlwm.

Nroj tsuag ua instrumentation teeb thiab installation ntawm automation khoom. Lawv paub tab muaj xws li software txoj kev loj hlob, tsim thiab zus tau tej cov kev kho mob pab kiag li lawm, ua si, chaw ua hauj lwm cov khoom thiab instrumentation. Tej cov khoom uas siab technology thiab yog siv rau cov tsis siv neeg txheej txheem tswj thiab ntaub ntawv systems.

Thaum lub Lavxias teb sab nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws xob engineering kev lag luam, tam sim no tsim tawm ntau tshaj ib puas txhiab npe ntawm ntau yam khoom.

Cov khoom uas nrhiav tau lawv daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov spheres ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Lub volume ntawm cov khoom manufactured los ntawm cov hluav taws xob kev lag luam, surpasses tus xov tooj ntawm cov khoom uas yog los ntawm tag nrho cov sectors nyob rau hauv hnyav engineering sau ua ib pawg. Cov yooj yim ntau yam xws li cov khoom yog sawv cev los ntawm lub generators rau lub hydraulic, roj thiab chav turbines thiab motors, hluav taws xob cav, transformers thiab converters, electrothermal, electrofusion thiab teeb pom kev zoo khoom.

Neeg kho tshuab engineering rau cov zaub mov thiab lub teeb kev lag luam

Nyob rau hauv no kheej ntawm ntau lawm muaj xws li cov sub-sectors uas tsim cov khoom rau knitting thiab textile, rau khau thiab apparel, plaub thiab tawv, khoom noj khoom haus cheeb tsam ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Thaj chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag xws nyob rau qhov sib thooj rau tus neeg.

Lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag

Tus nqi ntawm lub tshuab-tsev lag luam yuav tsis tau overemphasized. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov kev lag luam yog ib tug ntawm cov uas lub Lavxias teb sab heavy kev lag luam. Thaum lub qhauj ntawm no sector tsim lub ntsiab thiab feem ntau active loj ntawm tsau cuab tam, uas muaj xws li cov cuab yeej. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub tshuab-tsev complex muaj ib tug tseem ceeb cawv rau cov kev taw qhia thiab pace ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm scientific thiab hauj kev kawm, cov nqi ntawm zog productivity txoj kev loj hlob, zoo li ntau lwm yam tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau efficiency ntawm ntau lawm.

Tag nrho volume ntawm cov khoom los ntawm Lavxias teb sab tshuab-tsev complex, yog ntau tshaj ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho cov khoom khoom nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Thaum lub qhauj ntawm no sector ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag ntiav 2/5 ntawm tag nrho cov muaj ntau lawm neeg ua hauj lwm. Nws kuj ntsia ze li ntawm ib lub hlis twg ntawm tag nrho cov tsau cuab tam ntawm muaj xwm muaj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau nqi engineering complex nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub loj cheeb tsam ntawm Russia. Ntxiv mus, lub theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov qhauj nyob ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov spheres ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab engineering thiab nyob rau hauv kom Russia lub tiv thaiv muaj peev xwm ua.

Nta uas muaj feem xyuam rau hauv lub tsev ntawm qhauj

Lavxias teb sab tshuab-tsev complex muaj sab inter-sectoral linkages. Tab sis dhau ntawd, qhov no tsim muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv nta. Lawv yuav tsum tau khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub siab thaum ib tse nrog koj sib txawv industries nyob rau hauv ib tug kev thaj av ntawd.

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov mechanical engineering kev lag luam tau tsim ib lub specialization. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lawv cov qhauj yog feeb meej nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm ib tug los yog, nyob, ib tug ob peb hom ntawm cov khoom. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj ib tug siab concentration. Qhov no yog ib qhov zoo tshaj ntawm mechanical engineering, zus tau tej cov tiav lawm cov khoom thaum koom nyob rau hauv ob peb lub tuam txhab uas muag nyob rau tib lub sij hawm. Noj, piv txwv li, lub tsheb nroj tsuag. Nws cov khoom uas tsuas txhais tau tias kev thauj.

Tsim nyog rau zus tau tej cov tsheb los yog qhov chaw ntawm xws li ib tug cog tau txais npaj txhij-ua los ntawm lwm yam lag luam, tus xov tooj uas yuav ua tau loj heev. Qhov no zoo tshaj muaj ib tug tseem ceeb feem rau qhov kev tso kawm ntawm lub tshuab-tsev complex, uas yog tseem ceeb heev rau zoo thauj mus. Uas yog vim li cas muaj ntau yam ntawm kev ua lag luam ntawm no sector ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag yog nyob rau hauv lub Volga cheeb tsam thiab Central Russia. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv cov chaw no muaj yog ib tug zoo-tsim kev thauj mus los network.

Lub geography ntawm lub tshuab-tsev complex ntawm Russia, yog ua los ntawm qhov kev tso tawm ntawm cov feem ntau complex thiab lub khoom (electronics thiab xov tooj cua engineering), txuas mus rau cov kev tshawb fawb siv tau. Uas yog vim li cas cov lag luam yog nyob rau hauv Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, thiab hais txog. D. ntawd yog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm qhov chaw nyob qhov twg lub scientific hauv paus yog zoo tsim.

Tshuab-tsev lag luam, uas nws cov khoom yog txuam nrog rau cov tub rog-xaiv yaam zoo tshaj, raws li ib tug txoj cai, nyob rau hauv ib tug "kaw" lub zos. Nws Snezhinsk, Novouralsk, Sarov, thiab lwm leej lwm tus. Tej zaum cov ntau lawm yog nyob ze cov tub rog bases.

Lub tshuab-tsev complex yam tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam nws txoj kev loj hlob, thiab muaj xws li hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug xov tooj tseem ceeb uas tsim nyog cov neeg ua hauj lwm. Yog li, feem ntau zog-intensive industries yog xam tau tias yog tshuab-lub cuab tam thiab kev ntsuas. Uas yog vim li cas xws productions yog muab tso rau hauv lub cheeb tsam nrog lub siab tshaj plaws concentration ntawm cov pejxeem, uas yog nyob rau hauv Moscow, Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan, thiab hais txog. D.

Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm hnyav engineering qhauj lees paub rau lawv ntau dua cov ntaub ntawv uas noj. Rau cov zis hauv cov lag luam yuav tsum tau ib tug ntau ntawm cov hlau. Tsuas yog thaum twg nws yog ua tau rau qhov teeb meem Tshuag metallurgical thiab lub hwj chim khoom. Cov tuam txhab uas muag nyob rau hauv lub Urals (Ekaterinburg), Siberian (Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk). Qhov no yog vim lub uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam loj metallurgical puag. Tej zaum qhov hnyav engineering enterprise oriented rau mas raw cov ntaub ntawv. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg.

Muaj ib co hom ntawm lub tsheb, thov rau cov uas tseem muaj xwb ib ob peb cheeb tsam. Qhov no siv tau, piv txwv li, tsheb laij rau export ntawm ntoo thiab flax harvesters. Xws li ib tug txheej txheem yog tsis yooj yim rau thauj, thiab yog li ntawd, nws yog zoo tshaj plaws ua nyob qhov twg muaj ib tug xav tau rau nws.

tej teeb meem

Cov kev loj hlob ntawm lub tshuab-tsev complex nrog 90-ies ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, tau zoo heev txo lawv cov nqi. Ib txhia ntawm cov tuam txhab uas muag tsuas kaw cia, thaum lwm tus neeg zoo heev txo lawm tagnrho. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov txo nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov khoom nyob rau ntawm lub factories ua machines, ua liaj ua teb khoom, raws li zoo raws li precision engineering khoom. Yuav ua li cas yog lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau txoj kev no? Nws nteg nyob rau hauv cov neeg pluag zoo ntawm peb cov khoom, uas yuav tsis lwv nrog lub mas cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tom qab lub Soviet Union muaj ib tug so ntawm muaj kev sib raug zoo uas yav tas los muaj ntawm cov republics ntawm lub teb chaws.

Teeb meem ntawm mechanical engineering yuav them nyob rau hauv ntau coj thiab tsim kua muag ntawm cov khoom. Raws li statistics, nws nce mus txog luag 70%. Qhov no lub xeev ntawm affairs tshwm sim nyob rau hauv vertoleto- thiab shipbuilding, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv electronics. Qhov nruab nrab muaj hnub nyoog ntawm cov tshuab nyob rau hauv lub tshuab-tsev cov nroj tsuag yog kwv yees li 20 xyoo. Nws tsis yog tej zaum yuav siv nyob rau hauv qhuav txheej txheem ntawm cov tshiab technologies. Niaj hnub no, muaj ntau yam ceg ntawm engineering yuav tsum tau ib tug tshaj dhau Modernization ntawm cov khoom siv. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lawv cov khoom yuav tsum sib tw nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam.

Pab mus rau lub aggravation ntawm qhov teeb meem no, muaj ntau yam txawv teb chaws tuam txhab uas muag. Tob tob peb kev ua lag luam, xws corporations ho nce cov theem ntawm kev sib tw.

Lwm teeb meem loj yog cov tsis muaj machinery kev lag luam neeg. Uas system ntawm kev kawm ntawm cov manpower, uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub USSR, twb tsuas muab rhuav pov tseg. Rau hnub tim, lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov neeg txawj neeg ua hauj lwm twb nce nyiaj so hauj lwm. Vim lub mob tsis txaus cov tub ntxhais hluas cov neeg ua haujlwm ho hinders tus txheej txheem ntawm Modernization ntawm lub tshuab-tsev lawm. Tab sis qhov no deplorable teeb meem no yog txhim kho me ntsis ua tsaug rau peev tej yaam num. Ua thiab twb ua tshiab nroj tsuag, nqa tawm lub reconstruction ntawm cov laus Enterprises, tsim tshiab thiab rov qab los ua ntej uas twb muaj lawm ntau lawm kev sib raug zoo.