TsimSecondary kev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv

Khoom noj khoom haus saw: piv txwv. Raws li nrog rau cov zaub mov saw?

Cov tsiaj qus yog yuav luag tsis muaj sia nyob uas yuav tsis tau noj los ntawm lwm cov creatures los yog twb tsis tau rau leej twg noj. Yog li, cov nroj tsuag pub rau ntau cov kab. Kab lawv tus kheej yog prey rau loj creatures. Cov los yog lwm yam kab mob yog units uas tsim cov zaub mov saw. Piv txwv li "quav" yuav muaj nyob qhov txhia chaw. Yog li nyob rau hauv cov qauv no, muaj tej yam ua ntej siv theem. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, nws yog cov nroj tsuag ntsuab. Yuav ua li cas yog ib co piv txwv ntawm cov khoom noj mov circuits? Uas kab mob muaj peev xwm yuav mus? Yuav ua li cas yog tus sis ntawm lawv? Hais txog qhov no tom qab nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.

lus qhia dav dav

Khoom noj khoom haus saw, piv txwv ntawm uas tau muab rau hauv qab no, nws yog ib qho ntawm kab mob, fungi, cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tsiaj. Txhua link yog rau nws tus kheej lawm. Peb ua qhov no "dependence" nyob rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "cov khoom noj - cov neeg siv". Thaum lub sab saum toj ntawm ntau cov khoom noj chains yog ib tug txiv neej. Tshaj ib lub teb chaws los yog lwm ntau dua pejxeem ceev, lub me units yuav tau muaj nyob rau hauv cov neeg ib theem zuj zus, raws li cov neeg yog yuam mus rau hauv cov tej yam kev mob feem ntau noj nroj tsuag.

Number ntau

Yuav ua li cas ntev yuav ua tau ib cov zaub mov saw? Piv txwv ntawm theem muaj ntau sequences. Feem ntau cov revealing yog lub nram qab no: nyob rau hauv lub kab ntsig lub cev tam sim no cab yoov kab nyob rau hauv lawv - nematodes (cua nab), nyob rau hauv lub cua nab, ntsig txog, cov kab mob, zoo nyob rau hauv lawv - ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov kab mob. Tab sis ib tug infinite tooj ntawm kev mus tsis tau. Nyob rau txhua txhua theem tom ntej muaj ib tug txo ntawm biomass ntawm ob peb kaum tawm ntawm lub sij hawm. Piv txwv li, mos lwj 1000 kg nroj tsuag muaj peev xwm "tsim" ib puas kilogram ntawm koj lub cev. Tab sis tus Tsov rau kom tus luj los ntawm 10 kg 100 kg yuav tsum elk. Cov nab npawb ntawm cov chav nyob yog nyob ntawm cov tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv uas yog tsim nyob rau ib los yog lwm yam tsiaj khoom noj khoom haus saw. Piv txwv ntawm cov tshuab yuav pom nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Yog li ntawd, qav yog ib tug nyiam zaub mov ntawm tej hom ntawm snakes, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, pub rau npua. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, xws li ib tug "ib theem zuj zus" tsis ntau tshaj li peb los yog plaub units. Qhov no "tsev" tseem hu ua ecological pyramid. Nyob rau hauv nws, txhua theem tom ntej yog me npaum li cas tshaj yav dhau los yog ib tug.

Yuav ua li cas yog tus sis tsis pub dhau lub ib puag ncig ntawm lub pyramids?

Yuav ua li cas puas cov zaub mov saw? Cov piv txwv saum toj no qhia tau hais tias txhua tus tub txuas yuav tsum muaj ib tug ntau dua theem ntawm kev loj hlob tshaj yav dhau los yog ib tug. Raws li twb tau hais, qhov kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv tej ecological pyramids tau ua nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "khoom noj khoom haus-rau-neeg". Vim noj cov lwm cov kab mob nqa zog hloov los ntawm sab rau theem siab dua qub. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ncig ntawm tshuaj tsuag.

Khoom noj khoom haus saw. piv txwv

Conventionally, muaj ntau ntau hom ntawm ecological pyramids. Muaj, nyob rau hauv particular grazing cov zaub mov saw. Piv txwv hais tias yuav pom nyob rau hauv cov xwm, yog sequences qhov twg zog hloov tshwm sim los ntawm tus nqi qis tshaj (qhov nyuaj) mus rau qib siab cov kab mob (txhom). Cov pyramids, nyob rau hauv particular, muaj xws li cov nram qab no sequences: "kab ntsig nas-viper-urchins-hma liab", "nas ua npua." Lwm detrital khoom noj khoom haus saw, piv txwv uas yuav muab hereinafter, yog ib tug ua ntu zus nyob rau hauv uas lub biomass yog tsis siv los ntawm txhom, thiab putrefaction yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw txheej txheem uas muaj kab mob. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias qhov no ecological pyramid pib nrog nroj tsuag. Yog li, nyob rau hauv particular, nws zoo nkaus li cov zaub mov saw ntawm cov hav zoov. Piv txwv li nram qab no: "rot-poob nplooj uas muaj kab mob", "tuag ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov nroj tsuag, fungi millipede-quav-fungi nogohvostiki mub (txhom) -hischniki-millipede-cov kab mob".

Producers thiab tau txais kev pab

Nyob rau hauv ib tug loj lub cev ntawm cov dej (dej hiav txwv, hiav txwv) planktonic unicellular algae yog khoom noj khoom haus rau cladocerans (lim thas tsiaj). Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, yog prey rau txhom ntawm yoov tshaj cum kab. Cov kab mob no pub rau tej hom ntses. Lawv pub on loj predatory neeg. Qhov no ecological pyramid - piv txwv li Hiav txwv khoom noj khoom haus saw. Tag nrho cov muaj tus kab mob uas ua raws li cov kev mus, yog nyob txawv trophic theem. Nyob rau hauv thawj theem yog producers, tom ntej no - consuments thawj thiaj li (txais kev pab). Qhov thib peb trophic theem tau txais kev pab yog 2nd thiaj (thawj Carnivores). Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, pab raws li cov khoom noj rau npua theem nrab - thib peb-kev txiav txim tau txais kev pab, thiab hais txog. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, ib puag ncig hauv av xws li peb mus rau tsib units.

sab nraum zoov lub pas dej

Rau txee hiav txwv, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas tus nqes hav ntawm lub teb chaws ntau dua los yog tsawg steeply ntawm cov sib sib zog nqus hiav txwv dawb originates qhib hiav txwv. Nyob rau hauv no tsam, dua li xiav thiab cov dej ntshiab. Qhov no yog vim lub tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm tshem tawm inorganic tebchaw thiab ib tug me me volume ntawm planktonic me me nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu (phytoplankton thiab zooplankton). Nyob rau hauv ib co chaw, cov dej saum npoo ntawm ib tug notably kaj xiav xim. Piv txwv li, lub Sargasso hiav txwv. Nyob rau hauv xws li mob peb hais txog lub thiaj li hu ua dej hiav txwv deserts. Nyob rau hauv cov chaw no, txawm nyob rau hauv ib lub qhov tob ntawm txhiab ntawm meters siv cov rhiab cov khoom yuav ntes ib co kua nplaum ntawm lub teeb (nyob rau hauv lub ntsuab spectrum). Qhib hiav txwv yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv lub tiav tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm zooplankton kab ntawm txawv benthic kab mob (echinoderms, Molluscs, crustaceans), uas nws tus xov tooj yog li qhov kev ncua deb ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv dauv sharply. Raws li nyob rau hauv dej ntiav ntiav, thiab cov loj expanses nyob rau hauv tshav ntuj ua raws li lub ib lub zog qhov chaw. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub photosynthetic phytoplankton siv chlorophyll txoj kev organic tebchaw los ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab dej. Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi yog hu ua thawj cov khoom.

Hiav txwv mus ntawm cov zaub mov saw

Tsim algae organic tebchaw yog kis los yog kov rau tag nrho cov kab mob. Qhov thib ob qhov link ntawm cov zaub mov saw nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv cov tsiaj yog lim thas. Kab mob, phytoplankton Cheebtsam muaj microscopically me me qhov ntev (0.002-1mm). Lawv feem ntau tsim zos, tab sis lawv loj tsis pub tshaj tsib millimeters. Qhov thib peb txuas yog Carnivores. Lawv noj lim thas. Nyob rau hauv lub offshore, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv high seas, cov kab mob ntau. Cov no muaj xws, nyob rau hauv particular, siphonophores, zuag jelly, jellyfish, copepods, chaetognaths, karinaridy. Ntawm cov ntses lim thas yuav tsum muaj xws li herring. Lawv lub ntsiab khoom noj khoom haus yog copepods txoj kev nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb dej loj koog puav. Qhov thib plaub lub caij xam tau tias yog carnivorous loj ntses. Ib txhia hom muaj coj mus muag tus nqi. Mus rau qhov kawg txuas yuav tsum tau muaj xws li cephalopods, toothed whales thiab seabirds.

nutrient thauj

Hloov lub organic tebchaw nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov saw yog nrog los ntawm tseem ceeb lub zog losses. Qhov no yog tsuas vim lub fact tias feem ntau ntawm nws yog siv rau cov metabolism. Hais txog 10% ntawm lub zog yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv lub cev ntawm lub cev substance. Yog li ntawd, piv txwv li, me nyuam ntses, noj mov planktonic algae thiab belongs rau cov qauv ntawm cov luv luv heev dua lwm yam khoom noj khoom haus saw, muaj peev xwm tsim nyob rau hauv xws loj qhov ntau, raws li nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub Peru tam sim no. Hloov cov zaub mov mus rau hauv lub twilight tsam thiab qhov tob ntawm lub teeb yog vim lub active ntsug migrations ntawm zooplankton, thiab tej yam hom ntses. Tsiv thiab nce thiab nqis cov tsiaj txawv sij hawm nyob ntawm txawv depths.

xaus

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias tus linear zaub mov saw yog heev tsis tshua muaj. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau tej pyramids muaj xws li ib tug pej xeem teej tug mus rau ntau yam ntau. Cov tib hom kab yuav noj thiab cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tsiaj; Carnivores los ntawm cov kev pab muaj peev xwm tau nkag los ntawm tus thawj thiab lub thib ob thiab ntau dua kev txiav txim; muaj ntau yam tsiaj haus rau cov neeg ciaj thiab tuag kab mob. Vim lub complexity ntawm txuas sib txuas, tsis muaj tej yam zoo yog feem ntau suab tsis ntxim rau cov ecosystem mob. Cov kab mob uas coj precipitated link nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov yuav zoo nrhiav lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov zaub mov, thiab khoom noj khoom haus zoo managers pib siv lwm yam kab mob. Yog li ntawd, tag nrho lub zej zog ua rau cov tshuav nyiaj li cas. Ruaj yuav lub ecological system nyob rau hauv uas muaj ntau ntau cov complex zaub mov saw, muaj raws ntawm ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov kev mus, xws li ib tug plurality ntawm ntau hom.

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