Kev txiav txim ntawm hluav taws. Wildfires (hav zoov, peat), kev txiav txim

Hluav taws kub ua rau ib tug zoo nyab xeeb rau lub neej, kev noj qab nyob thiab vaj tse ntawm cov neeg. Hluav taws nyob rau qhov feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm heev thiab loj heev drought thiab cua hlob. Taws raging nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov - ib tug txaus ntshai tus yeeb ncuab ntawm ib puag ncig. Tom qab tag nrho, nws theem loj loj losses thiab tej zaum kuj ua tau kom tib neeg cov neeg raug. Peat hluav taws kub ua rau irreversible kev puas tsuaj mus rau qhov, mus tshem tawm lub txim ntawm kev uas yuav yuav tsum tau xyoo lawm. Cov tsab xov xwm yuav tsum tau muab rau lub ntsiab txhais ntawm "hluav taws", qhia lub tswvyim ntawm no tshwm sim nyob rau lub ntuj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov.

Kev txiav txim ntawm hluav taws

Hluav Taws - ib tug combustion txheej txheem uas defies tswj, muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb ua kom pom tseeb, ua cov ntaub ntawv kev puas tsuaj thiab poses ib tug uas yuav los ua neeg nyob thiab kev kho mob. Qhov no optionally qhib nplaim taws, tej zaum tsuas tshwm sim incandescence thiab kev noj nyiaj txiag. Lub ntsiab txhais ntawm "hluav taws" ntawm lub tswvyim qhia hais tias ib tug combustion txheej txheem muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm nws tus kheej kis tshaj lub qhov chaw, uas yog npaj rau yug me nyuam thiab txij nkawm ntawm hluav taws.

Cov yam ntxwv, nws yog kom nrog no phenomenon raws li nram no:

• hlawv;
• nkev pauv;
• Thaum tshav kub kub.

Nyob rau hauv lub combustion qhov chaw faib hluav taws kub yuav cov nram qab no:

• muaj;
• tsev neeg;
• tej yam ntuj tso.

Yuav Tsum mob ntawm ib tug tua hluav taws - yog lub xub ntiag ntawm cov Cheebtsam:

• ignition qhov chaw;
• oxidizer;
• combustible ntaub ntawv los yog tshuaj.

hluav taws kub tsam

Kev txiav txim ntawm hluav taws qhia hais tias xws li ib tug tshwm sim, tsis hais nws yam, yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau ib tug tej yam chaw. Qhov no cheeb tsam yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv peb qhov chaw:

• active combustion tsam;
• thermal cawv tsam;
• pa luam yeeb tsam.

active kub tsam - qhov no yog ib feem ntawm lub chaw nyob rau hauv uas cov nplaim taws los yog glowing liab-kub cov ntaub ntawv uas yog tam sim no ncaj qha. Nyob rau hauv nplaim taws (homogeneous) combustion ntawm tus ciam nto feem yog suav tias yog flaming cov ntaub ntawv thiab ib tug nyias txheej ntawm cov hluav taws, uas glows. Yog hais tias flameless combustion (heterogenous), qhov no tsam yog txhais nto glow liab-kub khoom.

Los ntawm tshav kub cuam tshuam cheeb tsam muab qhov chaw nyob ib ncig ntawm lub active ib feem ntawm cov combustion uas tshav kub pauv ntawm qhov chaw tua hluav taws thiab juxtaposed cov ntaub ntawv thiab lug. Qhov kub ntawm no nce mus txog qhov tseem ceeb uas yog tej tib neeg thiab tej ib chig. Ib tug neeg yuav ua tsis tau nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no tsis muaj tshwj xeeb thermal tiv thaiv.

Cheeb tsam ntawm pa luam yeeb - ib qhov chaw uas yog nyob ib sab mus rau lub chaw ntawm raug tshav kub, thiab qhov chaw uas cov neeg muaj peev xwm tsis yuav tsis muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov muag tiv thaiv thiab ua tsis taus pa. Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug cheeb tsam ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm hluav taws hampered vim tsis muaj visibility.

Cov nram qab no txhais yog muab rau qhov hluav taws kub, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ntuj.

Kev txiav txim ntawm Wildfires

Xwm (toj roob hauv pes), ib tug tua hluav taws - ib tug combustion txheej txheem uas defies tswj tshwm sim nthawv thiab yog faib nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Tej zaum li ib tug tshwm sim tshwm sim vim muaj ib tug xob strike, ib tug meteorite los yog volcanic uas, tab sis lub ntsiab yog vim li cas - tib neeg kev txiav txim. Vim riam phom los yog careless tuav ntawm hluav taws thiab Wildfires tshwm sim. Lub ntsiab txhais ntawm no phenomenon distinguishes cov hluav taws kub:

• hav zoov hluav taws kub;
• steppe hluav taws kub arrays;
• peat hluav taws thiab tiv cav tseb ntawm organic deposits.

Cov no hom, muaj ib tug uas yog feem ntau, thiab coj tau loj loj losses. Qhov no hav zoov hluav taws kub.

Kev txiav txim ntawm lub hav zoov hluav taws kub

Hav zoov hluav taws kub - qhov no burning ntawm cov nroj tsuag, uas yog tsis amenable mus tswj thiab nthawv kis array cheeb tsam.

Lub hauv paus ua rau ntawm no phenomenon yog ob:

• Ntuj yam tseem ceeb. Qhov no yuav ua ntaus los ntawm xob laim los yog txawj combustion ntawm qhuav nroj tsuag los yog peat.
• Anthropogenic yam. Cov no muaj xws li niaj zaus tu riam phom, txhob txwm los yog yuam ignition los yog banal tsis raws kev cai nrog kev ruaj ntseg cov kev cai thaum kov hluav taws.

Thaum lub caij, yuav uas ib tug hluav taws kub yuav tshwm sim vim muaj ib co tej yam ntuj tso yam, yog kwv yees li 20%. Lub ntsiab ua rau tom hav zoov hluav taws kub yog tseem tib neeg kev ua si.

Kev txiav txim ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, uas puv ib ncig ntawm nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov, qhia kev faib raws li nyob rau hauv lub tawm kev tshaj tawm thiab qhov xwm ntawm hluav taws.

Classification hais tawm tshaj tawm

Ib qho tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluav taws kub yog lawv tus nqi ntawm loj hlob. Raws li qhov ntsuas no, xws hluav taws kub cov dej num raws li nram no:

• tsis muaj zog;
• nruab nrab;
• muaj zog.

Rau tsis muaj zog hav zoov tua hluav taws cov yam ntxwv hais tawm tshaj tawm uas tsis pub tshaj 3 meters ib feeb. Rau qhov nruab nrab tus nqi ntawm no Performance index ntawm ignition mas nws txawv ntawm 3 mus rau 100 meters ib feeb. Ib tug muaj zog hav zoov hluav taws kub yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug hais tawm tshaj tawm saum toj no 100 meters ib feeb.

Cov kev faib ntawm qhov xwm ntawm hluav taws

Hav zoov hluav taws kub nyob rau qhov xwm ntawm hluav taws yog dej num raws li nram no:

• grassroots;
• nees;
• underground (peat).

Hauv pem teb hluav taws kub - ib tug hluav taws uas kis tau los ntawm lub sab tiers ntawm cov ntoo thiab shrubs, litter, nplooj thiab twigs uas poob tawm. Lub ib thooj ntawm ignitions pib nrog hom. Tom ntej no, los mus tsim tej yam kev mob rau ib lub hav zoov tua hluav taws nrog grassroots hloov mus rau hauv ib tug nees los yog underground.

Crown hluav taws - ib tug tua hluav taws uas npog lub toj ntawm cov hav zoov. Qhov hluav taws kub nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, kis toj ntawm cov ntoo. Qhov no hom ntawm ignition yog raug roob hav zoov. Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm crown hluav taws kub muaj txhawb rau ib tug muaj zog cua.

Lub caij nyoog cov lus txhais ntawm ib tug tua hluav taws uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov av nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov, yuav tau muab nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm hauv qab no.

Peat hluav taws kub: Lus Txhais

Peat hluav taws - ib tug tua hluav taws los yog tej yam ntuj tso qhuav peat bogs vim overheating ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub hnub los yog los ntawm careless tuav ntawm hluav taws txiv neej.

Tsis tas li ntawd ua rau ib qho underground hluav taws yuav los ua ib tug xob strike los yog ib tug nees thiab av hluav taws kub. Lawv nplaim penetrates mus rau hauv lub tob ntawm lub peat txheej nyob ze ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm cov ntoo thiab nroj.

Peat hluav taws yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug yooj yim lwj thaum tsis muaj ignition los yog combustion nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov masses nrog khoom carbon dioxide. Tej phenomena yog nyuaj mus ntes. Feem ntau smoldering peat pretends yog ib tug uas tsis muaj tawm los ntawm cov pa luam yeeb los ntawm cov av. Nruam txheej txheem underground hluav taws yuav ua rau tshwm sim grassroots rov ignitions.

Peat hluav taws kub cov dej num nyob rau ntawm tus naj npawb thiab qhov tob ntawm tus hlawv-foci.

Suam ntawm cov hluav taws kub

Nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm foci peat hluav taws kub muab faib mus rau hauv lub nram qab no:

• odnoochagovye;
• multifocal.

Odnoochagovye underground hluav taws kub tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tib neeg xob los yog careless tuav ntawm hluav taws nyob rau hauv ib tug qhov chaw. Multifocal tsim los ntawm ob peb subsurface ntsiab lus combustion ntawm cov organic tshuaj.

Ib suam ntawm peat hluav taws kub hlawv nyob rau hauv qhov tob nram qab no:

• tsis muaj zog;
• nruab nrab;
• muaj zog.

Maj peat hluav taws kub yog yus muaj los ntawm qhov tob tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 25 centimeters. Nruab nrab underground hluav taws kub yog qhov ntau ntawm no Performance index los ntawm 25 mus 50 centimeters. Rau ib tug muaj zog yam ntxwv ntawm qhov tob ntawm lub peat hluav taws hlawv ntau tshaj li 50 centimeters.

xaus

Hluav taws kub, nyob ntawm seb qhov chaw ntawm keeb kwm yog muab faib mus rau hauv industrial, tsev neeg thiab cov tej yam ntuj tso. Qhov chaw nyob rau hauv uas ib tug tua hluav taws tshwm sim, yog muab faib ua peb qhov chaw: ib tug active combustion, cua sov thiab haus luam yeeb raug. Nyob rau hauv lem, Wildfires ntxiv txwv kom muab zais rau hauv cov ntoo thiab peat. Lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau lawv tshwm sim yog ib tug neeg kev ua si. Kev txiav txim ntawm qhov hluav taws kub uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib lub hav zoov, yuav ntxiv kev faib los ntawm cov propagation tshaj tawm. Nyob ntawm seb qhov xwm ntawm cov hluav taws, xws li ib tug tshwm sim muaj peev xwm yuav grassroots, nees thiab underground. Peat hluav taws kub muab faib mus rau hauv hom nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj thiab qhov tob ntawm tus hlawv-foci.