Julia Dobrovol'skaya: biography, kev ua ub no thiab nthuav cov lus tseeb

Dobrovol'skaya Julia Abramovna lug paub nyob rau hauv pedagogical thiab scientific voj voog. Nws muaj nqis yog tus creation ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tus zoo tshaj plaws Italian lus phau ntawv, lub feem ntau kev dictionaries: Lavxias teb sab-Italian thiab Italian-Lavxias teb sab.

Nws yog rau nws lub neej coj ib tug ntau ntawm movies, cov phau ntawv, cov khoom, qhia countless cov tub ntxhais kawm. Xibfwb Milan, Trieste, Trent University Dobrovol'skaya ua ntau tshaj lwm tus rau popularize lub Lavxias teb sab lus nyob rau hauv ltalis. Ntau tshaj ib zaug rau hauv lub Italian tsoom fwv tau muab nws cov prizes nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kab lis kev cai.

Childhood, kev ua hluas

25/08/1917 nyob rau hauv Nizhny Novgorod nyob rau hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus forester yug lub neej yav tom ntej tus paub txog-linguist Julia Dobrovol'skaya. Biography nws thaum lub sij hawm tiav hluas cim los ntawm cov tsev neeg tau tsiv mus rau sab qaum teb capital. Nws txiv mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau Leningrad ntau lawm npaj, thiab kuv niam - ib tug xib fwb ntawm lus Askiv.

Tom qab tsev kawm ntawv, tus hluas nkauj nyob rau hauv cov kev xaiv ntawm profession yog nyob rau hauv leej niam lub footsteps, nkag mus rau cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm LIFLI. Nrog cov xib fwb Julia immensely muaj hmoo: lub ntiaj teb nto moo tus paub txog Propp V. Ya fundamentally qhia me nyuam kawm ntawv tsis tau tsuas yog lub German lus, thiab piav txog yuav ua li cas qhov kev txiav txim cov lus.

Txog rau thaum xaus ntawm nws lub neej Abramovna Julia yog xav thov ua tsaug rau Vladimiru Yakovlevichu qhia nws cov qauv rau kev kos duab - yuav tsum tau ib tug Polyglot. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, siv lub tau paub hnab nqa taug kev Julia Dobrovol'skaya tau lug tau sai dlua yuav luag tag nrho lawv tus kheej yooj yim European lus.

Ci ntsa iab kev kawm ntawv tau muab nce mus rau kev zoo siab: lub neej tom ntej zoo siab Komsomol "castles nyob rau hauv cov huab cua."

Nws yuam kom kos npe rau

Kuv nyeem nws biography zaum yuav tshwm sim muaj kev koom nrog cov hlua Vladimira Vysotskogo: "Daus dawb ntawm av raws li ib tug ntev lub neej tsis muaj lies ...".

Nws tau pom xws daus nyob rau hauv suburban camp. Thiab ua ntej ntawd, nws twb them nrog lub baseless them nyiaj ntawm treason (art. 58-1 "ib tug") uas yuav txwv tsis pub tau txhaj los yog 15 xyoo nyob rau hauv tsev lojcuj. Julia Dobrovol'skaya, txawm siab, ciaj thiab tau tsis lees paub tswj los ntawm kev txhaum.

Qhov no poj niam tsis ntev mus zoo li cas tub ceev xwm ntsuas tau thov mus rau nws torturers nyob rau hauv tuab-walled dungeons. Tsuas yog ib tug kab lus tag kev cia siab nrog nws lub qhov ncauj: "Koj muaj peev xwm tsuas xav txog tej yam: Lubyanka, Lefortovo, Butyrka ..."

Tom qab ua tsis tau tejyam sim mus ua txhaum down, nws raug xa mus rau hovrinsky camp. "Nco" ntawm cov sij hawm nyob rau hauv nws lub neej tseem lub cev tsis muaj cov me nyuam raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib qho nyuaj zog.

Cov nyiaj ntawm lub 28-xyoo-laus poj niam twb tso tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug amnesty nyob rau hauv 1945.

Dobrovol'skaya txog Stalin cov tub txib nyob rau hauv Spain

Nws tau los ua phim tom qab ib tug "txawv tebchaws" rau Spain.

Komsomolskaya Yuliya Dobrovolskaya teb rau tus hu "txiv neej nyob rau hauv pej xeem cov khaub ncaws," neeg txhais lus recruited koom nyob rau hauv pab lub Republicans. Tab sis nyob rau hauv peb lub xyoo nws pom hais dab tsi Stalin xa 30,000 tub rog thiab enkavedeshnyh tshwj xeeb.

"Internationalists" nrog ib tug tub rog tau cov kabmob, kev pab raws li sab laj, tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv armed pawg ntawm Republicans, tab sis kuj pab tswv yim nyob rau hauv ib tug hurry mus ua ib tug analogue ntawm lub NKVD. Cervantes teb npaj mus ua lub teb chaws partocracy. Ntawm lub zos Communist "neeg pem hauv ntej" qhua ua lub ntsis ntawm cov Bolshevik commissars.

Cov expropriated ntiag tug, hais txog nrog los ntawm lawv tus kheej countrymen. Catholic Spaniards forcibly sim tig mus rau hauv atheists, tag li lub tsev teev ntuj thiab tua cov pov thawj. Txheej xwm tsim los ntawm Stalin tus tsab xov xwm "cov chav kawm ntawv nriaj."

Khiav ntawm kev txhaum ua ntej lub Spaniards

Cov pejxeem txais mus xyuas lawv "comrades" raws li fascists pom lawv tej hauj lwm, kom sawv thiab txhawb lawv cov tub rog mutinied. Nyob rau hauv kev, thiab "ua lus Mev Chapaev" (yav tas los kawm nyob rau hauv Frunze Academy, ib tug Yulii Abramovny Valentin Gonzalez) tuaj mus rau lub xaus hais txog cov kev zoo sib thooj fascists Communist.

Tus nqi ntawm cov tsheej lab ntawm lub neej cov lus Mev Republicans yeej, thiab tus "internationalists" raug ntiab tawm. Julia Dobrovol'skaya rov qab los tsev, nws hais tias tsis muaj dab tsi hais txog dab tsi nws pom thiab paub.

Nws muaj phooj ywg nrog cov neeg nrog tsav, ces disillusioned nrog lub Soviet Union. Hluas nkauj-tshuab txhais lus yog ib tug hnov li ib tug neeg (rawsli los ntawm nws cov duab nyob rau hauv lub tshiab "Rau leej twg lub tswb tolls" los ntawm Ernest Hemingway).

Obviously, cov repressed Rov qab rau hauv lub USSR tus hluas nkauj "nyob rau hauv ua ntej, thiab cia li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv": los ntawm lub ntshai hais tias tej zaum nws yuav sau ntawv hais txog cov lus Mev tsov rog nyob rau hauv lub Western xov xwm, los yog ua ib yam dab tsi zoo li hais tias.

Tom qab 40 xyoo, ib tug neeg txhais lus yuav nyob rau hauv Barcelona, thiab nws yuav los tawm lub dav hlau nrog ib tug hnyav lub plawv, puas txaj muag rau lub hom phiaj ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas.

pab kom ciaj sia

Remembers Julia Abramovna, nws nom tswv teev tseg nyob rau hauv lub yoke, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj yog tsis embittered, tsis txhob mus ntsib tus zoo nyob rau hauv cov neeg. Nws ua raws li txoj cai no, tsom kwm, nco, thiab ua tsaug rau cov neeg uas ua zoo deeds ntawm hu rau ntawm tus ntsuj plig. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lawv, nws yog tshwj xeeb yog xav thov ua tsaug rau:

• nws tus thawj tus txiv ncaj ncees Dobrovolskomu Evgeniyu Aleksandrovichu, nomenklatura, zhenivshemusya rau "zechke" thiab txi lawv cov hauj lwm;
• engineer hovrinskogo-camp Hoobkas Mikhailov, npaj nws tus neeg txhais lus;
• gray-haired, yuag tub ceev xwm chief, nyob rau ntawm koj tus kheej uas yuav qhov teeb meem rau nws ib phau ntawv hla tebchaws es tsis txhob ntawm cov ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev tso cai.

Qhia rau kuv uas koj tus phooj ywg yog ...

Qhov no ancient Roman adage tau sawv qhov kev kuaj ntawm lub sij hawm. Ntau xyoo ntawm kev phooj ywg ua txhua yam Yuliyu Dobrovolskuyu nrog ntau tsim nyog thiab zoo kawg nkaus haiv tib neeg:

• raug txim ntawm cov gulag, ib tug tib neeg txoj cai activist, txawj critic Lev crackdown;
• kws sau paj lug, txhais lus, journalist Korney Chukovsky;
• publicist, lub tshuab txhais, kws sau paj lug, journalist Iley Erenburgom;
• Kampessino (Valentinom Gonsalesom) republic commander tom qab repressed;
• Italian cov me nyuam txawj sau ntawv Gianni Rodari storyteller;
• neeg pleev kob Renato Guttuso;
• MSU xibfwb Merab Mamardashvili;
• txawj sau ntawv Ninoy Berberovoy, tus poj niam Vladislava Hodasevicha.

Tej lub neej

Julia Dobrovol'skaya tom qab qhov kev tso tawm ntawm txawv teb chaws lus qhia nyob rau Moscow lub koom haum los ntawm 1946 mus 1950. Nws twb koom nyob rau hauv kev qhia ntawv thiab txhais lus ua hauj lwm.

Competent thiab principled nws yog seeb rau propartiynyh manipulators. Mus liam nws sai sai no pom. Thaum Julia Abramovna txhais tsab xov xwm ntawm Catholic cov ntsiab lus. Xib Fwb thiab tshuab txhais lus tag nrho tej qhov "kev ywj pheej ntawm conscience nyob rau hauv lub Soviet hom ntawv."

Nws twb raug rho tawm haujlwm los ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm. Lub siab yog li ntawd muaj zog hais tias nws cov thawj tus txiv Evgeny Dobrovolsky tshuav nws.

Txawm li cas los, Julia Dobrovolskaya tswj tom qab lub fact los ua pov thawj nws cov ntaub ntawv thiab kom tau ib txoj hauj lwm ntawm MGIMO. Muaj, nws saib xyuas los ua lub taub hau ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm Romance lus Gonionskiy S. A., lawv twb sib yuav. Nws tus poj niam, Semyon Alexandrovich yog ib tug tiag tiag los txhawb nqa thiab kev pab txhawb nqa. Vim muaj mob Dobrovol'skaya tus txiv kaum cuaj xyoos ib tug poj ntsuam.

kev hauj lwm

Yog vim li cas rau lub sij los ntawm lub USSR xib fwb los ua ib qho hauj lwm txiav npluav rau cov tau txais daim ntawv ntawm nws cov thoob ntiaj teb puav pheej.

Nyob rau hauv 1964 nws tiav lawm cov ua hauj lwm rau nws legendary phau ntawv Julia Dobrovol'skaya "Tswv yim thaum kawg ntawm Italian lus." Los ntawm txoj kev, mus txog rau thaum tam sim no (rau ib nrab ib xyoo pua), cov kev pab no yog ib lub hauv paus rau cov tub ntxhais kawm-philologists. No ua hauj lwm, ib tug paub tias classic, nyob rau hauv 1970 lub Italian tsoom fwv muab MGIMO xib fwb Yuliyu Abramovnu lub teb chaws puav pheej rau tau nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kab lis kev cai.

Txawm li cas los, lub Soviet cov tub ceev xwm tsis pub nws mus txawv teb chaws mus muab nqi zog rau. Julia Dobrovol'skaya, lub tshuab txhais los ntawm ib ncig lub ntiaj teb no, kuv zoo li ib tug tub hluas daig nyob rau hauv lub phab ntsa ntawm lub casemates. Nws genuinely yuav tsum hais tias caij nplooj ntoos zeeg ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm cov ntshav tsoom fwv, thiab nrog rau cov sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm thaw lub 60 yuav thaum kawg yuav tau mus ua hauj lwm dawb do, kawg chim. Xibfwb pom tau hais tias tsis yog tus koom haum lub bureaucracy, nws nyom - nws yog displeasing mus rau lub system.

Ntau ua thwmsim rau ib tug Abramovna Julia ua tsis tau. Nyob rau hauv 1982, nws nkag mus rau rau hauv ib tug sib yuav nrog ib tug Italian pej xeem thiab yoojyim rau lub teb chaws. Qhov no pab tau nws Milanese phooj ywg Emmy Moresco, leej twg nug ib tug haum rau nws tus phooj ywg Ugo Dzhussani.

"Tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm lub neej"

Tawm mus rau Ltalis los ntawm cov USSR, Dobrovol'skaya Julia yog tseem tib yam, "tus xib fwb": nws yog ib txwm puag ncig ntawm lub hiav txwv ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm nrog cov lus nug. Nws qhia yeej qhia pom zoo. Nws ua hauj lwm furiously, txawm 65 xyoo ntawm lub hnub nyoog.

Nws thiaj li tau tshwm sim hais tias lub title ntawm Soviet professors no txhais tau tias me ntsis tab sis yog lub zos linguists thiab xav tsis thoob thaum lub loj heev Lavxias teb sab xib fwb paub. Julia Abramovna nyiam los hais tias nws twb tsis muaj ib tug muab. Xya xyoo tom qab, nws los ua ib tug xib fwb thiab nyob rau hauv ltalis. Nws doctoral thesis yog ib tug tshwm sim rau lub scientific lub zej lub zos lub teb chaws.

Dobrovol'skaya yeej ib txwm muaj ib tug zoo sawv cev ntawm lub kab lis kev cai - Lavxias teb sab. Nws tau koom tes nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm txhais phau ntawv los ntawm nws domestic classics. Italians admired "Lavxias teb sab xib fwb": cov kws ntawv Marcello Venturi hais txog nws nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Gorky Street, 8, Chav 106". (Ib zaug thaum ib lub sij hawm nws yog nws lub tsev chaw nyob).

Feem ntau nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws Italian menyuam kawm ntawv tau lub kua muag thaum twg, raws li qhov kev thov, qhia rau peb txog nws lub neej Julia Dobrovol'skaya. Biography neeg txhais lus thiab tus kws qhia ntawv nws zoo li ib tug taug txuj kev nyuaj tshiab: "Yuav ua li cas yog nws koj yeej muaj nyiaj mus dhau?! Tom qab nws tuag, tsev kawm ntawv lug txhawb cov miv pom tau hais tias txoj kev 2016, hais tias nws tej hauj lwm yog txaus scientific nqis nyob rau ntawm ib pab neeg ?.

Nws cia li thiaj li tshwm sim hais tias ob lub teb chaws, ob haiv neeg, ob civilizations yog thaws rov los nyob rau hauv lub nyuaj hmoo ntawm tus poj niam no.

xaus

Tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub USSR, nws tau hais ntau ntau zaus los tsev txaus siab muab kev sib tham.

Thaum kawg ntawm nws lub nyuaj lub neej epistolary nco compatriots tshuav Julia Dobrovol'skaya. Phau ntawv qhia Italian-Lavxias teb sab, los ntawm nws cwj mem, supplemented los ntawm ib tug sau ntawm biographical «Post Scriptum. Es tsis txhob memoirs. "

Xib Fwb, lub tshuab txhais los ntawm ib ncig lub ntiaj teb no yog hais tiag thiab tsis pub leej twg tham yam hais cov txawj nyeem ntawv txog lub ntiaj teb no, qhov chaw uas nws yog, hais txog lawv cov kev xav thiab txoj kev xav txog cov phooj ywg.
Tom qab nws tuag, cov neeg uas paub tias nws pom zoo nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim hais tias, tom qab nws ncaim tshuav tsis muaj dabtsis tswv yim ntawm understatement. Tag nrho nws tau ua, tag nrho cov hais, tag nrho cov sau.