Jaropolk Svyatoslavich - Grand tub huabtais ntawm Kiev (945-980)

Ib qho ntawm feem muaj teeb meem thiab muaj teeb meem nuj nqis ntawm cov rulers ntawm ancient Russia yog tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Kiev Jaropolk Svyatoslavich. Nws biography yog tej nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm learn thiab cov lus nug, txawm yog nws kav lub teb chaws ib tug raug luv luv lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm. Leej twg yog nws - ib tug tyrant thiab fratricide los yog thuam ib tug innocent tsim txom los ntawm cov intrigues ntawm nws tus tij laug?

thaum ntxov xyoo

Neeg txhais lus sawv cev Jaropolk nrog Laus Slavonic linguists txhais raws li ib tug "ua kom pom kev ntawm cov neeg." Lub caij nyoog hnub yug thiab nws niam lub npe yog tsis paub hais tias rau keeb kwm. Ib txhia zaum ntseeg Jaropolk hnub yug 945 xyoo. Tab sis lawv tw hais tias qhov no version yog kiag li untenable, txij thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub feem ntau txais saib ntawm nws tus txiv yog tsuas yog peb lub xyoos. Ib cov kws txawj muaj tswv yim hais tias nws yog tus tub ntawm tus ntxhais fuabtais Ugric Predslava, zoo li nws tus tij laug Oleg.

Jaropolk txiv yog neeg pej xeem nrog tub huabtais ntawm Kievskiy Svyatoslav Igorevich, nto moo rau heev heev yeej tshaj lawv cov yeeb ncuab. Nyob rau hauv kev, cov poj commander yeej haib Khazar Khanate thiab lub Bulgarian faj tim teb chaws rau lub Danube.

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm Jaropolk lub npe tshwm nyob rau hauv 968. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm tub huabtais Svyatoslav tuaj raid Pechenegs rau Kiev, thaum lub sij hawm uas cov tub ntxhais thawj tau tub nyob rau hauv lub palace nrog nws pog Olga thiab cov kwv tij.

Nyob rau hauv 970, nws tus txiv tshuav nws raws li tus hlob tus tub, tswj Kiev, thiab tau tsiv mus rau lub tom ntej no phiaj los nqis tes tshaj lub Danube. Lub sij hawm no nws muaj ib lub caij nyoog tuaj mus rau grips nrog nws tus kheej romeyskoy huab tais John Tzimiskes. Grand tub huabtais Kievskiy Svyatoslav twb yuam kom thim rov qab. Tiam sis nyob rau txoj kev hauv tsev raug tua los ntawm cov Byzantines bribed Pecheneg Khan Qurei. Lavxias teb sab av pib kav rau nws peb tug tub, Vladimir, Oleg, Jaropolk, lub tom kawg uas tau los ua tus neeg pej xeem nrog Duke.

reigning Jaropolk

Jaropolk Svyatoslavich los ua tus neeg pej xeem nrog tub huabtais ntawm Kiev nyob rau hauv 972, tom qab nws txiv tuag. Nws cov kwv tij - Oleg thiab Vladimir pib kav, ntsig txog, nyob rau hauv Drevlyane thiab Novgorod pawg neeg thaj av. Tab sis cov laus lawv chiv pom tau hais tias Jaropolk.

Contemporaries ntseeg Jaropolk es siab tawv warrior tshaj ib tug paub qab hau kav. Txawm li cas los, dua li no, nws tseem sim mus nrhiav ib tug active ob sab hauv thiab sab nraud cov cai.

Qhia ntawm txawv teb chaws txoj cai

Jaropolk txawv teb chaws txoj cai tau kev lom zem ntau tau teem rau lub teb chaws ntawm Western teb chaws Europe. Pov thawj ntawm qhov no yog qhov embassy xa mus nyob rau 973 lub teb chaws Yelemees, mus rau lub tsev hais plaub uas dawb huv Roman Emperor Otto II Rufus. Raws li ib tug version, Jaropolk twb koom rau nws nkauj muam nraug nus Cunegonde. Nrog ib tug txaus degree ntawm qhov muaj tseeb nws yuav sib cav hais tias lub rapprochement nrog lub teb chaws Yelemees twb aimed ntawm tsim muaj ib qho alliance tiv thaiv cov Czech koom pheej thiab teb chaws Poland.

Tab sis Byzantium hluas tub huabtais coj ntau npaum li cas cautiously, nws nco ntsoov cov treachery ntawm lub Loos ntawm nws tus txiv.

Jaropolk thiab Christianity

Ua ib tug ntau ntawm kev sib tham yog cov lus nug ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm tus tub huabtais Jaropolk. Muaj ntau historians ntseeg tau hais tias nws ua kevcai raus dej nyiag los yog txawm tab professed cov ntseeg txoj kev ntseeg. Tab sis ib tug tshaj plaws yog tseeb: Jaropolk Svyatoslavich heev loyal rau cov ntseeg tsis caum lawv, tsis zoo li lwm pagan rulers ntawm lub teb chaws tau tso cai noj peb caug rau cult uas txaus siab pejxeem professing txoj kev ntseeg ntawm lawv cov pog koob yawg koob. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias ib tug embassy mus rau lub Emperor Otto II ib qho ntawm nws lub hom phiaj txo nws hwj lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm kev cai raus dej ntawm Rus.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv relation mus ntseeg Vajtswv ua si Jaropolk raising nws pog Olga, uas coj romeyskoy txoj kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv Constantinople.

Txawm li cas los, thaum lub sij hawm reburial Jaropolk thiab nws tus tij laug Oleg, None Yaroslav Mudry kom cov kev cai raus dej ntawm lawv cov seem. Qhov tseeb qhia los sis nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv paganism Jaropolk mus txog thaum tuag, los sis hais tias Yaroslav paub tsis muaj dab tsi hais txog kev cai raus dej ntawm nws tus txiv ntxawm.

teem Jaropolk

Qhov tseem ceeb daim duab nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam Jaropolk yog yeej tswv xeev Sveneld. Feem ntau cov historians pom zoo nws Scandinavian keeb kwm. Luag hauj lwm mas, nws pib mus ua si ntxiv rau hauv Jaropolk yawg - tub huabtais Igor Rurik. Thaum Svyatoslav Sveneld los ua ib qho ntawm feem txiv neej haib nyob rau hauv Russia, nws muaj nws tus kheej tub cheev xwm, sau tribute, mus nrog tus tub huabtais nyob rau hauv taug kev hla lub Danube. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias thaum Yaropolk yog nws ua tau khiav hauv lub affairs ntawm lub xeev. Sveneld muaj ob tug tub - lute thiab kua zaub ntsuab.

Ua nkauj ua nraug - ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb xeev nyob rau hauv tub huabtais Yaropolk. Tej zaum nws tseem ceeb lub luag hauj lwm tom qab Sveneld tuag. Tom qab ntawd tus txiv neej no ntxeev siab rau Jaropolk.

Varyazhko - VFB Jaropolk nrog uas nws yuav tsum hais tias nws cemented lub bonds ntawm kev phooj ywg. Nws yog tsis tshua muaj neeg loyal rau tus tub huabtais.

tsev neeg

Raws li hais saum toj no, raws li ib tug version, nws yog ntseeg hais tias Jaropolk Svyatoslavich twb koom rau tus ntxhais ntawm Count Kuno von Enengena Cunegonde, tab sis rau ib txhia yog vim li cas, lub tshoob tsis muab qhov chaw. Nws kuj courted nws tus ntxhais Polotsk None Rogvolod - Rogneda, tab sis tom qab lub capture ntawm Polotsk thiab tua neeg ntawm nws tus txiv, Vladimir hais tias nws forcibly coj tus ntxhais fuabtais rau tus poj niam.

Tab sis tus tub huabtais Jaropolk Svyatoslavich yog tseem yuav ua rau ib co Greek poj niam, uas nws lub npe keeb kwm yog ntsiag to. Feem ntau cov yuav, nws twb ntes raws li ib tug trophy ntawm nws txiv thaum lub sij hawm Transdanubian campaigns. Annals hais tias thaum lub sij hawm ntawm nws tus txiv tuag, nws twb expecting ib tug me nyuam thiab tau noj raws li ib tug concubine ntawm nws tus tij laug Vladimir. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws hloov tawm hais tias nws tus tub, yav tom ntej Duke ntawm Kiev Svyatopolk lub raug foom tsis, yog ib tug me nyuam Jaropolk. Dua li no, nws twb txais yuav los ntawm Vladimir. Txawm li cas los, raws li mus rau lwm version, nws suav hais tias nws tsev neeg scion.

Oleg Tua neeg

Meanwhile tsoo sib ceg ntawm Yaropolk thiab nws tus tij laug Oleg, uas kav nyob rau hauv Ovruch. Thaum pib ntawm qhov teeb meem mus rau lub tua neeg ntawm nws tus tub huabtais Drevlyansky magistrates Sveneld - lute. Yog vim li cas nws twb ntseeg tau hais tias nws twb tua tsiaj tsis tau tso cai nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm cov Oleg, hais tias raws li medieval qauv suav hais tias ib tug heev loj txhaum.

Sveneld lawm tuav nws txoj kev chim siab thiab lossi demanded Jaropolk mus ua tsov ua rog nrog nws kwv nws tij, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav hu tau rau tus account. Thaum kawg, tus tub huabtais ntawm Kiev, muab txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv 977, lub phiaj los nqis tes txhim tsa, thaum lub sij hawm uas tus tub cheev xwm Oleg twb swb lawm, thiab nws tus kheej raug tua nyob rau hauv cov feeb tsis meej sib ntaus sib tua.

Jaropolk Svyatoslavich txog nws npaum li cas tu siab vim. Tab sis qhov no seb puas tsimnyog tau rau lo lus nug ntawm nws lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshwm sim. Raws li ib tug version, nws tsuas yog ib tug puppet nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm nws omnipotent magistrates, thiab nyob rau lwm yam - nws masterminded lub capture Drevlyansky av. Nyob rau validity ntawm lub thib ob version qhia cov neeg ua tim khawv rau lawv tus kheej Yaropolk thaum lub sij hawm quaj ntsuag rau Oleg, nws xa nws tus tij laug mus plob hav zoov nyob rau hauv Ljuta av. Lub hom phiaj ntawm tej kev ua yuav tsum yog ib tug - mus ntxias ib tug fratricidal tsov rog. Txawm li cas los, lub sum ntawm tag nrho cov lwm yam pov thawj qhia tias cov feem ntau yuav Jaropolk yog tus plaything ntawm nws entourage.

Hais lus los ntawm Vladimir tiv thaiv Jaropolk

Thaum kawm ntawm txoj kev tuag ntawm Oleg nyob rau hauv tsov rog nyob rau hauv Yaropolk, Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Novgorod, Vladimir txiav txim siab tias tom ntej no tshuab yuav ua rau tus tij laug hlob ntawm nws cov khoom ntiag. Nws twb yog li ntawd txiav txim siab khiav mus rau Scandinavia. Muaj, Vladimir lub Great tau ib tug muaj zog Varangian tiv thaiv, thiab tsiv nws mus rau nws tus tij laug.

Meanwhile Jaropolk tswj kom tsim nws txoj cai tshaj Novgorod. Tab sis Vladimir yog yooj yim regained lub nroog nws tus kheej. Rau txoj kev mus Kiev, raws li hais saum toj no, nws tau tsa pab pawg phooj ywg Jaropolk - Polotsk None Rogvolod, hlawv nws capital nroog, thiab tus ntxhais Rogneda yav tas los betrothed rau nws laus tus kwv tij, sib yuav. Los ntawm no kev sib yuav nws twb yug los tom qab lub neej yav tom ntej Grand Duke ntawm Kiev Yaroslav Mudry.

Tom ntej no Vladimir nrog nws pab tub rog tuaj mus Kiev. Voivod Fornication, uas coj qhov chaw feem ntau yuav tuag los ntawm lub sij hawm Sveneld, ntxeev siab mus rau tuav tswvyim nrog tub huabtais ntawm Novgorod thiab ntxias kom Jaropolk tawm hauv lub capital nroog. Nws coj qhov chaw nkaum nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo tiv thaiv lub zos me me haiv neeg, ntawm tus dej Ros.

tuag Jaropolk

Vladimir besieged Jaropolk. Lub nroog pib ib tug loj heev kev tshaib kev nqhis. Los ntawm qhov kev sib kho ntawm Fornication Novgorod None ntxias nws tus tij laug mus nkag rau hauv kev sib khom lus nrog nws. Txawm tias druzhinnik Varyazhko sharply txwv rau qhov no, suspecting tias ib yam dab tsi yog tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Thaum Jaropolk tuaj mus rau qhov chaw ntawm kev sib khom lus, nws ntxeev siab tua ob Scandinavians ntawm lub Novgorod pab tub rog. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 978.

Tseem mus controversy txog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Vladimir nyob rau hauv lub tua ntawm nws tus tij laug. Muaj ntau historians tseem tabtom idealize cov duab ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej Baptist ntawm Russia thiab nteg liam rau lub arbitrariness ntawm lub Vikings. Tab sis, feem ntau yuav, tua neeg ntawm qho kev txiav txim tau muab lub npe ntawm Vladimir. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, nws biography yog tej nrog ib tug ntau yam ntawm lwm yam lus tseeb hais tias cov Baptist Russia yuav yooj yim ua.

Jaropolk luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv keeb kwm

Ntawm historians tseem rhuab sib cav tswv yim hais txog leej twg yog Jaropolk: thawj instigator ntawm internecine teeb meem, los yog ib tug tsim txom los ntawm txoj cai ntawm predatory thiab domineering magistrates cov kwv tij? Kev cai nws yog ntau npaum li cas me dua lwm Kievan princes. Rooj chronology ntawm lub Board devotes nws reign, tsuas rau xyoo. Thaum Oleg khiav lawv ntiag tug 30 xyoo, Igor - 33, Sviatoslav - 27 xyoo, thiab Vladimir - raws li muaj ntau yam raws li 37 xyoo.

Nws tseem nyob tsis meej dab tsi yuav tshwm sim me nyuam los tu ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv Russia, obsessed nrog tub huabtais Jaropolk Svyatoslavovych kov yeej nws cov kwv tij? Thiab tag nrho cov yuav tau tsim txoj hmoo ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no? Tab sis keeb kwm tsis paub lub subjunctive mus ob peb vas. Ib yam yog tseeb: tus neeg thiab lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg pej xeem Duke ntawm Kiev Jaropolk Svyatoslavich tseem tos lawv cov kev soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej.