Hauj lwm thiab cov duab ntawm Peter 1 nyob rau hauv lub paj huam "Lub Bronze Horseman"

"Lub Bronze Horseman", tej zaum cov feem ntau cov muaj teeb meem ua hauj lwm ntawm Pushkin, riddled nrog sib sib zog nqus symbolism. Historians, txawj critics thiab zoo tib yam kev txawj nyeem ntawv rau centuries arguing, tus ntoo khaub lig swords, thiab overthrows tsim theories ua li cas, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, xav qhia rau cov kws sau paj lug. Kev controversy yog cov duab ntawm Peter 1 nyob rau hauv lub paj huam "Lub Bronze Horseman."

Contrasting Peter Nicholas 1 1

Cov thooj yog sau nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub reign ntawm Nicholas 1, uas Pushkin muaj loj neeg pab leg ntaubntawv hais txog kev coj: cov hluav ntawm lub uprising ntawm lub Decembrists, lub creation ntawm tub ceev xwm lub, cov kev taw qhia ntawm ib tug tag nrho-tawm censorship. Yog li ntawd, muaj ntau zaum saib tus txheem ntawm lub zoo reformer Peter 1 reactionary Nicholas 1. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau yam kws tshawb fawb ntawm Pushkin browsing analogy ntawm lub "Bronze Horseman" thiab "Phau Qub." Ib tug series ntawm dej nyab nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, tshwj xeeb yog ntsoog loj heev nyob rau hauv 1824, sim hawm caij nyoog rau tus neeg sau ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov dej nyab, thiaj li ua hauj lwm "Cov Bronze Horseman" daim duab ntawm Peter 1 tooj ntawm xav txuam nrog rau cov duab ntawm Vajtswv (deity), muaj peev xwm mus tsim tau thiab ua kom puas.

Grad Petrov

Txawm li cas los, txawm lub scene meej tau hu ua. Peb nug cov lus nug: "Nyob rau hauv dab tsi nroog yog ib qho kev txiav txim ntawm Pushkin lub paj huam nplooj siab mus rau lub dej nyab nyob rau hauv 1824?" Cov lus nug no mas, kom tso cai rau tsuas yog ib lo lus teb: ntawm chav kawm, nws yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, vim hais tias cov duab ntawm Peter 1 nyob rau hauv lub Pushkin Fine Arts tau yeej ib txwm tau txuam nrog lub zos no. Txawm li cas los, raws li yog yooj yim pom, cov lus teb yog tsis yog li ntawd cov zajlus kom: nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kab ntawm cov paj huam Petersburg yeej tsis hu ua St. Petersburg! Nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia, ib tug yuav piav txog kev qhia: "Peter lub creation" thiab "Lub nroog ntawm Peter" nyob rau hauv thawj ib feem ntawm ib zaug lub npe Petrograd ( "Saum toj no lub clouded Petrograd ...") thiab ib zaug - Petropolis ( "Thiab Petropolis emerged li Triton ... ").

Yog li ntawd, lub nroog no, tab sis nws tsis yog lub tiag tiag St. Petersburg, thiab ib tug mythical nroog ntawm Petra. Txawm nyob rau hauv no lub hauv paus, kev soj ntsuam ntawm Peter 1 duab nyob rau hauv cov paj huam "Lub Bronze Horseman" mythologized. Yog hais tias peb xav txog tag nrho cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub paj huam raws li ib tug tag nrho, Petersburg hais nws peb lub sij hawm - ib zaug nyob rau hauv lub subtitle ( "Petersburg dab neeg") thiab ob zaug - nyob rau hauv prose sau sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev Pushkin muab rau peb kom peb to taub hais tias txawm lub fact tias lub "qhov teeb meem, nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg no piav, raws li nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb", lub nroog nyob rau hauv uas qhov kev txiav txim unfolds nws tus kheej ib tug paj huam, nws yog tsis Petersburg. Ntau precisely, nws tsis yog St. Petersburg - yog nyob rau hauv tej kev txiav txim peb ntau lub zos, txhua tus uas yog ze rau nrog ib tug ntawm cov cim ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm.

zoo siab puab mlom

Lub npe "Peter lub creation" thiab "Lub nroog ntawm Peter" txheeb Peter - lub xwb hero ntawm no ib feem ntawm lub paj huam, thiab Pushkin, Peter zoo nkaus li ib yam ntawm cov deity. Nws yog hais txog qhia nws pej thuam, uas yog, lub ntiajteb no incarnation ntawm lub deity. Rau Pushkin, lub mere tsos ntawm cov monument - ib tug ncaj qha kev ua txhaum ntawm lub commandment "Koj yuav tsum tsis txhob ua rau koj tus kheej ib tug mlom." Ua tau, nws yog li no piav txog cov contradictory cwj pwm mus rau lub monument ntawm tus kws sau paj lug: txawm tag nrho nws cov grandeur, nws yog txaus ntshai, thiab lo lus 'zoo siab ntawm puab cov dluab, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau txais ib tug tseem qhuas kuv thiab.

Cov hauj lwm xam tau tias yog tswv yim hais tias Pushkin losxij Peter 1 raws li ib tug statesman tus txiv. Nyob rau hauv ib tes - nws yog zoo: ib tug reformer, ib tug tub rog, "builder" ntawm St. Petersburg, tus creator ntawm lub fleet. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam - ib tug formidable kav, tej zaum ib tug tyrant thiab ib tug despot. Nyob rau hauv lub paj huam "Lub Bronze Horseman," Pushkin duab ntawm Peter raws li txhais nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev, txhawb rau cov nyob qib ntawm Vajtswv thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm demiurge.

Uas sab Pushkin

Favorite culturologists tsis sib haum yog cov nqe lus nug ntawm uas sympathized nrog Pushkin: Peter hwjchim loj kawg nkaus deified los yog "me ntsis txiv neej" Eugene, nruab nrab yog ib tug yooj yim pej xeem, los ntawm uas muaj me ntsis ywj siab. Nyob rau hauv ib tug poetic masterpiece "Lub Bronze Horseman" piav qhia Peter 1 - revived hwjchim loj kawg nkaus monument - echoes qhov kev piav qhia ntawm lub xeev. Thiab Eugene - nws yog qhov nruab nrab pej xeem, ib tug cog nyob rau hauv ib tug lossis loj lub xeev tshuab. Muaj yog ib tug philosophical contradiction: yog hais tias lub xeev yog admissible nyob rau hauv nws lub zog, ib tug siv zog los tsim dabtsi neej thiab destinies ntawm tus neeg zoo tib mus cuag greatness, ib co ntau dua lub hom phiaj? Tog twg los txhua leej txhua tus - qhov no tus kheej, thiab nws tus kheej lub siab nyiam yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account, txawm nyob rau hauv cov nuj nqis ntawm cov teb chaws?

Pushkin qhia nws meej lub tswv yim yog hais ntawm ncauj los yog nyob rau hauv nqe vaj lug kub. Nws Peter 1 muaj peev xwm sawv ob tsim thiab ua kom puas. Nws Eugene peev xwm ob hlub dearly (poj ntsuam tus ntxhais Parasha) thiab yaj nyob rau hauv cov neeg coob coob, nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm lub nroog, ua ib tug puas ib feem ntawm lub grey loj. Thiab - thaum kawg - yuav tuag. Ob peb authoritative pushkinoveda ntseeg tau hais tias qhov tseeb yog qhov chaw nyob rau hauv nruab nrab: lub xeev tsis muaj nyob tsis muaj txiv neej, tab sis kuj yuav ua raws li cov kev txaus siab ntawm txhua tsis yooj yim sua. Tej zaum nws twb sau ntawv thiab poetic romance.

Peter 1

Peter duab tsis culturologists so. Thaum lub sij hawm Soviet lub sij hawm, lub dogmas twb tsis tau tso cai rau sawv cev rau lub zoo reformer ntawm ib co deity, vim hais tias kev ntseeg twb raug mus rau kev sib thab. Rau tag nrho nws yog ib tug "tham bronze pej thuam ntawm" nyob rau hauv cov neeg muaj mob lub tswv yim ntawm cov hero Eugene narrative. Yog, nws ua ib lub cim, tab sis ib tug sib sib zog nqus tsom xam ntawm lub cim tseem ua rau sib cav tswv yim pundits. Sib piv cov duab ntawm Peter 1 nyob rau hauv lub paj huam "Lub Bronze Horseman" nrog biblical scenes twb fraught.

Tsis tau Pushkin Peter 1 - ib tug bronze pej thuam los yog ib tug Vajtswv? Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov kwv huam ntawm Pushkin Soviet ntawv mus rau lub kab "Idol rau ib tug bronze nees" muaj cov nram qab no saib classics ntawm Pushkin SM Bondi: "Idol nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm Pushkin txhais tau tias" tus pej thuam ". Meanwhile pushkinoveda pom hais tias thaum lo lus" mlom "yog siv nyob rau hauv Pushkin cia, tsis nab tus xeeb ntxwv, nws yuav luag ib txwm txhais tau tias ib tug pej thuam ntawm tus vaj tswv. qhov no qhov teeb meem no yuav tsum havzoov nyob rau hauv ntau verses: "cov kws sau paj lug thiab cov neeg coob coob," "mus kuj zoo kawg tus tswv los", "lub qhov ncauj ntawm Vesuvius qhib ..." thiab lwm tus neeg. Txawm lub Emperor Nicholas 1, tus thuam los ntawm ntawv sau pom qhov teeb meem TVO thiab sau nyob rau hauv lub ntug ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus ntawm cov lus Hlis ntuj nqeg 14 Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1833 Pushkin ua ib qho kev nkag rau hauv ib lub chaw muag mis nyuj, uas tsis yws hlo li hais tias cov huab tais rov qab zaj paj huam nrog lus :. "Lo lus" mlom "yog tsis mus ntsib tsis tau siab tshaj plaws censorship".

biblical

Pereklikanie dluab ntawm Peter thiab lub Bronze Horseman nrog biblical imagery cia nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Qhov no yog qhia los ntawm Revered pushkinoveda Brodotskaya, Arkhangelsk, Tarhov, Goldfinches thiab lwm tus neeg. Poet, hu rider mlom thiab tus mlom, cov ntsiab lus ncaj qha mus rau hauv lub Biblical cim. Nws yog pom hais tias cov duab ntawm Peter communicates lossi Pushkin lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug mighty quab yuam, nyob ze rau Vajtswv, thiab lub ntsiab.

Tsis tsuas yog rau cov duab ntawm Peter 1 nyob rau hauv lub paj huam "Lub Bronze Horseman" yog txuam nrog rau qhov Biblical cim. Eugene - kuj yog ib tug ncaj qha analog ntawm lwm cim ntawm lub hauv Phau Qub - Yauj. Nws npau taws lo lus, nyob rau lub "zizhditelyu ntiaj teb no" (Bronze Horseman) sib haum txoj hauj lwm yws yws ua tawm tsam Vajtswv, tab sis tus caum qab ntawm ib tug formidable undead rider tsa lub phenomenon ntawm "Vajtswv nyob rau hauv lub cua daj cua dub" nyob rau hauv lub "Phau Ntawv Hauj Lwm".

Tab sis, yog hais tias Peter - Phau Qub Vajtswv, Pej thuam Falcone - hloov nws nrog ib tug pagan mlom, cov dej nyab ntawm 1824 - ib tug biblical dej nyab. Tsawg kawg raws li bold cov lus xaus los ntawm cov kws txawj.

Kev rau txim rau txoj kev txhaum

Muaj lwm cov yam ntxwv ntawm Peter. "Lub Bronze Horseman" tsis yog ib tug zoo ua hauj lwm, yog hais tias nws yog li yooj yim yuav decipher. Cov soj ntsuam ntawm pom tias tus uas caij tus sawv nyob rau hauv sab ntawm lub irresistible quab yuam ntawm cov xwm raws li ib tug quab yuam rau txim Eugene tej kev txhaum. nws yog txaus ntshai. Nws yog surrounded los ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj, muaj yog muab zais ib tug loj loj thiab muaj lub logic ntawm Pushkin tus piav qhia ntawm kev phem quab yuam, reared Russia.

Tus naj npawb nyob rau hauv cov paj huam Tus Bronze Horseman yog txiav txim los ntawm cov duab ntawm nws keeb kwm txiav txim, lub essence ntawm cov uas - cov kev kub ntxhov inexorably, lub inhumanity ntawm unprecedented scale nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm nws nquag npaj los ntawm kev txom nyem thiab kev txi. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub Bronze Horseman lus dag vim li cas rau nws disastrous ntiaj teb no implacable ua yeebncuab ntawm cov pob zeb thiab cov dej, uas yog qhia los ntawm ib tug cia li nkag mus rau hauv lub finals tom qab ib tug utopian daim duab ntawm lub majestic, zoo nkauj, siab dav lawg match nrog Russia.

Pushkin raws li ib tug yaj saub

Rethinking ua hauj lwm, los txog rau lub siab, hais tias ntawm kev phem deeds yuav tau them. Ntawd ces yog tooj liab, Peter nco caij ntawm lub Apocalypse, ua pauj. Tej zaum Pushkin hinted Tsar Nicholas 1 nyob rau inevitability ntawm txim, hais tias "sow lub cua, sau cua daj cua dub."

Historians hu lub revolt ntawm lub Decembrists harbinger ntawm lub 1917 kiv puag ncig. 1 Nicholas brutally suppressed dissent: lub ib feem ntawm lub Decembrists twb hanged, feem ntau nyob lub neej convicts nyob rau hauv Siberia. Txawm li cas los, cov kev sib raug zoo dab uas coj mus rau lub uprising, cov tub ceev xwm twb tsis coj mus rau hauv tus account. Paub tab teeb meem contradictions, ib nrab xyoo tom qab txoj siav lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm tsarism. Nyob rau hauv lub teeb, Pushkin tshwm raws li ib tug yaj saub, predrekshy indomitable pej xeem nqe lus no, uas flooded lub "Lub nroog ntawm Peter", thiab Peter nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub guise ntawm tooj liab tau ua sib pauj xwb.

xaus

Nws yog tsis yooj yim yog lub paj huam "Lub Bronze Horseman". Peter duab yog tsis tshua muaj contradictory, daim zajlus thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, tej yam yooj yim thiab ntshiab, tiam sis cov ntawv nyeem yog tag nrho ntawm qhia tau meej heev thiab thaum cov cim. Tsis yog lub caij nyoog cov khoom nruj me ntsis censored thiab tsis sai li sai tau luam tawm.

Cov paj huam muaj ob lub ntsiab kab ntawm kev loj hlob nrog rau lub hmoo ntawm lub nroog ntawm Peter thiab Eugene hmoo. Nyob rau hauv ancient myths xwb muaj ntau ntau yam kev qhia txog ntawm yuav ua li cas lub gods puas lub nroog, lub teb chaws, cov neeg feem ntau raws li ib tug rau txim rau kev phem tus cwj pwm. Ntawm no thiab nyob rau hauv lub "Petersburg dab neeg" Pushkin twb tsis siv lub transformation ntawm no tswvyim: Peter, sawv cev rau demiurge, xeeb tub kev tsim kho ntawm lub nroog xwb nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem zoo. Lub transformation ntawm qhov, nyob rau hauv lub xaus ntawm lub Neva dej nyob rau hauv pob zeb rau hauv lub analogy nrog cov pom ntawm lub xeev, nrog rau cov kev taw qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb heev dab nyob rau hauv lub majestic kawg.

Txawm li cas los, cov duab-kev tshwm sim-system ntawm cov paj huam qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas thiab vim li cas cov creation dhau mus ua ib tug kev puas tsuaj. Thiab qhov no yog kev cob cog rua nrog lub essence ntawm cov Bronze Horseman, uas yog xwm los ntawm Pushkin, saum toj no tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv lub rov pom Eugene, ntws mus rau hauv lub scene ntawm nws kev tsim txom revived pej thuam. Tsev fuabtais, ua rau lub xaiv daim av los ntawm cov xwm, thaum kawg muaj pov thawj yuav tsum tau nyab "Elemental Paub".

Pushkin yog ib tug yaj saub? Yuav ua li cas motives coj nws mus rau sau xws li ib tug complex contradictory creation? Yuav ua li cas nws xav hais rau cov txawj nyeem ntawv? Qhov no yuav cam tiam Pushkin kws tshawb fawb, tej kev sau ntawv critics, historians thiab philosophers. Tab sis li cas yog ib qho tseem ceeb - uas yuav ua rau cov paj huam ib qho kev nyeem ntawv, ib tug cog tsis muaj uas lub xeev tshuab yuav npleem.