Gravitational cev qhuav dej. Neutron hnub qub. dub qhov

Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, muaj ntau ntau amazing tej yam uas ua nyob rau hauv tshiab hnub qub tshwm sim, ploj hauv cov qub thiab tsim dub qhov. Ib tug ntawm cov kuj zoo kawg thiab mysterious phenomena nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm cov gravitational cev qhuav dej, uas ua tiav evolution ntawm cov hnub qub.

Stellar evolution - nws hloov lub voj voog mus los ntawm lub hnub qub thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm nws lub neej (lab los yog billions xyoo). Thaum hydrogen therein xaus thiab dhau mus ua Helium, Helium nucleus yog tsim, thiab lub chaw tus kwv pib hloov mus rau hauv lub liab giant - lig-hom hnub qub, uas muaj ib tug high luminosity. Lawv cov luj yuav ntau tshaj 70 lub sij hawm qhov loj ntawm lub hnub. Heev kaj supergiants yog hu ua cus giants. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau high brightness, lawv muaj ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm ntawm cov hav zoov.

Lub essence ntawm lub cev qhuav dej

Qhov no tshwm sim yog pom tias yuav muaj rau thaum xaus point ntawm cov evolution ntawm cov hnub qub uas nws luj yog ntau tshaj li peb hnub ci masses (Sun nyhav). Qhov no tus nqi yog siv nyob rau hauv astronomy thiab physics los mus txiav txim tus luj ntawm lwm cosmic lub cev. Lub cev qhuav dej tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub rooj plaub thaum lub gravitational rog ua enormous cosmic lub cev loj loj heev ceev ceev shrinking.

Nyob rau hauv cov hnub qub luj ntawm ntau tshaj peb hnub ci masses muaj txaus cov ntaub ntawv uas rau nws kim heev fusion tshua. Thaum lub substance xaus, nres thiab cov thermonuclear cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab cov hnub qub cease yuav mechanically ruaj khov. Qhov no ua rau lub fact tias lawv nyob supersonic speeds pib ntsws mus rau qhov chaw.

neutron hnub qub

Thaum lub hnub qub yog compressed, nws leads mus rau hauv siab. Yog hais tias nws hlob txaus quab yuam kom txhob lub gravitational contraction, nws ua ib tug neutron lub hnub qub.

Tej txheej cev muaj ib tug yooj yim qauv. Nws yog li ntawm ib tug tub ntxhais uas npog lub tawv, thiab nws, nyob rau hauv lem, yog tsim ntawm electrons thiab atomic nuclei. Nws thickness yog kwv yees li 1 km thiab yog tus nyias thaum piv nrog rau lwm lub cev, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov chaw.

Nyhav neutron hnub qub yog lub hnub ceeb thawj. Qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov voos kheej-kheej ntawm lawv me me - tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 20 km. Hauv lawv hnov mob nrog txhua lwm yam atomic nuclei, li no txoj kev, nuclear teeb meem. Nws yog siab los ntawm nws tog tsis muab ib tug neutron lub hnub qub rau cov ntsws ntxiv. Qhov no hnub qub hom yus muaj los ntawm ib tug heev muab ceev. Lawv yog cov tau ua pua pua ntawm revolutions ib muaj ib tug thib ob. Nws pib cov txheej txheem ntawm kev yug me nyuam ntawm ib tug supernova, uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm lub gravitational cev qhuav dej ntawm ib lub hnub qub.

supernovae

Supernova yog ib tug tshwm sim Star ceev hloov ntawm brightness. Tom ntej no, lub hnub qub pib maj mam thiab maj ploj tam sim ntawd. Yog li xaus rau lub xeem theem ntawm gravitational cev qhuav dej. Tag nrho cataclysm nrog los ntawm ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm lub zog.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb tau pom qhov no tshwm sim tsuas yog tom qab lub fact. Lub teeb nce mus txog rau hauv lub ntiaj tom qab ib tug ntev lub sij hawm tom qab lub phaum tshwm sim. Nws yog qhov ua rau ntawm cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim rau qhov xwm ntawm supernovae.

Cua txias ntawm neutron hnub qub

Tom qab kaw ntawm lub gravitational compression, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug neutron lub hnub qub tsim, nws kub siab heev (ntau tshaj li qhov kub ntawm lub hnub). Star cools los ntawm neutrino txias.

Tsis pub dhau ob peb feeb, lawv kub tej zaum yuav poob los ntawm 100 lub sij hawm. Nyob rau tom ntej no puas xyoo - txawm 10 lub sij hawm. Tom qab Star luminosity txo nws txias txheej txheem yog slowed down considerably.

Oppenheimer-Volkoff txwv

Nyob rau hauv ib tes, qhov no daim duab qhia tau hais tias lub siab tshaj plaws tau luj ntawm lub neutron lub hnub qub nyob rau hauv uas lub ntiajteb txawj nqus yog compensated neutron roj. Nws tsis muab ib lub sij hawm mus xaus lub tsos ntawm gravitational cev qhuav dej ntawm ib tug dub qhov. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, yog li ntawd-hu ua txwv-Oppenheimer Volkova yog ob qho tib si sab Harbor hnyav dub qhov uas raug tsim thaum lub sij hawm stellar evolution.

Vim ib tug xov tooj ntawm inaccuracies nws yog ib qhov nyuaj los mus txiav txim rau lub caij nyoog muaj nqis ntawm no parameter. Txawm li cas los, nws yog lam xav hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv lub chav los ntawm 2.5 mus rau 3 suns. Thaum no tus taw tes, zaum hais tias cov heaviest neutron lub hnub qub yog tus J0348 + 0432. Nws yuag yog ntau tshaj ob hnub ci masses. Tus luj ntawm lub lightest dub qhov yog 5-10 hnub ci masses. Astrophysicists hais tias cov ntaub ntawv no yog kev sim thiab thov tsuas mus rau cov tam sim no lub npe hu neutron hnub qub thiab dub qhov, thiab muab cov lub hav zoov ntawm ntau loj heev.

dub qhov

Cov dub qhov - nws yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau amazing phenomena uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Nws yog ib cheeb tsam ntawm qhov chaw-lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv uas lub gravitational attraction tsis pub txhua yam kom tau tawm ntawm nws. Cia nws yuav tsis txawm lub cev, uas tau tsiv mus nyob rau ntawm cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb (xws li photons ntawm lub teeb). Kom txog rau thaum 1967, dub qhov, hu ua "frozen hnub qub," "collapsar" thiab "collapsed lub hnub qub."

Nyob rau hauv ib tug dub qhov yog qhov opposite. Nws hu ua ib tug dawb qhov. Raws li peb paub, los ntawm cov dub qhov yog tsis yooj yim sua rau kev khiav. Raws li rau cov dawb, ces lawv yuav tsis tau penetrated.

Sib nrug los ntawm lub gravitational cev qhuav dej, ua rau tus tsim ntawm ib tug dub qhov yuav cev qhuav dej ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub galaxy los yog protogalactic qhov muag. Muaj kuj yog ib tug kev tshawb xav tias dub qhov yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm lub Big Bang, raws li zoo raws li peb ntiaj chaw. Zaum hu lawv thawj.

Nyob rau hauv peb galaxy, muaj ib tug dub qhov, uas, raws li astrophysicists, twb tsim los ntawm lub gravitational cev qhuav dej ntawm supermassive khoom. Zaum hais tias cov qhov rau cov tub ntxhais txheej galaxies.

Astronomers ntawm lub tebchaws United States hais tias qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov loj dub qhov yuav tsum tau significantly underestimated. Lawv xav yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub fact tias mus cuag cov hnub qub uas ceev uas lawv tsiv mus nyob los ntawm galaxy M87 nyob 50 lab teeb xyoo los ntawm peb ntiaj chaw, qhov loj ntawm lub dub qhov ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub galaxy M87 yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog 6.5 billion hnub ci masses. Thaum lub caij, raws li nws yog lam xav hais tias tus luj ntawm lub loj dub qhov yog 3 billion hnub ci masses, uas yog ntau tshaj li ob lub sij hawm tsawg.

Synthesis of dub qhov

Nws yog theorized hais tias cov khoom tej zaum yuav tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm nuclear kev tig cev. Zaum tau muab lawv lub npe ntawm quantum dub khoom plig. Lawv yam tsawg kawg nkaus txoj kab uas hla ntawm 10 ^-18 m, thiab qhov tsawg tshaj plaws hnyav - 10 ^-5 nroog

Lub Loj Hadron Collider ua tau rau lub synthesis ntawm me me dub qhov. Nws twb assumed tias nrog nws yuav tsum tau tsis tsuas coj los ua ke rau hauv lub dub qhov, tab sis kuj yuav simulate Big Bang, uas yuav recreate tus txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev ua ib plurality ntawm qhov chaw cov khoom, xws li ntiaj chaw lub ntiaj teb. Txawm li cas los, cov xyaum ua tej yam ua tsis tau tejyam, vim hais tias lub hwj chim los tsim dub qhov tsis txaus.