Ghent Altarpiece: Cov Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm lub thaj thiab daim duab

Cathedral ntawm Saint Bavo nyob rau hauv lub Belgian nroog ntawm Ghent yog lub ntiaj teb no-nrov ua tsaug rau nws cov thaj - lub loj tshaj masterpiece ntawm thaum ntxov Renaissance painting ntawm lub sij hawm, qhov kev siv ntawm cov Flemish artist Yanom Van Åke. Hom nees nkaum plaub panels depicting ob puas thiab tsib caug yim tib neeg cov nuj nqis, Ghent Altarpiece nkag mus hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm cov kos duab keeb kwm raws li ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj tej hauj lwm ntawm nws era.

cov kwv tij painters

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Ghent Altarpiece pib nyob rau hauv 1417, thaum tus muaj nyiaj uas nyob ntawm lub nroog ntawm Ghent Jos Veidt kom nws ob tug kwv tij - ntxias Hubert thiab Yanu Van Eykam - mus nws lub tsev lub tsev teev ntuj, uas tom qab ua lub feem ntau dawb huv cathedral Bova, qhov twg lub masterpiece yog tam sim no. Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv peb yeej paub hais tias tus neeg muas zaub thiab nws tus poj niam Isabella Borlyut, muaj nyob ib lub neej ntev ua ke, tseem childless, thiab, paub txog tias kev thov Vajtswv rau cov repose tom qab kev tuag lawv tej ntsuj plig yuav tsis muaj ib tug sim mus ua rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm xws li ib tug lub siab dawb siab txiaj ntsim ntawm kev thov Vajtswv.

Raws li historians thiab kos duab historians, laus tus kwv tij - Hubert - nws koom nyob rau hauv xwb nws thaum ntxov rau theem, yog li ntawd, lub authorship ntawm lub loj loj luaj li cas tej hauj lwm ntaus nqi yuav luag heev dua lwm yam rau nws tus kwv Ian. Ntaub ntawv hais txog nws lub neej es stingy. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nws tau yug los nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Maaseik nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb Netherlands, tab sis lub caij nyoog hnub nws biographers hu ua ib lub poob, ntseeg tsuas yog hais tias nws yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv hais txog 1385-1390 xyoo.

Jan van Eyck, ib tug self-portrait uas yog hais thaum pib ntawm tsab xov xwm, kawm painting nrog nws tus tij laug Hubert thiab kuj ua hauj lwm nrog nws kom txog thaum nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1426. Nws saib yog paub hais tias cov nws lub contemporaries, nws nyiam zoo zoo raws li ib tug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntxias, tiam sis peb yuav tsis txiav txim txog nws kev ua hauj lwm, vim hais tias tsis muaj leej twg ntawm lawv twb dim rau hnub no. Raws li rau John, nws tej txuj ci tau menyuam nplua nuj neeg ntawm lub sij hawm - Duke of Burgundy Philip II, uas ua rau nws nws lub tsev hais plaub cov neeg pleev kob thiab tsis skimp on lub dav nqi. Tawm ntawm lub neej Jan van Eyck, raws li ib txhia qhov chaw, nyob rau hauv 1441, thiab nyob rau lwm yam - nyob rau hauv 1442-m. Nws yog mus rau nws thiab nug Jos Veidt xav ua zoo npaum li cas rau nws haiv neeg Ghent.

Jan van Eyck: Lub Ghent altarpiece. piav qhia

Thaj neeb, nyob rau hauv lo lus nug, yog ib tug polyptych, uas yog ib tug loj loj folding, muaj raws ntawm cais panels, pleev xim rau ntawm ob sab. Tus tsim tso cai rau koj mus kho nws raws li ib tug qhib los yog kaw daim ntawv. Nws tag nrho qhov siab yog sib npaug zos rau peb thiab ib nrab hnub, thiab cov dav - tsib meters. Qhov no imposing qauv nyhav ntau tshaj ib tug ton.

Lub scenes xwm li nyob rau lub thaj ntawm lub tis thiab lub hauv paus feem ntawd, yog ib tug series ntawm biblical scenes, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv nyob rau hauv uas lawv txhais los ntawm lub Catholics. Nws zoo nkaus li ua ntej cov neeg tuaj saib ib tug series ntawm paintings los ntawm qub thiab Phau Tshiab, txij thaum pib muaj Adas thiab xaus nrog lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub sacrificial tuag thiab lub adoration ntawm tus Me Nyuam Yaj. Cov kev muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog kuj yog ib tug heev muaj tiag ua portraits neeg thiab nws tus poj niam.

Ghent Altarpiece, ib tug yees duab uas yog nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, yog ib tug heev qauv. Nyob rau hauv nws lub central ib feem ntawm ib daim duab ntawm Vajtswv Leej Txiv, uas tso rau lub zwm txwv. Nyob rau nws muaj ntshav tsho tshaj sab ntawm lub pov thawj thiab cov papal tiara. Nyob rau hauv kub ribbon adorning lub hauv siab, koj yuav tau nyeem cov lo lus "fwjchim luj kawg nkaus" - yog lub npe ntawm Vajtswv, tus uas tsim lub qab ntuj khwb. Nyob rau ntawm ob sab ntawm nws lub xam ntawm tus ntxhais nkauj xwb Mary thiab Ioanna Krestitelya. Ntau cov tubtxib saum ntuj yog xwm li nyob rau tib theem, ua si seev suab paj nruas, thiab thaum kawg, thaum lub npoo - liab qab nuj nqis ntawm Adas thiab Eva.

Tom qab ntawm ib tug scene ntawm kev pe hawm ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Me Nyuam Yaj, symbolizing Yexus Khetos. Yuav kom nws muaj plaub sab mus coj tus txheej txheem, muaj raws ntawm ob biblical cim, thiab ntawm cov neeg ntseeg, qhuas Vajtswv nyob rau hauv lub tom qab lub sij hawm. Ntawm lawv yog cov thinly veiled nuj nqis ntawm cov yaj saub, cov thwj tim, martyrs, thiab txawm lub kws sau paj lug Virgil. Sab flaps ntawm lub hauv qab kab kuj them nrog cov dluab ntawm lub processions ntawm cov neeg ntseeg.

duab muaj tiag cim

Ghent Altarpiece, lub keeb kwm ntawm creation ntawm uas yog txuam nrog rau cov private kev txiav txim, kev lig kev cai ntawm cov xyoo khaws cia nyob rau hauv lawv cov panels thiab cov dluab ntawm cov neeg, uas nws cov nyiaj nws tau tsim. Cov no yog cov portraits ntawm Jos Veidt thiab nws tus poj niam Isabella Borlyut sau nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev uas tus tuav pom lawv tsuas yog thaum lub flaps raug kaw. Ob dluab, rau cov uas muaj teeb meem, tus so ntawm lub daim no yog ua los nrog ciav realism thiab tawm tsis muaj tsis ntseeg tias qhov no yog ib tug portrait nta ntawm lub neej.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm Yana Van Eyck, thiab lawv tam sim no paub ntau tshaj ib xyoo pua, ntaus scrupulous mloog kom meej, tshwj xeeb yog hnov rau reproductions ua siv makrofoto. Ghent Altarpiece uas yuav pab raws li ib tug zaj lus piv txwv. Nws suffices yuav tau xav txog daim duab ntawm Ioanna Krestitelya, kom paub tseeb tias cov phau ntawv nws tuas nyob rau hauv nws txhais tes, sau tawm nyob rau hauv kom meej li hais tias nws yog ib qho yooj yim los mus ua kom tawm rau ib tug neeg cov tsiaj ntawv nyob rau hauv nws cov nplooj ntawv. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias cov artist tom qab nws tus kwv tij tuag rau kaum xyoo txuas ntxiv mus cais puab thiab Nkij los txuam rau cov neeg tawg tsam Ghent Altarpiece tsim los ntawm nws (1426-1442). Jan van Eyck, qhov no ua hauj lwm coj mus rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws painters ntawm nws era.

Keeb kwm, unmatched

Ghent Altarpiece Yana Van Eyck muaj ib zaj dab neeg nyob rau hauv cov kev kawm uas yuav tsis tau tawm ib spectacular qhia. Cov soj ntsuam ntawm suav hais tias tshaj rau puas dab neeg masterpiece nrog nws tsug kaum peb teeb meem txhaum cai twb txuas. Nws tsis yog abducted, nyiag thiab openly exported, lawv tau sim muag, pub, hlawv thiab tawg. Nws tshaaj nyob rau hauv lub tsev khaws thiab caching. Tab sis txoj hmoo yuav muaj nws, tom qab tag nrho cov ordeals lub vajvoog ntawm nws wanderings ua raug rho tawm nyob rau hauv nws cov haiv neeg Ghent, qhov uas nws tseem mus hnub no.

Lub era ntawm kev cai dab qhuas kev tsov kev rog

Ib zaug nyob rau 1432, ua hauj lwm rau lub thaj tiav lawm, nws siv nees nkaum-yim xyoo yog nyob rau hauv kev sib haum xeeb, arousing kev cai dab qhuas txoj kev xav ntawm lub koom txoos. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1460, ib tug me me thiab hitherto twj ywm Flanders los ua tus scene ntawm ntshav battles ntawm Catholics thiab Protestants, nkag mus rau hauv ib lub relentless nriaj.

Yeej nyob rau hauv no ua tsov rog yeej Protestants, uas yog tus thawj loj xeem rau lub thaj. Qhov tseeb yog, followers ntawm Calvin - ardent iconoclasts, thiab capturing lub nroog, lawv pib mercilessly rhuav tshem cov Catholic churches, rhuav tseg tag nrho cov kev cai dab qhuas dluab, xws li paintings thiab sculptures. Thaj neeb dim tsuas yog hais tias nws twb rhuav nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm thiab feem ntau ntsaws tseg nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntauwd, qhov uas nws tau khaws cia rau peb lub xyoos.

Thaum cov hmoov av tswm, thiab kev tsoo vaj tse yoj subsided, lub winners pom, thaum kawg, Ghent Altarpiece, thiab teem tawm mus muab nws poj huab tais Elizabeth nyob rau hauv ris txiaj rau lub British tub rog kev pab. By yuam kev nkag teb chaws tej yam qub qab dim tsuas yog los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias lub qub txeeg qub teg Jos Veidt neeg influential tsis tsuas yog cov Catholics, tiam sis kuj nrog lawv kev cai dab qhuas tw.

Nrog teeb meem loj, lawv kuj muaj peev xwm mus tiv thaiv kom txhob no mus tom ntej. Nyob rau hauv hais lub thaj tsis mus, tab sis kom nws nyob rau hauv lub Cathedral ntawm cov Calvinists yog tsis tau tso cai. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ib tug hais nruab nrab twb mus txog - rhuav rau hauv nyias muaj nyias ib thooj, nws yog ib tug sau ntawm paintings, dai kom zoo nkauj hauv lub zos nrog, uas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev xaiv rau nws, raws li nws kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg.

Nyob rau hauv 1581 nyob rau hauv Ghent dua pib lub bloodshed rau kev cai dab qhuas thaj av, tab sis lub sij hawm no cov tub rog kev vam meej tau hloov lub Protestants. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub Northern Netherlands, Flanders los ua ib tug Catholic. Los ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim Ghent Altarpiece Yana Van Eyck yog rov qab nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Lub sij hawm no nws tsis thab rau ob puas xyoo, tsis tau tsis tau mus xyuas Gent mus nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, cov Austrian huab tais Yauxej II.

insulted kev coj dawb huv

Qhov no plaub caug-xyoo laus, thiab tsis yog tus txiv neej yog ib tug txaus ntshai bore thiab ib tug neeg siab phem li. Nws txo yog outraged saib ntawm liab qab nuj nqis ntawm Adas thiab Eva. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li tsis mus lwj kev sib raug zoo nrog xws li ib tug high-moralist, sash nrog immodest dluab dismantled thiab muab rau muab tso rau hauv lub tsev lub qub txeeg qub teg ntawm lub qub tswv.

Los ntawm txoj kev, saib tom hauv ntej, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias txawm nyob rau hauv ib tug kuj nqaim-minded peb lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv 1865, muaj ib tug ntau zus ib ntawm morality ntawm cov high-qeb duas ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau ntawm nws thov lub yav dhau los cov duab ntawm Adas thiab Evas hloov los ntawm tshiab sawv daws yuav, qhov twg rau thawj tib neeg pog koob yawg koob adorned hnav khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv ib co unthinkable tawv, xws li ib tug dais.

Nyob rau hauv captivity ntawm Napoleon

Cov tom ntej no mishap befallen Ghent Altarpiece nyob rau hauv 1792. Yog tuav ces nyob rau hauv Napoleon cov tub rog unceremoniously rhuav nws thiab lub hauv paus yog ib feem raug xa mus rau Paris, qhov chaw uas lawv tau tshaaj ntawm lub Louvre. Pom lawv, Napoleon yog zoo siab thiab xav tias kheev lam muaj ib tug ua tiav set.

Txawm li cas los, thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no cov nom tswv qhov teeb meem hloov, thiab npeeg nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv teb chaws lub teb chaws tag nrho cov uas tau attracted, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua. Ces nws caw kom cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Ghent, nyob rau hauv pauv rau cov uas ploj lawm ib feem ntawm lub thaj ob peb paintings los ntawm Rubens, tab sis twb tsis kam. Nws yog txoj cai kev txiav txim siab, raws li nyob rau hauv 1815, tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Napoleon, tus neeg nyiag ib feem ntawm lub thaj rov qab mus rau nws cov rightful qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub Cathedral ntawm Saint Bavo.

Kev txhaum lub tsev teev ntuj vicar

Tab sis qhov no yog nws misfortunes tsis xaus muaj. Tshiab impetus mus rau lawv los ntawm lub vicar ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Qhov no yog kom meej meej ib cleric muaj teeb meem nrog lub yim lo lus txib ntawm Vajtswv, uas hais tias: "Nej yuav tsum tsis txhob nyiag." Raug ntxias los, nws tau nyiag ib feem ntawm lub panels thiab muag lawv antique lub Nivenhosu, uas ua ke nrog rau cov collector Sallie resold lawv mus rau lub Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III, raws li zoo nws tsis yig mus muab nyiag lawm khoom nyob rau hauv nws lub Kaiser Muzeum.

Thaum pib ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua ntej Germans nkag mus hauv Belgium, undertook cov kev tshawb fawb rau cov seem qhov chaw ntawm lub thaj ntawm Ghent. Qhov zoo ces, lub tswv yim npaj ua tub sab tiv thaiv tau tus canon ntawm lub Cathedral ntawm St. Bavo van qhoc chaw nkaum Gein. Nrog nws cov plaub pab nws rhuav Ghent Altarpiece thiab feem ntau ntsaws tseg nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj kev ruaj ntseg qho chaw, qhov twg nws thiab khaws cia kom txog rau thaum 1918. Tom qab tsov rog, raws li nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob ntawm lub Versailles Treaty, tau rov qab mus rau nws cov rightful qhov chaw, thiab cov neeg yav tas los raug nyiag lawm yawm, yuav tus Vajntxwv ntawm Prussia.

irreparable poob

Tab sis nws tsis yog ib txwm taug txuj kev nyuaj twb yog li kaj siab lug. Lwm tub sab tub nyiag tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1934. Ces zoo nyob rau hauv mysterious yam tis thaj nrog rau cov duab ntawm lub Procession kev ntawm cov neeg ncaj ncees txiav txim. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hnub tim 11, thiab tom qab xya thiab ib nrab lub hlis ntawm mus saib xyuas neeg nyob ntawm Ghent Arsène Kudertir, dag rau hauv nws deathbed, lees hais tias nws yog nws leej twg ua phem tub sab tub nyiag, thiab txawm muaj ib qho chaw nkaum nyiag lawm. Txawm li cas los, qhov no cache yog empty. Nrhiav tsis tau thiab ua tsis tau tejyam, thiab cov uas ploj lawm ib feem twb tsis ntev hloov los ntawm ib tug daim ntawv ua los ntawm cov artist van ua dawb Fekenom.

Nyob rau lub verge ntawm txoj kev tuag

Tab sis qhov tseem mob siab heev lub sij hawm ntawm nws keeb kwm kev cob cog rua nrog lub xyoo ntawm lub ob ntiaj teb rog. Belgian fascists xav los qhia Hitler dlej qhia. Tom qab ib co rog xav txog, nws twb txiav txim siab los muab ib tug masterpiece, uas adorned lawv lub zos Jan van Eyck. Ghent Altarpiece ib zaug dua dismantled thiab npaum li cas los tsheb mus rau Fabkis, qhov uas nws twb khaws cia rau tej lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev fuabtais ntawm Pau.

Nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 1942, lub German High kom tsom impatience thiab demanded rau accelerate lub hloov lwm lub tsev mus rau lawv ntawm lub thaj. Rau lub hom phiaj no, nws raug coj mus rau Paris, qhov chaw uas nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm tau ua tiav nrog ib tug loj batch ntawm tsev cia puav pheej tseem ceeb, npaj rau zaub mov xa tuaj rau lub teb chaws Yelemees. Ib tug ntawm cov teev twb npaj rau Hitler lub tsev cia puav pheej nyob rau hauv Linz, thiab lwm yam - mus rau koj tus kheej sau los ntawm Goering. Lub thaj tseem twb pauv mus rau Bavaria thiab muab tso rau hauv lub Neuschwanstein tsev fuabtais.

Muaj nws nyob kom txog thaum lub kawg ntawm tsov rog, thaum nyob rau hauv 1945 lub German hais kom tau tsis tau txiav txim siab hais txog qhov kev faus kos duab treasures nyob rau hauv lub tso tseg mines ntawm Salzburg. Rau lub hom phiaj no, crates nrog tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab, nrog rau lawv cov neeg nyob rau hauv uas muaj yog Ghent Altarpiece, twb muab zais deep underground. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, thaum lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Peb Reich ua inevitable, lub tsev hauv paus ntawm lub Rosenberg tau txais ib qho kev txiav txim rau lawv puas tsuaj.

Txoj hmoo ntawm pua pua ntawm masterpieces daws nyob rau hauv ib tug ob peb feeb ua ntej lub tawg, thaum twg, muaj siv ib tug ci ntsa iab lub lag luam, lub kuv Austrian yuav guerrillas. Vim lawv heroism cawm ntau paintings ntawm cov qub masters, cov uas yog tus brainchild ntawm cov artist los ntawm lub npe ntawm Jan van Eyck. Ghent Altarpiece, txuj ci tseem ceeb dim txoj kev tuag, twb coj rau Munich thiab ces mus rau nws lub tsev nyob rau hauv Ghent. Txawm li cas los, nws rightful qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub Cathedral ntawm Saint Bavo, nws coj xwb plaub caug xyoo tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1986.

City Museum

Niaj hnub no kuj me me luaj li cas ntawm cov Belgian nroog ntawm Ghent glorify lub npe ntawm ob tug poj ntxias - Charles de Coster, uas tau sau nws tsis txawj tuag "Txog Eulenspiegel" thiab Yana Van Eyck, uas tsim lub Ghent Altarpiece. Hauj lwm ntawm cov loj tshaj artistic tus nqi nyob rau hauv nws cov khoom muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntawv qhia kev.

Gent, uas yog kom txog thaum lub XVI caug xyoo, lub thib ob loj tshaj plaws nyob tom qab Paris, European lub nroog, hnub no tau poob nws cov qub tseem ceeb. Nws pejxeem tsuas yog 240 txhiab. Txiv neej. Yog li ntawd Belgians sim ua kom muaj ib tug neeg twg cov duab ntawm lub nroog museum, lub saib ntawm tus naas ej survivor tag nrho cov muaj hnub nyoog thiab cov kev piam sij ntawm lub thaj, raws li zoo raws li tej hauj lwm los ntawm nyuab ntawm txawv eras rau zaub nyob rau hauv lub nroog Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Fine Arts.