Feofan Grek: ib tug icon ntawm "Our pojniam ntawm Don"

Nyob rau hauv 1370 nws tuaj ntawm Byzantium thiab tswm nyob rau hauv Novgorod peb caug icon neeg pleev kob lub npe Theophane. Novgorod muab nws lub npe menyuam yaus cov Greek - thiab nws yog ib lub chaw yug yog zoo sib xws, thiab lub Lavxias teb sab lo lus tswv lossi tsis meej pem nrog lub Greek. Thaum yuav foom koob hmoov rau, nws pib painting Hloov Hlo lub tsev teev ntuj uas sawv ntawm Ilyina txoj kev, tsom kev xav tsis thoob ua ntej lub qhov muag ntawm Novgorod raws li zoo dluab ntawm lub primeval rog uas ruaj nws lub hwjchim ci ntsa iab, tsis pomerknuvshaya rau tam sim no hnub.

Iconographer s Bosfora shores

Nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm Feofana Greka tseem me ntsis cov lus qhia. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nws tau mus rau lub Volkhov mus rau lub Volga nyob rau hauv Nizhny Novgorod, thiab ces nyob rau hauv lub Serpukhov thiab Kolomna, kom txog rau thaum thaum kawg nws hais nyob rau hauv Moscow. Tab sis qhov txhia chaw, peb txog qhov twg nws qhia ko taw, tawm hauv qab ib tug beautifully pleev xim rau lub tuam tsev ntsuam xyuas nyob rau lub tsev teev ntuj cov phau ntawv thiab icons uas tau ua unattainable qauv rau ntau tiam ntawm ntxias.

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias los ntawm lub sij hawm thaum nws nyob thiab ua hauj lwm Feofan Grek, yog rau centuries, peb tau dim ntau yam ntawm nws tej hauj lwm. Qhov no painting twb hais Novgorod Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm txoj kev Hloov Hlo, thiab cov frescoes ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv lub Kremlin cathedrals - thawj tubtxib saum ntuj thiab Annunciation thiab lub Koom Txoos ntawm Our pojniam lub Nativity. Tab sis lwm yam tshaj li hais tias nyob rau hauv lub txhab nyiaj ntawm lub teb chaws kos duab muaj kev sau nws txhuam icon, nto moo tshaj plaws uas yog cov duab ntawm lub Blessed nkauj xwb niam mab liab, mus cia nyob rau hauv keeb kwm li "ntxhais nkauj xwb cov Don."

Khoom plig rau tub huabtais Dmitry Donskoy

Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm no nto moo tshaj plaws wizard tseem me ntsis yog paub hais tias cov critics portrayed ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev xav nyob rau hauv lub hnub thiab qhov chaw uas sau tsab ntawv. Muaj txawm lub skeptics, sim cam tus authorship ntawm Theophanes (nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim, tus dawb huv ntsej muag pleev xim rau los ntawm ib tug ntawm nws cov menyuam kawm ntawv). Txawm li cas los, rau ib ntev lub sij hawm uas muaj ib tug kev lig kev cai yuav tsum tau sib npaug raws li nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntaub ntawv thiab nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj kev lig kev cai, raws li uas nws Feofan Grek tsim no masterpiece, thiab tau ua li ntawd kom txog rau thaum 1380.

Vim li cas thiaj? Cov lus teb yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv lub "keeb kwm piav qhia ntawm lub Moscow Donskoy Monastery", tso ua ke nyob rau hauv 1865 los ntawm tus naas ej historian I. E. Zabelinym. Nyob rau nws cov nplooj ntawv, tus sau quotes ib tug ancient sau, uas hais txog yuav ua li cas ua ntej sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikov Cossacks coj cov neeg pej xeem Duke Dmitriyu Donskomu cov duab ntawm lub Blessed nkauj xwb niam mab liab, uas los ntawm lub heev poj huab tais ntawm Saum Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej tso lub Orthodox pab tub rog muaj zog thiab ua siab loj rau kev kov yeej kev villains.

Hais txog qhov chaw ntawm lub Don Leej niam ntawm Vajtswv tom qab lub yeej ntawm Mamaia rau Kulikovo teb nyob rau hauv 1380, muaj ntau ntau hypotheses. Cov feem ntau yuav nws xav tau ib tug nyob rau hauv uas tus dawb huv duab ntau tshaj li ob puas thiab xya caum xyoo, twb khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub Assumption Cathedral Simonov monastery uas nws supposedly tau sau. Nws yog tsis muaj coincidence, txij thaum lub icon yog ob mog, thiab nyob rau nws rov yog sau lub scene ntawm lub Assumption ntawm leej niam ntawm Vajtswv nyob rau hauv lub zoo tib yam Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj puas daws teeb meem.

Icon - protector ntawm Russians

Tom ntej no kaj phenomenon ntawm lub icon, uas tau txais los ntawm Dmitry Donskoi ua ntej sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikov, hais txog 1552, thaum twg, yuav mus rau hauv nws lub yeej xwb phiaj los nqis tes tiv thaiv tsis tau cov Kazan Khanate, thov Vajtswv ua ntej no icon Tsar Ivan qhov txaus ntshai. Thaum nug Saum Ntuj Ceeb Tog Nws patronage, nws coj nrog nws thiab cov duab kos los ntawm Theophanes lub Greek, thiab tuaj rov qab thiab muab tso rau nws nyob rau hauv lub thawj tubtxib saum ntuj Cathedral ntawm lub Kremlin. Nrog los ntawm lub icon ntawm tus huab tais, thiab nyob rau hauv nws phiaj los nqis tes tiv thaiv tsis tau Polotsk nyob rau hauv 1563.

Yog li ntawd nws yog pleasing rau tus poj huab tais of Saum ntuj ceeb tsheej, uas lub miraculous duab ntawm "Our pojniam ntawm Don" tshwm rau cov Russians nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm loj cov tub rog tej kev txom nyem, qhia cuj nyob rau hauv lawv lub siab tawv thiab foom koob hmoov rau Orthodox pab tub rog. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1591, thaum thawj Throne mus countless hordes ntawm lub Tatar Khan Kazi Giray II. Twb vim lub qhov siab ntawm lub Vorobyovy Hills, lawv ntsia predatory ntsia ntawm Lavxias teb sab capital, tab sis Muscovites muaj npaum li cas tawm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Don icon ntawm leej niam ntawm Vajtswv, taug kev nrog nws Procession kev hauv lub nroog phab ntsa, thiab lawv ua tsis cuag rau tus yeeb ncuab.

Hnub tom qab, Lub yim hli ntuj 19, raug tua nyob rau hauv ib tug txaus ntshai ntoo khaub lig seem pab tub rog Tatar Khan, thiab nws yog nrog lub remnants ntawm nws minions NW nyuam qhuav dim thiab txuj ci tseem ceeb rov qab mus rau lub Crimea. Tag nrho cov no lub sij hawm Don icon ntawm leej niam ntawm Vajtswv yog nyob rau hauv lub regimental lub tsev teev ntuj, thiab tsis muaj ib tug muaj kev tsis ntseeg hais tias nws yog nws intercession pab tsav tus yeeb ncuab los ntawm Lavxias teb sab av.

Nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm cov poj yeej nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob qhov twg nws yog thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub regimental lub tsev teev ntuj, nrhiav tau ib tug monastery uas tau txais lub npe ntawm tus Don. Rau no tshiab monastery twb tau ib daim ntawv teev nrog lub miraculous icon, uas tau muab nws lub npe, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws yog tsim los lub hnub vsetserkovnogo kev ua koob tsheej - Lub yim hli ntuj 19 (Cuaj hlis 1). Txij li thaum uas lub sij hawm, Peb cov poj niam uas tus Don yog Revered li saum ntuj ceeb tsheej protector ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws ntawm tag nrho cov neeg uas tuaj mus rau nws nrog ib rab ntaj.

King, pawn Tej

Thaum twg, nyob rau hauv 1589, tom qab kev tuag ntawm Tsar Fodora Ioannovicha - peb tub Ivana Groznogo, raug ncua Rurik dynasty nyob rau hauv Russia, thiab cov empty zwm txwv mus Borisu Godunovu, lub thawj Patriarch ntawm Moscow thiab Tag nrho Russia , Txoj hauj lwm foom koob hmoov rau nws tus huab tais ntawm no xyov icon. Txawm li cas los, Boris txoj cai yog tsis zoo siab. Nws coincided nrog ib tug nyuaj lub sij hawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm, dubbed lub sij hawm ntawm Tej.

Tom qab koj siv xya xyoo nyob rau hauv lub taub hau ntawm ib lub teb chaws nraus los ntawm ob qho tib si txawv teb chaws pab thiab nrog kev tsis sib haum, tus huab tais tuag nyob rau hauv 1605, ua ntej lub hnub nyoog ntawm tsib caug peb xyoo. Lub so qhov chaw ntawm tus tuag sovereign yog tus Kremlin tus thawj tubtxib saum ntuj Cathedral, qhov twg nws tombstone sadly ntsia los ntawm cov phab ntsa ntsej muag ntawm lub Don icon ntawm leej niam ntawm Vajtswv, uas nws nyuam qhuav xwb, nyob rau hauv lub incessant ringing ntawm cov neeb, swore utter muab siab npuab lub Fatherland.

Thaum pib ntawm lub reign ntawm Peter Kuv

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias thaum pib ntawm lub reign ntawm Peter kuv Russia yog nyob rau hauv tsov rog nrog rau qaib ntxhw, uas ntawd kub ntev li rau kaum plaub lub xyoo thiab tau ua ib feem ntawm cov European Great Turkish ua tsov ua rog. Nws pib nrog cov phiaj los nqis tes ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog nyob rau hauv lub Crimea. Nws mus los ntawm nws ncaj ncees khub ntawm lub Sovereign tub huabtais Vasiliy Vasilevich Golitsyn.

Icon ntawm "Our pojniam ntawm Don" nrog nws thaum lub sij hawm tag nrho phiaj los nqis tes, uas ua rau Russia teb cog txiv thiab tau raug nqi nws muaj ntau yam cov neeg raug. Tab sis lub intercession ntawm leej niam ntawm Vajtswv, tsa tes los ntawm cov duab uas tau raug khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub tsev pheebsuab-chief, pab cov Warriors, albeit nrog hnyav losses, tab sis rov qab mus tsev, sau tus neeg ua hauj lwm uas muab rau lawv los ntawm lub phooj ywg cov luag num. Lub xeem xyoo ntawm tus XVII xyoo pua lub miraculous duab nyob rau hauv lub lag tus muam ntawm Peter kuv Natalia Alekseevna Tsarina, nyob qhov twg ntau qub icons, thiab qhov chaw uas nws twb tom qab pauv mus rau lub Annunciation Cathedral ntawm lub Kremlin tau sau.

Txoj hmoo ntawm daim duab nyob rau hauv lub XVIII thiab XIX centuries.

Nyob rau hauv lub XVIII thiab XIX centuries, lub icon siv lub nrov veneration. Nws tau thov Vajtswv thiab sau lus qhuas nws. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub npe nrov duab nyob rau qhov chaw uas muaj ntau novels thiab dab neeg luv luv, ib co kev uas muaj kev cuam tshuam tiag tiag cov txheej xwm, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov uas tau los ntawm documentary qhov chaw, raws li ib feem ntawm lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov neeg, uas xav qhia lawv txoj kev hlub thiab kev ris txiaj rau Saum Ntuj Ceeb Mediatrix.

Cov kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub icon tsis spare cov nyiaj. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias mus rau Napoleon ntxeem tau cov duab twb them nrog nplua nuj nyiaj hli nrog rau precious pob zeb. Lub pob zeb muaj neeg raug nyiag los ntawm qhov Fabkis, thiab tom qab lawv muab nws ncaws tawm tsuas yog ib tug kub lub cev rau lub icon hais tias looters yuam kev rau tooj liab.

Art nta icons

Nws yog sau rau ib tug blackboard tsuas 86h68 cm. Hais txog iconographic duab nta, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias icon "Don nkauj xwb" yog hais txog ib yam tau txais nyob rau hauv kos duab Marian icons "Rhiab", uas yog ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm lub compound ntsib ntxhais nkauj xwb thiab Nws Nyob Mus Ib Txhis Child. Tab sis lub Theological tseem ceeb xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv lub icons ntawm no hom mus deb tshaj li niaj hnub scenes, depicting ib tug niam thiab nws tus me nyuam txoj kev hlub.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no pib ib tug yeeb yam qhia txog kev cai dab qhuas dogma, uas txhais tau tias cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus Creator rau Nws creation. Nqe vaj lug kub hais txog xws tsis kawg kev hlub ntawm Vajtswv los rau tus neeg uas nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav cawm tau lawv los ntawm nyob mus ib txhis txoj kev tuag, nws muab nws tib leeg Tub.

Tshwj xeeb solemnity txuas nuj nqis tam sim no poob ib tug Golden tom qab uas tau xwm tus ntxhais nkauj xwb thiab tus me nyuam. Nws tsis fwm zoo thiab gilding uas them halos, tab sis zoo hmoo, lub ntsej muag thiab khaub ncaws tau dim nyob rau hauv zoo mob.

Compositional thiab xim icons

Composite duab ntawm ib tug txiav txim ncaj raug ntawm cov icons ntawm no recension (canonical ntau ntau yam). Nkauj xwb Mary puag nws tus tub zaum nyob rau hauv nws ncej puab thiab clung rau nws sab plhu. Nyob Mus Ib Txhis Child yog xwm vozdevshim sab tes xis nyob rau hauv foom koob hmoov thiab nws sab laug tes tuav ib tug scroll.

Icon Feofana Greka txawv los ntawm lwm yam dluab ntawm daim duab recension liab qab Bogomladentsa ob txhais ceg mus rau lub hauv caug raws li ib tug sab laug lub dab teg nkauj xwb. Folds yuav tsum vov nws tunic ochre - garments, underlined network finely ua hauj lwm kub kab, tsim nyob rau hauv nrog cov ntaub xim thiab xiav accents solemn thiab festive saib. Nws complements lub zuag qhia tag nrho cov tswv yim ntawm kub lace, constricting scroll.

Attendance elegant thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nrog ib tug kov ntawm nom tswv cajceg sawv cev vestments nkauj xwb. Nws sab sauv mantle - mafory - ua nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti lws suav xim thiab trimmed nrog kub ciam teb, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog fringe. Peb kub lub hnub qub, feeb pab Nws kho kom zoo nkauj kho kom zoo nkauj, yog purely dogmatic kev txiav txim zoo. Lawv symbolize nyob mus ib txhis virginity ntawm leej niam ntawm Vajtswv - ua ntej, thaum lub sij hawm thiab tom qab cov me nyuam yug ntawm Tswv Yexus.

Hloov los ntawm lub Byzantine canons

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias, raws li feem ntau critics, neeg pleev kob Feofan Grek (Byzantine keeb kwm) nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm mus dhau tus tsim kev cai ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Constantinople, uas yog tus tswv tsis tau tso cai rau lawv tus kheej rau tswv yim thwmsim ua txhaum cov kev canons. Don icon Our pojniam yog ib tug prime piv txwv.

Yuav kom ua lub ntsej muag yam ntxwv nkauj xwb ntau dua kev loj hlob thiab qhia artist tso cai ib co asymmetry nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub qhov ncauj thiab ob lub qhov muag. Lawv tsis thaum uas tig, ob qho tib si icons ntawm lub Byzantine masters, thiab muaj nyob rau ntawm lub sab saum toj-down axes. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub qhov ncauj dog dig offset mus rau sab xis.

Cov seemingly insignificant paub meej, siv los ntawm tus sau nyob rau hauv ib tug txhob txwm kev hom phiaj yog, txawm li cas los, ib tug ua txhaum ntawm lub canons tsim los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Constantinople thiab Byzantium raug xam tias yog tsis tsim nyog. Thiab ntau yam zoo li piv txwv nyob rau hauv lub icons thiab frescoes, uas Feofan Grek sau. "Peb pojniam ntawm lub Don" - yog ib tug ntawm lawv.

Qhov rov qab sab ntawm lub icon

Zoo txaus siab no kuj yog qhov ntxeev sab ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm, uas depicts Assumption - icon, raws li hais saum toj no, ob lub tsev. Paintings fwm zoo npaum li cas tshaj nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag. Kom meej meej tshwmsim txawm hloov maj mam inscription wrought vermilion. Nws yuav tau ua si ib lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub icon ib zaug yav tas los cov nyiaj hli, kidnapped los ntawm qhov Fabkis nyob rau hauv 1812, uas ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug ceeb toom ntawm lub tsuas extant kub num rau lub icon.

Thaum saib cov duab ntawm lub striking tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm cov ntsiab tsoos mus rau lub scene. Master yog tsis muaj nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov ib txwm nyob rau hauv xws li mob, dluab ntawm cov tubtxib saum ntuj, ascends cov thwj tim, nyuaj siab heev rau cov poj niam thiab ntau lwm yam uas zoo sib xws tej cwj pwm. Central yog ib lub daim duab ntawm Yexus Khetos tuav ib tug me me zapelenovannuyu daim duab, symbolizing nyob mus ib txhis ntsuj plig ntawm tus ntxhais nkauj xwb.

Ua ntej lub daim duab ntawm Khetos rau ib lub txaj so lub ntiaj teb no seem ntawm tus ntxhais nkauj xwb, surrounded los ntawm cov nuj nqis ntawm lub kaum ob leeg thwj tim thiab ob tus npis sov - yog tam sim no, raws li cov vaj lug kub, nyob rau txoj kev tuag ntawm tus ntxhais nkauj xwb Mary. Yus muaj los ntawm ob tug qhov chaw, uas yog cov kev qhia txog lub rooj sib saws nyob rau hauv lub iconography: lub tsev yog muab tso rau ntawm cov npoo ntawm cov icon txhais tau tias qhov no scene yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw sab hauv tsev, thiab tswm ciab teev ua ntej lub txaj ntawm tus ntxhais nkauj xwb Mary - lub cim ntawm lub fading lub neej.

Lub sib cav tswv yim tshaj tus authorship ntawm lub icon

Nws yog cov yam ntxwv hais tias cov scene xwm li nyob rau hauv lub rov qab sab ntawm lub icon, yog ib tug ntshiab txawv los ntawm cov kev cai ntawm Byzantine kos duab. Qhov no ua ntej qhia rau ib sab ntawm cov thwj tim, deprived cov yam ntxwv ntawm Constantinople sawv aristocratic nta. Raws li emphasized nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, muaj ntau kws tshawb fawb ntawm Feofana Greka, lawv yog nce yus muaj los ntawm ib tug txhob txwm pluag sijhawm ntau nrog cov neeg.

Tsis ceeb, lub ntau yam sib txawv ntawm tej hauj lwm los ntawm Feofana Greka Byzantine canons thiab artistic sawv tau tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm critics mas lub authorship ntawm tej hauj lwm ntaus nqi mus rau nws. Lawv taw tes ntawm view yog to taub, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv tus ntug dej ntawm lub Bosphorus artist tsis tau tsuas yog yug los, tab sis kuj sawv raws li ib tug tswv ntawm iconography - ib tug yuav tsum tsis nco qab hais tias nws tuaj mus rau Russia raws li thaum ntxov raws li lub hnub nyoog ntawm peb caug.

Nws brushwork yog closer Novgorod tsev kawm ntawv tshaj nws cov haiv neeg Byzantine. Perennial sib tham nyob rau hauv qhov kev kawm tsis tu tsis tseg rau hnub no, tab sis lawv yeej tus saib hais tias, nyob hauv ib lub teb chaws tshiab rau nws thiab muaj lub sij hawm los saib ntau yam qub icons tsim los ntawm Lavxias teb sab masters, cov artist siv nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm lawv tus yam ntxwv.

Lub nto moo tshaj plaws daim qauv ntawm cov icon

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias thaum lub sij hawm ntev keeb kwm ntawm lub icon nrog nws ob peb npe twb tau. Lub earliest ntawm uas hnub los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub XIV caug xyoo. Nws yog ua los ntawm kev txiav txim ib tug nkauj muam nraug nus ntawm Dmitry Donskoy - tub huabtais Vladimir Andreyevich, thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog nyiaj gilt nyiaj hli yog nws txiaj ntsim ntawm tus Trinity-Sergius Lavra.

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm Ivana Groznogo rau nws thiaj tau nqa tawm ob lub npe, ib tug uas yog xa mus rau Kolomna, twb tom qab poob, thiab lwm yam, muab tso rau hauv lub Assumption Cathedral, fwm rau hnub no. Thaum Saum Ntuj Ceeb Patroness nyob rau hauv 1591 pab Muscovites muaj kev cuam tshuam qhov ntxeem tau ntawm Khan Giray, rau ntawm qhov chaw nyob qhov twg sawv regimental lub tsev teev ntuj twb nrhiav tau Donskoy Monastery, ces rau nws ua lwm daim ntawv teev cov miraculous duab. Tseem muaj ob peb cov ntawv luam ntawm ib tug tom qab lub sij hawm.

Donskoy Monastery chaw nyob thiab lub zos thauj daim pib

Soviet lub sij hawm los ua ib tug tshiab rau theem nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Don Leej niam ntawm Vajtswv. Txij li thaum 1919, qhov no xam yog muaj nyob rau hauv tus sau los ntawm lub Tretyakov Gallery. Ntawm no nws yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau zoo kawg li teev ntawm ntu Laus Lavxias teb sab painting. Ib xyoos ib zaug, hnub uas nws vsetserkovnogo ua koob tsheej, cov duab xa mus rau lub Donskoy Monastery (chaw nyob :. Moscow, Don Square 1-3), qhov chaw uas ua ntej nws yuav siv sij hawm muab cov solemn liturgy, uas theem ua ke txhiab tus neeg. Txhua leej txhua tus leej twg, ua nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv Moscow, xav coj ib feem nyob rau hauv nws, yuav tau txais mus rau hauv lub convent, tuaj tawm ntawm lub subway chaw nres tsheb Shabolovskaya.

Nws yog tsis muaj coincidence no yog cov duab ntawm lub Blessed nkauj xwb nyiam tshwj xeeb kev hlub los ntawm lub Russians. Raws li sau tseg saum toj no, nws yog thoob plaws nws cov keeb kwm tau txuam nrog feats ntawm caj npab ntawm defenders ntawm Fatherland, thiab los ntawm nws tus poj huab tais of Saum ntuj ceeb tsheej yog pheej Orthodox Ludu pab thiab intercession.