Cov ua rau Lavxias teb sab-Turkish tsov rog (1877-1878 gg.) Thiab nws yuav tshwm

Heev heev ua ntawm Lavxias teb sab-Turkish tsov rog (1877-1878 gg.) Coj mus thaum pib ntawm lub armed teeb meem nruab nrab ntawm ob empires rau lub Balkan ceg av qab teb. Nws muaj ib qho tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau tus Slavic neeg ntawm lub cheeb tsam.

perennial confrontation

Xav qhov ua rau ntawm Lavxias teb sab-Turkish tsov rog (1877-1878 gg.), Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias qhov teeb meem ntawm cov ob powers yog li qub thiab sib sib zog nqus hais tias txhua txhua kev armed confrontation los ua ib zajlus kom continuation ntawm ib tug centuries-laus rivalry ntawm tus huab tais thiab lub Sultan. Txij thaum ntawd los, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XVII, cov xeev twb ntau ciam teb, lawv lossi tiv thaiv tshaj av thiab cov kev pab.

Nyob rau hauv no ua yeeb ncuab Qaib ntxhw pheej raug kev txom nyem yeej, muab Romanov tshiab xeev - .. Ukrainian steppe, lub Moldavian nqi zog, thiab lwm yam Cov kev zam yog nyob rau hauv lub Crimean ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1853-1856, thaum lub Ottoman Empire tab txhawb cov Western European powers, yuav tsum ntshai ntev strengthening ntawm Russia. . Nicholas kuv tuag prematurely nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev uas los ntawm lub siab lub ntsws nyuaj siab ntxhov plawv txuam nrog nws cov tub rog yeej.

Tub ntawm tus tuag huab tais, Alexander II yog tau tag tsov rog nrog rau kev pab los ntawm enormous cov kev diplomatic, yuav mus nyob rau loj concessions rau tus yeeb ncuab coalition. Tab sis txawm lub Treaty ntawm 1856 muab tseeb hais tias cov ntshav yuav tsis rov qab pib dua. Cov ua rau Lavxias teb sab-Turkish tsov rog (1877-1878 gg.) Alexander ua ntau xyoo tom qab ntawd dua mus rau lub confrontation nrog lub Ottoman Empire.

Kev tsim txom ntawm lub Balkan Slavs

Tom qab qhov kawg ntawm lub Crimean ua tsov ua rog, nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov Paris kev sib haum xeeb Treaty, Qaib ntxhw guarantees lub koob pheej ntawm lawv ntawm cov Muslim thiab Christian cov pej xeem ntawm lub teb chaws. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau mob contradictions ntawm lub Ottoman Empire thiab tus so ntawm cov teb chaws Europe.

Cov Turks twb Muslims, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub Balkan territories ntawm lub xeev nyob Slavic feem ntau - Serbs, Croats, Montenegrins thiab Bulgarians. Tag nrho cov neeg professed cov ntseeg Vajtswv. Yog li, qhov teeb meem ntawm lawv thiab tus titular lub teb chaws coj qhws tsis tau tsuas yog ib lub teb chaws, tab sis kuj confessional cim.

Cov ua rau Lavxias teb sab-Turkish tsov rog (1877-1878 gg.) Yog precisely lub teej txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub Bulgarians. Tag nrho Balkan Slavic neeg ntsia tus huab tais ntawm St. Petersburg raws li ib tug neeg ntawm nws cov kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis tu ncua thiab thov nws pab.

Peb tsis tau hais tias lub Sultan thiab nws tsoom fwv qab cov kev kub ntxhov tawm tsam cov ntseeg. Txawm li cas los, lub xeev tau ntsib tej kev tsis sib haum nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws los ntawm nws cov ntiv tes thiab tsis tiv thaiv Muslims oppress lub Bulgarians thiab lwm yam haiv neeg minorities.

Thaum pib ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv "phua" tim Nkij teb chaws. Lub teb chaws tau nws kev ywj siab tom qab xyoo ntawm ntshav rog. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo lawm uas ua raws li cov Ottoman Empire txuas ntxiv mus tswj tej cheeb tsam nyob qhov twg muaj tseem Greeks nyob.

Vim li no, nyob rau hauv lub 1860s rau cov kob ntawm Crete yog liberation uprising, uas twb brutally suppressed. Yog li, cov ua ntawm Lavxias teb sab-Turkish tsov rog ntawm 1877-1878. Nws cov lus dag precisely nyob rau hauv lub fact tias lub Ottoman Empire yuav tsis muaj nyob rau hauv nws cov yav dhau los ciam teb, thaum tsis saib cov cai ntawm lub ntau Balkan haiv neeg.

Gorchakov lub diplomacy

Alexander II los ua huab tais thaum Russia tau poob lub Crimean ua tsov ua rog. Nws yuav tsum tau mus rau lub unfavorable ntiaj teb no. Txawm hais tias lub teb chaws tau tsis poob chaw uas zoo heev, Dub hiav txwv fleet twb puas lawm, thiab tsis pom zoo raws li daim ntawv cog lus. Rau St. Petersburg qhov teeb meem no yog humiliating. Tus tshiab huab tais teem tseg rau lub post ntawm Minister ntawm Txawv Teb Chaws Affairs tej diplomat Alexander Gorchakov. Muaj ntau historians xav txog nws lub "gray cardinal" ntawm Lavxias teb sab txawv teb chaws txoj cai ntawm lub era.

Lub Tsar thiab Gorchakov pib los npaj rau lub inevitable ntsuas ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog cov Ottoman Empire thiab cov tuaj ua tsov rog. Nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob rau hauv kev sib haum xeeb lub sij hawm twb dhau heev heev kho: cov rejection serfdom, cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov tub rog thiab kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Tag nrho cov ntawm cov kev ntsuas xws li yuav tsum tau pab mus modernize lub domestic armed forces.

Prussia Union

Tom qab lub European powers tab txhawb Qaib ntxhw nyob rau hauv lub Crimean ua tsov ua rog, tus laus tus diplomatic kev sib raug zoo nrog lawv ua tsis yooj yim sua. Lub tsuas pab pawg phooj ywg ntawm St. Petersburg ua Berlin. Thaum lub sij hawm no, tus huab tais ntawm Prussia sai sai koom lub teb chaws Yelemees, xav tau ua ib tug tib lub teb chaws teb chaws Ottoman. Nws tus nrog sib ntaus yog tus Austria. Habsburg dynasty, uas kav nyob rau hauv Vienna, kuj thov lub unification ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees nyob rau hauv nws hais kom ua, tab sis twb yeej nyob rau hauv lub sim tawm tsam cov Hohenzollern.

Nyob rau hauv 1870, Prussia yeej Fabkis nyob rau hauv lub ua tsov ua rog ntawm Alsace thiab Lorraine. Qhov no kev vam meej tau tso cai rau King ntawm Prussia ncha moo lub creation ntawm lub German Empire, uas kuj muaj xws li ntau me me German nqi zog. Fabkis yog ib tug ntawm cov guarantors ntawm lub sam xeeb ntawm lub Ottoman Empire. Zog ntawm Guj kuj thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees tau hais ib united diplomatic pem hauv ntej, nrhiav kom yuam Paris tso tseg lawv cog lus rau Sultan. Qhov kev npaj no yeej ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Zog ntawm Guj kuj tau ib zaug dua yeej txoj cai los tsim kom tau ships nyob rau hauv lub dub hiav txwv.

Bulgarian uprising

Tsis ntev Lavxias teb sab diplomats tau txais carte blanche rau hla lub Ottoman Empire. Cov keeb kwm yav dhau, vim li cas tus Lavxias teb sab-Turkish tsov rog (1877-1878 gg.), Raws li tau zoo raws li qhov kev pom zoo ntawm cov European powers. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm lub teb chaws liberation uprising nyob rau hauv Bulgaria.

Janissaries loj hais txog tsis tau tsuas yog nrog rau cov militias, tab sis kuj civilians. Qhov no yog vim li cas vim li cas lub Lavxias teb sab-Turkish ua tsov ua rog (1877-1878). Tau ntawm lub uprising cuam tshuam heev sai sai. Zog ntawm Guj kuj tshaj tawm hais tias tsov rog nyob rau hauv lub Ottoman Empire, txhawb cov Orthodox Bulgarians uas nug rau cov kev pab rau tus huab tais. Tshaj yav dhau los ob xyoo nyob rau tus ntug dej ntawm lub Danube mus rau ib tug ntshav confrontation ntawm cov tub rog ntawm cov teb chaws.

lub sij hawm ntawm qhov teeb meem

Paub txog dab tsi yog vim li cas tus Lavxias teb sab-Turkish tsov rog (1877-1878 gg.), Koj yuav tau yooj yim kwv yees li nws twb. Cov tub rog ntawm Alexander II yeej lub Muslims thiab tau ua mus rau Istanbul. Sultan muaj mus rau chaw uasi rau diplomacy.

Nyob rau hauv 1878 lub San Stefano kev thaj yeeb treaty tau kos npe. Raws li nws, Romania, Serbia thiab Montenegro ua ywj siab lub xeev. Bulgarians tau txais sab autonomy. Tsis ntev, de facto, lawv kuj tuaj tawm los ntawm nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm Istanbul. Zog ntawm Guj kuj tuaj koom nyob rau hauv Bessarabia thiab Kars cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv sab qab teb Caucasus.