Cov tib neeg lub cev: tswvyim. Uas sciences kawm tib neeg lub cev?

Yuav ua li cas yog hauv tib neeg lub cev los ntawm lub sab hauv, txaus siab nrog rau feem ntau ancient lub sij hawm. Txawm tias thaum twg cov tswv yim yooj cai los ntawm cov neeg uas nyob, yog cov tsev teev ntuj, txwv tsis pub kawm cov qauv ntawm lub cev, twb zaum thiab naturalists, uas nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm tag nrho cov dissected lub corpses ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cov neeg thiab koom nyob rau hauv qhov kev xam thiab txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tag nrho cov xav qhov chaw.

Nws yuav tsis yuav kov yeej nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no muaj siab rau kev txawj ntse. Yog li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm, tsis tau nws twb pom, yuav ua li cas tib neeg lub cev. Lub Circuit Court qauv ntawm txhua hloov khoom nruab nrog cev thiab tau raug kaw los ntawm ntxias, testers, cov kws kho mob, kws tshawb fawb, ua tsaug rau muaj ntau yam kev kawm muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no.

Cov kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj ntse txog cov qauv ntawm cov tib neeg lub cev

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua V BC nyob rau hauv lub craton yog ib tug txiv neej npe hu Alkemon. Nws yog nws leej twg ua ntej qhia lub siab xav kawm txog cov internal qauv uas muaj sia nyob, yog li dissecting cov tsiaj tuag. Nws lub ntsiab kev kawm - qhov no assumption txog cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tsis totaub thiab lub hlwb.

Tom qab ntawd, los ntawm hais txog 460 BC, pib ib tug ntau txhob txwm thiab intensive kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no. Ib tug poj koob pab mus rau qhov kev nkag siab txog dab tsi tib neeg lub cev (lub tswvyim ntawm nws cov qauv, cov topography ntawm cov hauv nruab nrog cev kuj tau piav), ua raws li nram no tshawb fawb:

1. Hippocrates.
2. Aristotle.
3. Plato.
4. Gerofil.
5. Klavdiy Galen.
6. Avicenna.
7. Leonardo da Vinci.
8. Andreas Vezaly.
9. Uilyam Garvey.
10. Casparo Azelli.

Tsaug rau cov neeg no twb kos mus txog rau hauv lub dav tswvyim ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov tib neeg lub cev. Muaj kev paub txog tej yam ntxwv, nruab, kabmob, ntaub so ntswg thiab lawv tseem ceeb, raws li zoo li lwm yam tseem ceeb heev yam.

XVII xyoo pua rau tag nrho cov sciences yog ib lub sij hawm ntawm stagnation, nws tsis yog kev puas tsuaj xwb thiab lub cheeb tsam yog xam los ntawm peb. Tab sis tom qab ntawd tib neeg lub cev daim duab (Daim duab koj yuav saib tau hauv qab no) heev enriched, refined thiab hloov ua tsaug rau tus heev heev discoveries. Ib tug txheej txheem tshiab uas tso cai rau mus kawm lub microstructure ntawm steel sib siv kev sim txoj kev ntawm kev soj, kev sib piv. Qhov tshwj xeeb pab los ntawm:

• Charles Darwin;
• Schleiden thiab Schwann;
• Descartes;
• Lomonosov;
• Protasov;
• Shymlanskaya;
• ncuav;
• Lesgaft;
• Mukhin;
• Carl Baer;
• Wolff;
• Pander;
• seem;
• swordsmen;
• Pavlov thiab lwm tus neeg.

Yog li, yog kawm nyob rau hauv kom meej los ntawm tus tib neeg lub cev, lub tswvyim yog ib tug ua kom tiav thiab qhia tag nrho cov nruab nrog cev thiab tshuab. Niaj hnub no, txhua txhua tus menyuam kawm ntawv yuav muab suav hais tias raws li cov topography, thiab ib tug paub piav qhia txog ntawm txhua feem ntawm lub cev mus xyuas lub zog ua thiab nrog cov qauv.

Cov kev tswvyim ntawm "txiv neej - nyob kab"

Yog hais tias peb tham txog xws li ib tug tswvyim, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg, yog dab tsi raws nraim nws muaj. Firstly, nws yuav sawv cev nyob rau hauv sib txawv embodiments. Ib txhia ntawm cov kos duab thiab kos duab muaj tsuas hais lus piav qhia, kev faib hauv cov lug ntawm tus tib neeg muaj kev cuam tshuam lawv kev sib raug zoo thiab kev khiav dej num. Lwm tus, txawm li cas los, tsis txhob muaj ib yam piav qhia, tab sis tsuas yog cov lus piv txwv topographical qhov chaw ntawm tus kabmob nyob rau hauv lub cev, qhia lawv kev sib nrig sib orientation, lub zuag qhia tag nrho cov qauv ntawm cov hau kev. Ntawm no yog sau tseg thiab hloov khoom nruab nrog nruab. Yog hais tias koj muab ob qho kev xaiv, xws li ib tug tswvyim yuav tau ib yam nkaus cumbersome, nyuaj to taub. Qhov thib ob hom yog siv ntau feem ntau.

Yog li ntawd, lub tswvyim yog "txiv neej - muaj sia" xws li muaj ib tug duab hauv qab no lub nruab nrog cev systems (yog tias muaj ib tug tag nrho version ntawm lub tag nrho lub cev):

1. Plawv thiab limfoobrazovatelnaya. Muaj daim duab lub cev reflected kev nthuav dav thiab tib neeg raws.
2. Lub digestive system.
3. Licas, los yog licas.
4. Me nyuam.
5. Excretory (urinary hu ua ke ua me nyuam thiab excretory kabmob ntawm lub cev).
6. Tshee thiab endocrine systems.
7. Piav thoob hlo, los yog tsis totaub thiab xaav.

Yog li, qhov no tswvyim muab ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog cov qauv ntawm cov tib neeg lub cev thiab lub qhov chaw ntawm nws nruab nrog cev. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau ntau yam sib txawv ntxhuav thiab cov nuj nqis, kos duab, nyob rau hauv uas yog reflected ncauj lus kom ntxaws microstructure ntawm tej khoom hauv nrog cev. Nws qhia txog tag nrho cov nta ntawm cov qauv, hauj lwm thiab qhov chaw.

Yog hais tias koj muab tag nrho cov drawings, koj tau txais ib tug tag nrho phau ntawv. Tej ntaub ntawv no yog hu ua "tib neeg txog biology nyob rau hauv lub rooj thiab cov kab kos" thiab feem ntau heev piv lub neej rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv, menyuam kawm ntawv thiab cov xib fwb. Tseeb, nyob rau hauv lawv cov nyuag, concisely thiab kom meej meej teem tawm tag nrho cov kev qhia tswj yuav tsum tau rau ib tug general to taub ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov neeg.

cov qog tsim system

Ib tug tshwj xeeb lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev tswj cov kev kho mob ntawm tus tib neeg lub cev tsis muaj zog ua. Tab sis li cas yog nws? Nws hloov tawm hais tias qhov no yog qhov cov qog system, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb complement ntawm cov hlab plawv tus kabmob. Nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv - hlwb, uas yog hu ua "lub hlwb." Lawv ua si lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tus tis thiav ntawm lub lom kab mob ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob, txawv teb chaws hais thiab tag nrho cov txawv teb chaws.

Lub lymphatic system ntawm tus neeg, uas yog hais hauv qab no tswvyim muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov lug uas ua rau nws mus txog:

1. Yeej thiab ducts.
2. Hlab ntsha.
3. Hlab ntsha.
4. Lymph node.

Ua ke lawv tsim ib tug network uas yog tsis tau kaw, raws li txwv mus rau plawv. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv no system yog tsis muaj central tswj lub cev. Lymphatic kua (qog) yog ib tug pov tseg cov khoom ntawm lub intercellular qhov chaw, uas nyob rau hauv me me siab tsiv los ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab ntshav, cov hlab ntsha yeej.

Thaum lub sij hawm tus mob, xws li mob khaub thuas, txhua leej txhua tus muaj peev xwm muaj kev o cov qog ntshav hauv ntawm tus kab mob. Lawv nyob rau hauv lub qis lub puab tsaig, nyob rau hauv lub qhov tso, puab tais. Palpate lawv tau yooj yim txaus. Qhov no qhia qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lawv muaj ib lub ntsiab sib ntaus sib tua nrog tus kab mob no. Yog li, lub ntsiab teeb meem rau cov kab mob - lymphatic system ntawm tus neeg. Scheme nws qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas tag nrho cov yam ntxwv xeem nyob thiab yuav ua li cas lawv sib thooj.

alimentary system

Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub cev. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog ua tsaug rau nws ua hauj lwm ib tug tus neeg tau txais cov as-ham rau txoj kev loj hlob, kev loj hlob, lub zog rau lub neej muaj dab. Tsis muaj as-ham tsis yooj yim sua rau koj tsiv, loj hlob, xav tias ua li ntawm. Tom qab txhua tus txheej txheem yuav tsum tau zog, uas yog cov tshuaj bonds ntawm molecules noj.

Lub tswvyim qhia tau hais tias cov tib neeg digestive system, kabmob uas los ntawm tus network yog tsim.

1. Lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav, nrog rau cov hniav, tus nplaig, palate thiab sab hauv ntawm lub sab plhu mob.
2. Lub caj pas thiab txoj hlab nqos mov.
3. Plab.
4. Digestive qog secreting secrets zom zaub mov.
5. Hnyuv, uas muaj ob peb seem: lub duodenum, hnyuv thiab cov nyuv.

circulatory system

Nws nruab nrab ob ncig, muaj raws ntawm ib tug tseem ceeb lub cev - lub siab - thiab extending therefrom cov hlab ntsha, hlab ntsha, hlab ntsha. Tag nrho cov ntshav ntim ntawm ib tug neeg laus yog kwv yees li 5 liters. Txawm li cas los, tus nqi nws txawv nyob ntawm seb lub cev hnyav.

Lub plawv - lub hauv paus txoj cai, tau daim ntawv cog lus rhythmically, yuam cov ntshav mus rau hauv lub channel thaum lub siab. Nws muaj plaub lag, zoo sib thooj,.

Cov tib neeg lub paj hlwb

Ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau nyuaj. Nws muaj:

• lub hlwb;
• tus txha caj qaum;
• hlab ntsha hlwb;
• ntaub so ntswg.

Zoo txhua txhua daim ntawm tib neeg lub cev yog hlab ntsha hlwb. Lawv pom stimuli, kis mob, ceeb toom ntawm qhov kev nyab xeeb. Lawv cov qauv yog heev peculiar. Lub paj hlwb thiab tus txha caj qaum xws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm khej, txhua tus uas ua ib txhij txhua tswj ntawm lub lag luam ntawm ib tug ib feem ntawm lub cev.

piav thoob hlo system

Cov uas yog tsib:

1. Visual Analyzer.
2. Hnov.
3. Ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab nqaij rhiab heev.
4. Olfactory kabmob.
5. Tsw Analyzer.

Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv ua ke thiab ua li tib neeg lub cev. Daim duab qhia tau hais tias cov qauv ntawm tej qhov chaw ntawm lub sensor system yog tsim, uas muaj nta nyob rau hauv cov qauv thiab cov dab tsi zog yog ua.

Lub excretory system ntawm tus txiv neej

Tus qauv ntawm lub system muaj cov nram qab no lub cev:

• raum;
• lub zais zis;
• ureters.

Lwm lub npe rau qhov no system - excretory. Lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi - tshem tawm ntawm metabolic khoom, pab lub cev ntawm tshuaj lom cov khoom pov tseg.

Science kawm tib neeg kab

Cov uas yog ob peb loj. Txawm hais tias lawv muaj pes tsawg tus tau nce ho nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog, piv txwv li, los ntawm cov XVIII caug xyoo. Qhov no yog xws sciences li:

• lub cev;
• physiology;
• noj qab haus huv;
• noob caj noob ces;
• tshuaj;
• psychology.

Physiology yog xav tej teeb meem muaj feem xyuam rau tau hauj lwm ntawm ib tug system. Qhov ntawd yog nws txoj hauj lwm rau teb rau lo lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas muaj li ntawd?" Piv txwv li, nws yog ib qhov kev qhuab qhia rau lub mechanisms ntawm pw tsaug zog thiab wakefulness hloov, tshawb nrhiav nta ntawm lub siab dua tshee ua si.

Noob caj noob ces thiab tib neeg noj qab haus huv

Noob caj noob ces tau kawm mechanisms ntawm qub txeeg qub teg ntawm tej nta, raws li zoo raws li cov ua rau thiab txim txog cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv tus tib neeg lub chromosomal apparatus. Nrog rau qhov no science, cov neeg kawm tau mus twv seb loj genetic txawv txav nyob rau hauv lub fetus, los tswj txoj kev no thiab, yog tias ua tau, los cuam tshuam thiab hloov nws cov hoob kawm.

Tu pab teb cov lus nug: "Yog vim li cas yog huv thiab yuav ua li cas mus cuag kev kho mob?" Txoj kev tshawb no paub meej cov kev cai tuav lub huv ntawm lub cev, hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev mechanisms uas yog ncaj qha nyob rau lub Performance index ntawm kev dawb huv, cov theem ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob. Qhov no kev qhuab qhia yog tus hluas, tab sis tsis muaj tsis tseem ceeb tshaj lwm tus.

Psychology thiab tshuaj

Psychology - heev tham thiab ilv science uas penetrates rau pem thiab ntau dua tshee ua si ntawm tus tib neeg hais tias. Nws yog tsim los mus piav qhia txog cov tswv yim yooj yim ntawm psychosomatic neeg pab kiag li lawm. Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm psychology seem uas nrog tag nrho cov kev teeb meem hais txog rau cov neeg (psychology ntawm tsev neeg sib raug zoo, hnub nyoog, kev sim, thiab thiaj li nyob).

Health - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj kev kawm uas tseem ua hauj lwm nrog tib neeg noj qab haus huv. Lawm, nws yog zoo bordered nrog tag nrho lwm yam kev kawm: physiology, lub cev, noob caj noob ces, tu cev thiab psychology.

Basic tshuaj originated nrog tib neeg. Vim hais tias, hmoov tsis, cov neeg no yeej ib txwm muaj mob. Txhua lub sij hawm, tom ntej no mus rau lawv twb cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob, raws roj ntsha (genetic) cov kab mob thiab lwm yam ailments. Yog li ntawd, txoj kev tshawb no - ib qho ntawm feem tseem ceeb heev thaum nws tawm los rau khaws cia lub neej thiab noj qab haus huv.

Muaj ntau ntau seem, folding tshuaj nyob rau hauv ib tug: kev phais, Oncology, hematology, cov kws kho mob, dermatology, kev poob plig, thiab lwm tus neeg. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog cov heev tshwj xeeb rau tej teeb meem, muaj lawv tus kheej txoj kev kawm qhov teeb meem thiab daws nws.

Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, tag nrho cov sciences kawm tib neeg lub cev yog ib qhov chaw. Tom qab tag nrho, nws koom siab ua ke rau lawv ib lub hom phiaj - los mus tshawb nrhiav, xyuas, piav qhia txog tag nrho cov qhov chaw hauv lub cev, kawm los tswj txhua hloov thiab txhua txhua cell hauv lub cev.

Anatomy raws li lub ntsiab science

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tus thawj, dabneeg constituted lub science ntawm tus txiv neej thiab nws cov qauv - nws yog lub cev. Nws yog ua tsaug rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov kev qhuab qhia neeg ua paub txog dab tsi cov koom haum uas nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, lawv nyob muaj (topography) yog txheej txheem thiab cov ntsiab cai nyob rau hauv uas yog raws li lawv ua hauj lwm.

Saum toj no peb pom tias tus loj keeb kwm milestones nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg kev txawj ntse. Qhov no yog qhov lub cev ntawm cov theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob. Cov neeg, nws lub npe twb hu ua, - tus founders thiab txiv ntawm no lossis loj thiab tseem ceeb kev qhuab qhia.

Cov hauj lwm ntawm lub cev yeej ib txwm tau ib tug nyob rau txhua lub sij hawm - los kawm internal qauv thiab lwm morphological yam ntxwv ntawm tag nrho cov nruab nrog cev thiab tshuab, raws li zoo raws li fabrics. Tsis rau ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv Greek anatome - "txiav".