Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov teeb meem: os, ib lub cev teb, lub cev nqus. Lub tswvyim ntawm teeb meem

Ib tug yuav tsum muaj keeb ntawm txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov loj heev cov nqi ntawm cov natural sciences yog ib tug teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav saib cov tswvyim, hom ntawm cov khoom, lub cev thiab thaj chaw ntawm nws lub zog.

Yuav ua li cas yog teeb meem?

Rau ntau centuries, lub tswvyim ntawm teeb meem kev hloov thiab txhim kho. Yog li, lub ancient Greek philosopher Plato pom nws raws li ib tug substratum ntawm tej yam, uas yog pom zoo rau lub tswv yim ntawm lawv. Aristotle hais tias nws yog ib yam dab tsi nyob mus ib txhis, uas muaj peev xwm thiab tsis tsim sis raug puas tsuaj. Tom qab ntawd philosophers Democritus thiab Leucippus muab ib tug txhais ntawm qhov teeb meem raws li ib yam ntawm cov yooj yim tshuaj ntawm tag nrho cov uas lub cev nyob rau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb thiab nyob rau hauv lub ntug.

Cov niaj hnub tswvyim ntawm teeb meem muab V. I. Lenin, raws li uas nws yog ib tug txawv thiab ywj siab lub hom phiaj qeb, qhia los ntawm tib neeg xaav, ncus, nws muaj peev xwm kuj yuav tau theej thiab yees duab.

teeb meem cwj pwm

Lub ntsiab yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom yog peb nta:

• Space.
• Lub sij hawm.
• Movement.

Thawj ob yog cov sib txawv metrological yam ntxwv, piv txwv li lawv yuav tsum tau quantified los ntawm tshwj xeeb pab kiag li lawm. Qhov chaw yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv meters, thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov derivatives, thiab lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov sij hawm, feeb, vib nas this, thiab nyob rau hauv hnub, hli, xyoo, thiab lwm yam Nyob rau lub sij hawm tseem muaj lwm yam, tsis tsawg ib qho tseem ceeb tej khoom vaj tse - .. Irreversibility. Koj muaj peev xwm tsis mus rov qab mus rau tej starting taw tes nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, lub sij hawm vector yog ib txwm ib tug-ib tog thiab txav los ntawm yav tas los rau yav tom ntej. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub sij hawm, qhov chaw - ib tug tham tswvyim thiab nws muaj ib tug peb-dimensional ntsuas (qhov siab, ntev, dav). Yog li, txhua yam ntawm qhov teeb meem yuav tsiv mus nyob rau hauv qhov chaw rau ib tug tej lub sij hawm ntawm lub sij hawm.

Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov lus tsa suab

Txhua yam uas nyob ib ncig peb yog tsiv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thiab kev sib txuas lus nrog txhua lwm yam. Lub zog tshwm sim tsis tu ncua thiab yog ib tug loj cov vaj tse muaj los ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov teeb meem. Meanwhile, tus txheej txheem no yuav muab qhov chaw tsis tsuas yog cov ntau yam khoom, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas nws tus kheej, ua nws cov kev hloov kho. Muaj cov nram qab no ntaub ntawv ntawm cov lus tsa suab:

• Neeg kho tshuab - qhov no los ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw (lub kua caij nplooj zeeg ntawm tsob ntoo, khiav luav).

• Lub cev - tshwm sim thaum lub cev hloov nws tus yam ntxwv (xws li lub cev lub xeev). Piv txwv: daus melts, vaporizes dej thiab lwm yam ...
• Tshuaj - kev hloov kho ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom (hlau xeb, oxidation ntawm zib)
• Lom - tshwm sim nyob rau hauv uas muaj sia nyob thiab characterizes vegetative kev loj hlob, cov metabolism hauv, tu tub tu kiv thiab lwm tus neeg.

• Social daim ntawv - kev sis raug zoo dab: kev sib txuas lus, kev sib tham, kev xaiv tsa thiab thiaj li tawm ..
• Geological - characterizes lub suab ntawm teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab thiab sab hauv ntawm lub ntiaj chaw: cov tub ntxhais, mantle.

Tag nrho cov saum toj no ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov teeb meem yog sib xyaw, complementary thiab siv interchangeably. Lawv yuav tsis nyob ua ib ke ntawm nws tus kheej thiab yog tsis tos.

thaj chaw ntawm teeb meem

Ub thiab niaj hnub science yog ntaus nqi mus rau ntau thaj chaw ntawm teeb meem. Feem ntau thiab cuab - ib tug muaj zog, tab sis muaj lwm yam universal zog:

• Nws uncreatable thiab rhuav tshem tsis tau. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse txhais tau tias tej lub cev los yog tshuaj yeeb dej caw rau tej lub sij hawm, muaj kev, cease nyob ua ib ke raws li tus thawj yam khoom, tab sis qhov teeb meem tsis tu tsis tseg nyob ua ib ke, thiab tsuas hloov mus rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv.
• Nws yog nyob mus ib txhis thiab ib txhis nyob rau hauv qhov chaw.
• Qhov zog, transformation, kev hloov kho.
• Predestined, dependence rau generating yam thiab ua. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse yog ib yam ntawm cov kev tshab txhais txog ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm qhov teeb meem raws li ib tug rau txim ntawm tej txheej xwm.

Lub ntsiab yam ntawm qhov teeb meem

Niaj hnub nimno kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias peb yuav tsum muaj ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov teeb meem:

• Ib tug tshuaj muaj ib qho kev loj ntawm so, yog lub feem ntau ntau hom. Nws yuav muaj xws li hais, molecules, atoms, thiab lawv lub tebchaw, uas roos ib lub cev.
• Physical teb - ib tug tshwj xeeb cov khoom siv tshuaj yeeb dej caw, uas yog tsim los interface khoom (tshuaj).
• Lub cev lub tshuab nqus tsev - ib cov khoom nruab nrab nrog tus nqi qis tshaj zog.

Tom ntej no, ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws saib txhua lub hom.

tshuaj yeeb dej caw

Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw - ib yam ntawm cov teeb meem, lub ntsiab feature uas yog discrete, piv txwv li discontinuous, tsis pub. Nws qauv muaj cov tsawg tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov protons, electrons, thiab neutrons muaj atom. Lub atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule yog koom tsim tau ib cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw uas, nyob rau hauv lem, cov ntaub ntawv ib lub cev los yog flowable substance.

Tej yam khoom uas muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm ib tug neeg tus yam ntxwv uas txawv los ntawm lwm tus neeg, loj, ceev, ib kub npau npau taw tes thiab melting point, tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo qauv. Nyob rau hauv tej yam tej yam kev mob, ntau yam tshuaj yuav raug los koom thiab tov. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm lawv muaj nyob rau hauv peb lub xeev ntawm aggregation: khoom, kua thiab gaseous. Nyob rau hauv no xyov lub cev xeev sau raws nkaus Ii tus mob ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsuas yog tus tshuaj thiab cov kev siv ntawm molecular sis, tab sis nws yog ib tug neeg tus yam ntxwv. Yog li, lub qhov dej nyob sib txawv kub thiab tej zaum yuav siv sij hawm ib tug kua thiab khoom thiab gaseous daim ntawv.

lub cev teb

Hom muaj xws li lub cev muaj teeb meem thiab xws li ib tug tivthaiv raws li lub cev teb. Nws yog ib yam ntawm cov system nyob rau hauv uas cov ntaub ntawv uas lub cev INTERACTIONS. Lub teb yog tsis yog ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib qhov chaw tiam sis ib cov cab kuj tej thaj chaw ntawm nws hais tau tsim. Yog li, tus mem tes liberated los ntawm ib tug particle, tab sis tsis absorbed nyob rau hauv lub lwm yam, nws yog ib qho accessory ntawm lub teb.

Physical teb - ib tug tiag tiag intangible ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov teeb meem muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm saab laaj. Lawv yuav tsum tau txwv kom muab zais raws li nyias kev:

1. Nyob rau hauv lub teb-generating xwb distinguished: hluav taws xob, magnetic thiab gravitational teb.
2. Los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm tus nqi zog: dynamic teb, statistical (muaj taag txheeb ze rau txhua tus lwm yam them hais).
3. Los ntawm lub cev qhov: macro- thiab microfield (tsim lub zog ntawm ib tug neeg them hais).
4. Nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov ntawm cov nruab nrab: sab nraud (uas nyob ib ncig lub them hais), hauv (lub teb hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas), qhov muaj tseeb tiag (tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov sab hauv thiab sab nraud teb).

Lub cev lub tshuab nqus tsev

Nyob rau hauv XX xyoo pua nyob rau hauv physics raws li ib tug hais nruab nrab ntawm materialists thiab idealists mus piav qhia txog tej yam tshwm sim nyob lub sij hawm "lub cev lub tshuab nqus tsev". Tus thawj qhab nia rau nws nrog rau cov khoom zog, thiab rau tom kawg yuav lav hais tias ib lub tshuab nqus - nws yog tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis emptiness. Niaj hnub nimno physics tau tsis kam muab qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub idealists thiab muaj pov thawj hais tias ib lub tshuab nqus - nws yog cov ntaub ntawv uas ib puag ncig, kuj dubbed lub quantum teb. Tus xov tooj hais nyob rau hauv nws yog sib npaug zos rau zero, uas, li cas los xij, tsis tiv thaiv kom txhob muaj tshwm sim ntawm luv luv-term particle nyob rau hauv lub intermediate theem. Nyob rau hauv lub quantum kev tshawb xav ntawm lub cev nqus zog conventionally coj raws li qhov tsawg kawg nkaus, piv txwv li zero. Txawm li cas los, experimentally muaj pov thawj hais tias lub zog teb yuav ua tau tag nrho ob qho tsis zoo thiab zoo nqi. Muaj yog ib tug hypothesis tias cov ntug sawv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub cev nqus pog.

Tseem tsis siab kawm cov qauv ntawm lub cev lub tshuab nqus tsev, txawm hais tias lub npe hu rau ntau ntawm nws cov khoom. Raws li qhov Dirac kev tshawb xav, lub quantum teb muaj tsiv photons nrog tib nyiaj, tus muaj pes tsawg leeg tseem tsis totaub lawv tus kheej quanta pawg uas yog tsiv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm yoj ntws.