Chloroform tom tsev: txoj kev ntawm kev npaj, lub zog, siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub thiab qhov kev nyab xeeb

Yuav ua li cas yog chloroform? Qhov no tshuaj compound uas yog ib tug nrov heev nthe kua, tsis muaj kob, nrog ib tug ntse ethereal tsw thiab ib tug Sweet saj. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog tsis soluble nyob rau hauv dej, tsis yog cov, yog miscible nrog rau feem ntau cov kuab tshuaj.

Toxic, thaum raug rau ultraviolet rays, thiab los ntawm kev sib cuag nrog cov pa decomposes maj mam hloov mus rau hauv ib tug ntau yam tshuaj, xws li phosgene thiab chlorine.

Siv nyob rau hauv industrial thiab kev kho mob hom phiaj.

zaj dabneeg

Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tau tau nyob rau hauv 1831 los ntawm tus German chemist Xamuyee Guthrie. Cov yooj yim mis thiab lub npe rau kev twb kev txuas teem Fabkis tus paub txog Dumas nyob rau hauv 1834.

Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, chloroform twb siv nyob rau hauv muaj daim ntaub ntawv, tsuas yog raws li ib tug hnyav.

Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, rau cov thawj lub sij hawm lub substance twb tau muab siv nyob rau hauv 1847 raws li ib tug English kws kho mob tshuaj loog Simpson.

Ua ntej mus rau lub qhib ntawm Russia tuaj xwb 50 xyoo tom qab ntawd, thiab qhov no kho mob chloroform nyob rau hauv tsev coj Boris Zbarskiy nyob rau hauv 1916. Raws li cov kev ua kom loog tshuaj twb lug siv tom qab ua hauj lwm Nikolai Pirogov.

lub zog

• Tiabsis cov ntawm Formula - CHCl _3.
• Refraction - 1,44858 ntawm 15 ° C.
• Ib kub npau npau taw tes - + 61,152 ° C.
• Crystallization ntawm 63,55 ° C.
• Nws yaj nyob rau hauv dej tsuas yog nyob rau ib tug kub saum toj no 31 ° C nyob rau hauv ib tug me npaum li cas.

Lub chloroform siv rau kev kho mob hom phiaj thiab nkag mus rau hauv lub txwv muag khoom, muaj txog li 2% ethyl cawv, uas ua raws li ib qhov txuas ntawm lub Cheebtsam thiab tsis decompose lub compound nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci thiab tso tau yam tshuaj.

tau txoj kev

Nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj scale los ntawm chlorination ntawm cov kua Extract.

Chloroform twb npaj los ntawm cua kub tshuaj thiab methane (methane los yog tshuaj, methyl chloride) nyob rau hauv ib tug kub ntawm 400 ° C. Cov no ib tug sib tov ntawm ob peb lub tebchaw uas sib cais tshwm sim los ntawm distillation.

Nyob rau hauv laboratory kev tshawb fawb, chloroform rho thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm calcium hypochlorite thiab acetone. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, muaj ob hom ntawm kua kuj sib cais los ntawm distillation.

Chloroform raug tshem tawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm ntaub ntawv sib txawv nyob rau hauv ob peb txoj kev.

1. Thaum txuas bleach nrog ethanol, acetone los yog acetaldehyde.

2. Los ntawm electrolysis ntawm ib tug dej cawv, ntsev, thiab sodium hydroxide (caustic dej qab zib).

3. Thaum rhuab trichloroacetic acid.

Tag nrho cov kev ceev faj yog npaum li cas thaum ua hauj lwm nrog cov tshuaj. daim tawv nqaij hau yog yuav raug kaw nrog khaub ncaws tshwj xeeb, yuav tsum tau muaj cov hnab looj tes, tsom iav thiab tiv thaiv qhov ncauj qhov ntswg kom tiv thaiv nqus tau pa ntawm lub vapor compound.

Tau chloroform nyob rau hauv tsev

Tau chloroform yuav tsum yog los ntawm ntshiab bleach los yog cov khoom uas muaj nws, piv txwv li, tshwj xeeb txhais tau tias tu lub tsev. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws yog lub kua "Dawb."

Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yuav tsum tau tov nrog acetone nyob rau hauv ib tug iav los yog yas ntim rau hauv ib lub ratio ntawm 1 ib feem ntawm acetone mus rau 30 qhov chaw ntawm lub "dawb". Tom qab hauv, lub resulting kua yog muab faib ntawm ib tug xa me nyuam rov funnel mus rau hauv dej thiab chloroform.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm sodium hydroxide (caustic dej qab zib, NaOH) yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv tsev electrolysis. Lub iav los yog yas ntim yog tsim nyog los ncuav ib tug dej cawv (dua li ethanol), ntxiv ntsev thiab sib tov kom txog thaum yaj. Ntsev ua raws li ib tug amplifier kev muaj peev xwm. Ntxiv caustic dej qab zib, tso tawm tus ob electrodes kev cob cog rua rau ib lub hwj chim qhov twg los. Tom qab boiling ntawm cov tshuaj yuav tsum tau xyuas kom muaj los ntawm ceev npaum li cas kua yuav tshwm sim nras mus rau dej (saum) thiab chloroform (hauv qab).

Cua sov ntawm trichloroacetic acid mus rau ib tug kub ntawm +75 ° C thiab evaporated carbon dioxide, koj tseem yuav tau txais chloroform. Tom tsev, koj yuav tsum nqa tej yam cov kauj ruam los xyuas kom meej lawv kev ruaj ntseg - yuav tsum tau hnav ib tug tshwj xeeb kev tiv thaiv daim npog qhov ncauj kom tsis txhob nqus teeb meem tshuaj, thiab thaum ua hauj lwm nrog acid, siv tuab roj hmab hnab looj tes.

daim ntawv thov

Chiv, chloroform yog siv raws li hnyav, nyob rau hauv feem ntau - ntawm roj hmab thiab roj.

Nyob rau hauv lub 19-20 th centuries. - raws li tshuaj loog thaum lub sij hawm ntau ua hauj lwm.

Tam sim no, chloroform yog siv:

• rau ntau yam (freon, freon);
• raws li kuab;
• rau zus tau tej cov tshuaj tua kab;
• thaum lub sij hawm siv thiab ua cov dyes.

Ceev faj - txaus ntshai khoom!

Chloroform - ib tug tsis tshua tej yam khoom uas, raws nraim tib yam li nws lub Cheebtsam. Yog li ntawd, ua tib zoo luj tag nrho cov "pros" thiab "cons" ua ntej koj kawm tau li cas yuav ua rau nyob rau hauv tsev chloroform. Tom qab tag nrho, muaj ntau ntau yam muaj kev ruaj ntseg analogues ntawm no substance.

Chloroform - teeb meem thiab txaus ntshai mix. Nws muaj feem xyuam rau tag nrho lub cev thiab nyob rau hauv kov nws yog tsim nyog los siv precautionary ntsuas.

Chloroform - ib nrab ester compound thiab sai sai kis los ntawm cov pa. Thaum raug mus rau lub teeb nws yog sai sai absorbed rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, ua ib tug tsis zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm lub cev tag nrho.

Lub hauv paus poob siab system nyob rau hauv tus ntawm tshuaj yog suppressed. Los ntawm nqus tau pa ntawm ib tug me me npaum li cas muaj kiv taub hau, ib tug zoo nkaus ntawm lub tuam qaug zog, tej zaum nws yuav tsum yog ib tug mob taub hau thiab ntuav. Thaum ntev raug ib tug neeg tsis nco.

Sij hawm ntev nyhuv txawm nyob rau hauv me me koob tshuaj, ua rau daim siab thiab lub raum kab mob.

Yog hais tias koj zoo heev ua rau kom cov tshuaj ntawm chloroform thiab tawm ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv nws cov cawv - tejzaum tuag taus.

Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb nyob hauv cov nas qhia hais tias ntev-lub sij hawm siv nyob rau hauv me me koob tshuaj ua rau ncuav me nyuam tau, thiab yug tsiaj muaj ib tug feem pua ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic txawv txav.

Yog hais tias koj txiav txim siab kom tau txais cov chloroform nyob rau hauv lub tsev, koj yuav tsum tau raws li ceev faj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub thaj chaw ntawm lub substance yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account uas muaj ib tug tau ntawm kev qaug tshuaj lom phosgene, uas ua rau txawm loj txim rau tib neeg lub cev.