Broad-leaved forests: nta, nyem, nroj tsuag thiab cov tsiaj

Lub cheeb tsam ntawm deciduous forests yog nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Manchuria, Far East, tsis pub dhau lub tsis kub tsis txias cheeb tsam ntawm teb chaws Europe, sab hnub tuaj Tuam Tshoj, North America. nws kuj muaj feem xyuam rau lub yav qab teb ib feem ntawm South America thiab ib co qhov chaw ntawm Central Asia.

Broad-leaved forests yog feem ntau qhov chaw uas yuav tswj kav ib tug sov so temperate kev nyab xeeb, thiab tus piv ntawm tshav kub thiab dej - qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Qhov no yog qhia paaj tej yam kev mob thaum lub sij hawm loj hlob rau lub caij. Sheet phaj nyob rau hauv loj hlob ntoo muaj ntau, li no lub npe ntawm lub hav zoov. Yuav ua li cas lwm nta tau qhia tej cheeb tsam? Broad-leaved forests yog lub tsev mus rau ntau yam tsiaj, tsiaj reptiles, cov noog thiab cov kab.

yam ntxwv nta

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tej yam forests pw nyob rau hauv lub fact tias ob cov tiers yuav qhia nyob rau hauv lawv. Ib tug ntawm lawv - lub ntau dua, cov lwm yam - qis. Cov hav zoov shrubs, nyom hlob nyob rau hauv peb tiers, av npog yog sawv cev los ntawm Lichens thiab mosses.

Lwm feature yog lub teeb tsoom fwv. Nyob rau hauv cov forests emit ob lub teeb siab tshaj plaws. Thawj cai nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, thaum cov ntoo tseem tsis tau them los ntawm nplooj. Qhov thib ob - nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg thaum lub nplooj thins. Lub caij ntuj sov lub teeb allergic yog tsawg heev. Saum toj no hom piav txog cov nta ntawm cov nyom cover.

Av tej yam forests nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov organic thiab pob zeb hauv av sib txuas. Lawv yog cov tshwm sim ntawm decomposition ntawm tsob nroj litter. Tsob ntoo deciduous hav zoov muaj cov hmoov tshauv. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib tug ntau ntawm nws nyob rau hauv cov nplooj - txog tsib feem pua. Tshauv, nyob rau hauv lem, yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv poov hlau (nees nkaum ib xees ntawm tag nrho). Nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg kuj muaj xws li poov tshuaj (kwv yees li ob feem pua) thiab pob zeb ntais (mus txog peb ib xees).

Tsob ntoo deciduous forests

Scaffolding ntawm no hom yog yus los ntawm ib tug nplua nuj ntau yam ntawm tsob ntoo hom. Xeem koj yuav suav txog ib tug kaum os cov. Broad-leaved forests ntawm lub taiga, piv txwv li, yog tsis yog li ntawd nplua nuj nyob rau hauv no hais txog. Yog vim li cas yog hais tias lub hnyav kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub taiga tsis yog raws li feature rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tus muaj. Muaj ntau xav muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov av thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm tsob ntoo hom yuav tsis ciaj sia nyob rau hauv cov nyom tej yam kev mob.

Nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb ib feem ntawm lub Tula thaj av ntawd yog nto moo hav zoov. Nws muab ib lub tswv yim dab tsi tej zaum yuav broad-leaved forests. Cov av ntawm cheeb tsam no yog dej siab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntoo raws li petiolate Oaks, me me-leaved txiv qaub, aquifolium thiab teb maples, cov ntoo tshauv, elm, elm, qus kua thiab txiv moj coos. Oaks thiab cov hmoov tshauv siab tshaj plaws, raws li aquifolium maples, elms thiab linden. Qis - teb maple, qus txiv moj coos thiab Kua ntoo. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lub hom hauj lwm yog nyob los ntawm cov ntoo qhib thiab lwm yam ntoo ua raws li satellites.

Cia peb xav txog nyob rau hauv ntau yam saum toj no-hais cov neeg sawv cev dendroflora.

1. Oak. Qhov no yog lub ntsiab lub teeb coniferous broad-leaved forests nyob rau hauv cov European lub teb chaws. English ntoo qhib - ib qho ntawm feem dolgorastuschih thiab loj ntoo. Nws yog pom nyob rau hauv private plots nyob rau hauv ib landings. Nrog rau cov muaj peev xwm tso pruning Oak yuav ua kom muaj zoo nkauj tapeworms nrog kheej kheej, obovate, shatrovidnymi yas zoo lawm.
2. Elm. Du thiab ntxhib hom muaj nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov uas tsis yog-black chaw. Cov loj ntoo roos overriding tier coniferous thiab deciduous hav zoov. Yav tas los lug siv rau landscaping, tab sis nyob rau hauv tsis ntev los no xyoo no sib tau poob vim lub kis ntawm tus kab mob, raws li cov Dutch kab mob ntawm elm.
3. European tshauv. Cov nroj tsuag nce mus txog peb caug los yog plaub caug meters nyob rau hauv qhov siab. Rau tsob ntoo no yog yus muaj los ntawm haum ncaj lub cev, cov tawv ntoo yog lub teeb grey (nrog lub sij hawm nws tau tsaus), xoob openwork yas, nco ib tug ntau ntawm tshav ntuj. Lub hauv paus system muaj ib tug heev uas nws kim heev, muaj hwj chim loj, tuab buds thiab khaub rhuab. Lub qhov txawv feature - siab xav tau nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov av. European tshauv yog ib qho loj hom chaw ua taus zes teb-kev tiv thaiv. Qhov no tshav kub thiab photophilous nroj, caij nplooj ntoos hlav frosts yog phem. Flowering tshauv yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Tej zaum, lub pollination txheej txheem yog ua li cas los ntawm cov cua. maturation lub sij hawm ntawm lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo - Lub kaum hli ntuj-Kaum ib hlis. Lawv poob los yog lub caij ntuj no, los yog thaum ntxov caij nplooj ntoos hlav.
4. Beech hav zoov. Ntxiv cov kev hloov ntawm uas ntoo loj hlob nyob rau hauv deciduous hav zoov, tsis hais nws. Nws nce mus txog plaub caug meters siab thiab ib tug thiab ib tug ib nrab meters nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla. Beech ntoo yog lub teeb grey, elliptical nplooj. tus loj muab faib rau qhov chaw - sab hnub poob ntawm cov teb chaws Europe, cov Caucasus, lub Crimea. Tsev nqi ntawm beech tom hav zoov yog nws txiv hmab txiv ntoo. Khoom noj khoom haus ceev siav nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj-Lub kaum hli ntuj. Lawv yuav luag peb caug feem pua semidrying muaj fatty roj, tus nqi qub - ntawm nitrogenous tshuaj. Tseem ceeb txiv hmab txiv ntoo yog cov nplua nuj yuav nyob rau hauv cov hmoov txhuv nplej, piam thaj, kua qaub (citric thiab malic), tannins. Interestingly, taug alkaloid hu ua fagin nyhav decompose thaum ci ceev. Yog li ntawd nws yuav kiag li muaj kev nyab xeeb rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv. Los ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsim ib tug kasfes hloov, nyob rau hauv hauv av daim ntawv, lawv yog ntxiv rau ib tug pa hmoov nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm bakery cov khoom. Beech ntoo zoo nkauj heev thiab check hniav khoom.
5. Maple. Broad-leaved forests, nyob rau hauv cov European ib feem ntawm Russia thiab lub Caucasus, yog yus li paaj loj hlob cheeb tsam aquifolium (cov) maples. Cov ntoo loj hlob mus rau nees nkaum meters nyob rau hauv qhov siab. Lawv cov nplooj yog loj, tsaus ntsuab, nrog tsib lobes. Tawv xim - grey. Tua thiab nplooj ntawm tsob ntoo no yog lug siv rau cov kev kho mob los ntawm ntau yam ailments. Nyob rau hauv tej lub txiaj ntsim xwm muaj ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm ascorbic acid, alkaloids, tannin. Decoctions thiab infusions kho wounds, o. Lawv kuj tsim ib tug choleretic, diuretic, antiseptic thiab analgesic nyhuv. Adherents herbal tshuaj paub uas ntoo nyob rau hauv deciduous hav zoov yog feem ntau yuav pab tau. Yog li ntawd, Maple nplooj thiab tua yog pom zoo rau txoj kev kho ntawm daj ntseg, raum pob zeb, uas yuav tau tshem ntawm xeev siab thiab ntuav.

tshuaj ntsuab

Tsob nroj deciduous forests yog yus muaj los ntawm loj thiab sab nplooj paib. Vim li no lawv yog hu ua shirokotraviem ntoo qhib. Ib txhia tshuaj ntsuab los ntawm ib tug tib Piv txwv li, lawv yeej tsis tsim impenetrable thickets. Lwm tus, txawm li cas los, tsim ib yam ntawm cov ntaub pua tsev yuav tsum vov loj cheeb tsam. Tej tshuaj ntsuab yog hom. Ntawm lawv yog cov av laus, sedges thiab ntxhuav Zelenchuk daj.

Feem ntau cov herbaceous nroj tsuag uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub deciduous hav zoov, yog ib tug perennial. Lawv nyob rau ob peb decades. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lawv lub neej yog tswj los ntawm vegetative hais tawm. Noob lawv yug tsis zoo. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm cov nroj tsuag - ntev underground thiab aboveground tua, loj hlob sai heev nyob rau hauv txawv kev qhia thiab yog nquag exciting tshiab av.

Lub sim saum nruab ntug qhov chaw hauv lub feem ntau ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm oakwood tuag rov qab nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg. Overwinter xwb nyob rau hauv cov av ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab rhizomes. Lawv txheej txheem tshwj xeeb buds los ntawm uas tshiab tua yog ua nyob rau hauv caij nplooj ntoos hlav.

Qhov kos rau txoj cai

Tsis tshua muaj cov neeg sawv cev shirokotravya nyob twj ywm ntsuab nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no thiab lub caij ntuj sov. Cov nroj tsuag muaj xws li: Asarum, Zelenchuk, ntxhuav sedge.

lov tas vau

Raws li rau cov tsiaj ntawm muaj, lawv deciduous hav zoov raws li heev tsis yooj yim. Lawv cia li tsis peculiar rau lub nyuaj, tab sis tsis yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub coniferous hav zoov, qhov chaw uas fab loj hlob qhov txhia chaw. Cov feem ntau lug siv blueberries thiab cranberries.

"Maj nroos" zoo siab ephemeroids

Cov nroj tsuag yog rau cov kws txawj kawm muaj ntawm lub hav zoov, qhov loj tshaj kev txaus siab. Ntawm lawv, lesser celandine, buttercup anemone, Corydalis ntau hom thiab gagea. Cov nroj tsuag yog feem ntau me me nyob rau hauv loj, tiam sis lawv yog tsim heev sai sai. Ephemeroids tsuag tsuag mus yuav yug los sai li sai tau tom qab lub disappearance ntawm cov daus cover. Ib co ntawm cov frisky rostochku lawv txoj kev txawm los ntawm cov daus. Tom qab ib lub lim tiam, nyob ob tug, lawv paj buds twb blooming. Ib tug ob peb lub lis piam tom qab los rau hauv lub ripening ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab noob. Cov nroj tsuag Lodge rau hauv av, tig daj, ces hais tias ib feem ntawm lawv cov uas yog nyob saum toj no cov av tuag. Ntxiv mus, tus txheej txheem no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub heev thaum pib ntawm lub caij ntuj sov lub sij hawm, thaum, raws li tej zaum nws yuav zoo li, lub tej yam kev mob rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub feem ntau dej siab. Ntawm daim card yog yooj yim. Nyob rau hauv ephemeroids muaj suab ntawm lub neej, txawv los ntawm lub siab zoo ntawm graphics kev loj hlob ntawm lwm yam nroj tsuag. Lawv loj hlob tuaj mus rau tag nrho paj xwb nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab lub caij ntuj sov rau lawv - nws yog lub sij hawm lwj.

Feem ntau cov yuav pab kom txoj kev loj hlob lub sij hawm - thaum ntxov caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Thaum lub sij hawm no ntawm lub xyoo nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov muaj ib tug tshaj plaws nqi ntawm lub teeb, raws li lov tas vau thiab ntoo tseem tsis tau nrhiav ib tug tuab ntsuab cover. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no cov av yog noo nrog dej optimally. Raws li rau lub siab lub caij ntuj sov kub, lub ephemeroids nws tsis xav tau. Tag nrho cov nroj tsuag yog perennial. Lawv tsis tuag tom qab lawv cov aerial ib feem dries li. Nyob underground keeb kwm hais tubers, qhov muag teev los yog rhizomes. Cov lub cev yog repositories cov as-ham, mas cov hmoov txhuv nplej. Yog vim li cas lub stems, nplooj thiab paj yuav tshwm sim li ntawd, thaum ntxov thiab loj hlob thiaj li loj.

Ephemeroids muaj ntau nyob rau hauv deciduous ntoo qhib hav zoov nroj tsuag. Tag nrho huvsi muaj txog kaum yam. Lawv paj yog xim nyob rau hauv kaj ntshav, xiav, daj. Thaum lub sij hawm flowering ephemeroids tsim ib tug tuab zoo nkauj ntaub pua tsev.

mosses

Lavxias teb sab broad-leaved forests yog yeej ntawm txawv tsiaj ntawm cov mosses. Tsis zoo li boreal hav zoov nyob rau hauv uas cov nroj tsuag tsim tau ib cov tuab ntsuab av cover nyob rau hauv ntoo qhib ntxhuab shrouded av tsis yog li ntawd lug. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm mosses nyob rau hauv tej yam forests yog heev coj tus. Lub ntsiab yog vim li cas yog qhov tseeb hais tias cov nplooj litter ntawm lub hav zoov tej yam dejnum ntxim rau cov nroj tsuag.

fauna

Tsiaj txhu Lavxias teb sab broad-leaved forests - nws ungulates, Carnivores, insectivores, nas thiab puav. Qhov loj tshaj ntau haiv neeg muaj cai nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas tsis kov los ntawm tus txiv neej. Yog li, nyob rau hauv broad-leaved forests, koj yuav saib tau mos lwj, npua teb qus, fallow mos lwj, sika thiab liab mos lwj, elk. Detachment ntawm txhom yog sawv cev los ntawm cov hma liab, hma, marten, ermine thiab weasels. Broad-leaved forests, fauna uas yog nplua nuj thiab ntau yam, yog lub tsev mus rau beavers, squirrels, muskrats thiab nutria. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov chaw no yog inhabited los ntawm nas, nas, moles, hedgehogs, shrews, nab, lizards thiab hav iav vaub.

Noog ntawm deciduous forests - larks, hmab nce, warblers, tits, flycatchers, swallows, starlings. Muaj kuj yog lub tsev mus rau uab lag, rooks, grouse, woodpeckers, crossbill, jackdaws, grouse. Noog of prey yog sawv cev niam txiv dav, owls, owls, plas thiab lunyami. Marshes - lub tsev mus rau shorebirds, cranes, herons, gulls, ducks thiab cov os.

Nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm, broad-leaved forests tau populated by nyuj qus. Tam sim no, hmoov tsis, nws yog ib tug ob peb kaum ntawm cov neeg. Cov tsiaj muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm txoj cai lij choj. Lawv nyob rau hauv lub Bialowieza Hav zoov (Belarus), nyob rau hauv lub Oka Reserve Terras (Lavxias teb sab Federation), nyob rau hauv tej lub teb chaws ntawm Western teb chaws Europe thiab nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland. Ob peb tsiaj twb thauj mus rau lub Caucasus. Muaj lawv cov chav nrog cov nyuj qus.

Cov nab npawb ntawm cov mos lwj kuj undergone ib tug hloov. Lawv los ua tsawg npaum li cas vim hais tias ntawm lub ua loj leeb ua ntawm tus txiv neej. Loj heev deforestation thiab plowing teb ua dejnum rau cov zoo nkauj cov tsiaj. Mos lwj yuav ncav cuag ob meters ntev thiab peb puas plaub caug-kilogram ceeb thawj. Lawv feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv me me herds txog li kaum tsiaj. Hom nyob rau hauv feem ntau yog ib tug poj niam. Nws nyob nrog nws thiab nws cov xeeb ntxwv.

Caij nplooj zeeg tej zaum caug sib sau ua ke ib yam ntawm cov harem. Reminiscent ntawm ib tug trumpet lawv roar yog nqa rau peb mus rau plaub kilometers nyob ib ncig ntawm. Cov vam meej tshaj plaws mos lwj, yeej nyob rau hauv battles nws rivals yuav sib sau ua ke nyob ib ncig ntawm nws mus rau nees nkaum tug maum. Yog li tsim lwm hom mos lwj. Thaum pib ntawm lub caij ntuj sov lub caij, mos lwj yug los tub ntxhais hluas. Lawv yug uas yim rau kaum ib kilograms. Mus txog rau lub hlis tau pom sai kev loj hlob. Yearling caug tau tshuab raj.

Cov mos lwj noj nyom, nplooj thiab stems ntawm cov ntoo, fungi, Lichens, reed, wormwood. Tab sis lub koob nyob rau hauv lawv cov khoom noj khoom haus yog tsis zoo rau tag nrho cov. Nyob rau hauv lub qus mos lwj nyob rau txog kaum tsib xyoos. Nyob rau hauv captivity, qhov no daim duab yuav tsum tau muab ob npaug.

Beavers - txawm yog ib co neeg ntawm deciduous hav zoov. Cov feem ntau dej siab tej yam kev mob rau lawv muaj nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, North America thiab cov teb chaws Asia. Qhov siab tshaj plaws kaw luj ntawm no tsiaj - peb caug kilograms thiab lub cev ntev - ib 'meter'. Bobrov distinguishes ib tug loj heev lub cev thiab ib tug flattened tus Tsov tus tw. Webbing ntawm tus ntiv tes ntawm lub hind ob txhais ceg mus pab kom cov dej txoj kev ua neej. Plaub xim yuav txawv los ntawm lub teeb xim av mus rau dub. Oiling nws cov plaub hau tshwj xeeb zais cia, beavers muaj kev tiv thaiv los ntawm ntub. Thaum raus rau hauv dej hauv lub pob ntseg ntawm cov tsiaj ntxiv thiab qhov ntswg kaw. Yig cua noj yuav pab nws nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv dej mus txog mus rau kaum tsib feeb. Beavers xav kom khom rau lub shores ntawm lub pas dej thiab oxbow cov pas dej thiab qeeb ntws ntws. Lawv attracted los ntawm lub ntau nqaum thiab dej nroj tsuag. Beavers tsev nyob yog ib lub qhov los yog ib tug thawj lub tsev pheeb suab, tus nkag mus rau uas yog nyob rau hauv cov dej saum npoo. Lub pas dej tauv siv nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj yog hais tias tus dej theem yog tsis ruaj tsis khov. Tsaug rau cov chaw yog tswj runoff, uas nkag rau hauv lub tsev los ntawm cov dej. Peregryzanie ceg thiab txawm loj ntoo beavers muab tau yooj yim. Yog li ntawd, Aspen tsib mus rau xya centimeters nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla, raug rau cov tsiaj nyob rau hauv ob feeb. Lawv nyiam cov khoom noj - pas nrig. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv yuav tsis averse mus noj iris, dej lilies, Potbelly. Beavers nyob rau hauv tsev neeg. Hluas tsiaj mus nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb los ntawm ib khub peb lub xyoo ntawm lub neej.

Tsiaj qus npua - ib tug ntau raug inhabitants ntawm deciduous hav zoov. Lawv muaj ib tug lossis loj lub taub hau thiab ib tug heev muaj zog ntev snout. Cov haib tshaj riam phom ntawm cov tsiaj - tus ntse voos hniav uas bent upwards thiab rov qab. Vision nyob rau hauv boars yog tsis zoo heev, tab sis qhov no yog offset los ntawm yav tom ntej lub rooj sib hais thiab ib tug ntse hnov tsw. Loj nrws mus txog ib tug luj ntawm peb puas kilograms. tus tsiaj lub cev yog kev tiv thaiv twg tsaus xim av. Nws yog heev muaj zog.

Npua teb - zoo heev runners thiab swimmers. Cov tsiaj kov yeej lub hwj chim ntawm ua luam dej pas dej, ib tug dav ntawm ib tug ob peb kis lus mev. Lub hauv paus ntawm lawv noj cov zaub mov muaj ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tab sis peb muaj peev xwm hais tias npua yog omnivores. Lawv nyiam cov khoom noj - acorns thiab beech ceev, thiab lawv yuav tsis muab rau qav, nas, tus me nyuam noog, kab thiab tej nab.

cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsiaj reptiles

Deciduous forests inhabited Adders, vipers, copperhead, veretennitsami, ntsuab thiab nabqa tsiav. Qhov uas yuav muaj rau tib neeg sawv cev rau xwb ib tug viper. Muaj coob tus neeg tsuagzog ntseeg hais tias tus tib lom copperhead, tab sis nws tsis yog. Qhov tseem heev heev tej yam forests nabqa - snakes.

nyem nta

Lub cheeb tsam ntawm deciduous hav zoov (thiab mixed) nyob rau hauv cov European ib feem ntawm Russia svoebrazny ntaub ntawv ib tug daim duab peb sab, lub hauv paus uas yog nyob rau ntawm lub thaj ciam teb rau lwm lub teb chaws, thiab lub ntsis rests nyob rau hauv lub Ural Toj siab. Txij li thaum cov cheeb tsam no twb tsis tau ib zaug them los ntawm continental ice thaum lub sij hawm Quaternary lub sij hawm, nws topography feem ntau cuam kawb. Cov feem ntau pom tseeb cim ntawm tej lub xub ntiag ntawm lub Valdai glacier dim nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob. Muaj cheeb tsam ntawm deciduous thiab mixed forests yog yus muaj los ntawm chaotic heaps toj, ntxhab ridges, kaw cov pas dej thiab basins. Yav qab teb ib feem piav chaw uas zoo heev uas muaj tuaj theem nrab Moraine nras uas yog tsim vim lub yuav txo tau ntawm lub inclined nto cuam kawb chaw. Koom Haum Niam tov thiab tej yam tom hav zoov yus muaj los ntawm qhov kuaj pom ntawm cov xuab zeb ntawm txawv loj nras. Lawv cov keeb kwm - dej-glacial. Lawv muaj waviness, tej zaum yuav pom cov lus hais xuab zeb dunes.

Coniferous-deciduous forests ntawm Lavxias teb sab Tiaj

Qhov no cheeb tsam yog nyob rau hauv lub temperate kev nyab xeeb cheeb tsam. Txoj kev nyab xeeb yog tus me me thiab noo. Cov av ntawm cov chaw no ntawm sod-podzolic. Qhov sib thooj ntawm cov Atlantic dej hiav txwv coj mus rau lub topography. Tus dej network nyob rau hauv lub coniferous thiab deciduous forests yog zoo tsim. Reservoirs yus muaj los ntawm ib tug loj cheeb tsam.

Kev ua tshwm sim los eutrophication txheej txheem sib thooj nqhuab thiab noo kev nyab xeeb. Hom nyob rau hauv lub nyom cover nroj tsuag muaj ib tug dav nplooj tuaj.

xaus

Broad-leaved forests nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm cov teb chaws Europe, uas teev raws li sim ecosystems. Thiab tom qab ob los yog peb centuries dhau los, lawv yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj chaw thiab nyob rau hauv ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum rau-xyoo centuries lawv nyob ib cheeb tsam ntawm ob peb lab hectares. Niaj hnub no, lawv yog tsis ntau tshaj ib puas txhiab hectares.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua thaum ntxov unscathed tsuas tawg tsam ntawm yav dhau los uas nws kim heev broadleaved siv. Thaum qhov kaj ntug ntawm no caug xyoo nyob rau hauv lub empty chaw tau npaj kom loj hlob Oaks. Txawm li cas los, qhov no proved tau heev yooj yim: kev tuag ntawm cov tub ntxhais Dubrov nyuaj twb conditioned qhov lub caij ntuj. Thaum cov kev tshawb fawb tau tau ua, uas coj tus naas ej Lavxias teb sab geographer Dokuchaev. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws twb pom hais tias cov tsis ua hauj lwm kom loj hlob tshiab ntoo yog txuam nrog rau cov loj-scale deforestation, raws li nws mus ib txhis hloov lub hydrological regime thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub chaw uas zoo heev.

Rau hnub tim, qhov chaw yav tas los nyob los ntawm cov deciduous hav zoov, theem nrab hav zoov loj hlob, raws li zoo raws li dag plantations. Lawv yeej conifers. Tu siab, raws li kws txawj nco ntsoov, lub zog thiab cov qauv ntawm tej yam ntuj tso ntoo qhib forests tsis tau zoo tu qab tso.