Bhakti nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb

Bhakti raws li ib tug kev cai dab qhuas zog muaj txij ancient sij hawm, tab sis lub lem ntawm lub XIV-XV centuries. koj yuav pom ib tug ntse nce nyob rau hauv nws koob meej, lub tsos ntawm ib tug galaxy ntawm feemxyuam xibhwb, ib co ntawm cov yam ntxwv tshiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev qhia. Yeej, Islam, Sufism nyob rau hauv particular, tau muab ib co impetus mus rau lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm kev xav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev cai dab qhuas. Tab sis ua si ib lub luag hauj lwm thiab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub zos, ua nroog pejxeem, ho tsa lub tsim ntawm cov Muslim lub xeev, Upper txheej ntawm lub feudal lords uas tau teem rau lub neej rau nroog. Lub nroog folk, artisans, tub txawj tub ntse, thiab paupers, thaj uas yuav tsum tau ib tug ideology, freed los ntawm cov nruj rituals thiab Hinduism, thiab Islam, thiab nyob rau tag nrho cov feem ntawm cov pejxeem. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ua rau ib txhia nyob tsis tau rau hauv lub zos, lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov Muslim, Hindu sects, thiab sects, koom nyob rau hauv nws cov dogmatic ntsiab ntawm Hinduism thiab Islam, uas feem ntau coj cov revolt tiv thaiv cov nobles thiab cov mullahs. Qhov no yuav tsum tau yog reflected nyob rau hauv cov tsos nyob rau hauv txawv cov cheeb tsam ntawm Is Nrias teb xibhwb ntawm bhakti.

Ramananda (lig XIV -. Thaum pib ntawm lub XV century) hais tias qhov yuav tsum tau rau simplification ntawm lub cult thiab cov weakening ntawm caste cai. Nws cov lus qhuab qhia ua hauj lwm, pib nyob rau hauv sab qab teb, thiab ces proceeded nyob rau hauv Varanasi. Nws tsis tau tsim ib tug loj tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov thwjtim, tab sis ib tug ntawm nws cov tub kawm, ib tug Muslim Kabnr (XV c.), Tsim cov kev qhia thiab pab rau nws kis. Repetition thiab qhuas Vajtswv lub npe, ntawm tej yam ntawm nws npe ntawm Kabir - lub feem ntau tib neeg thiab tsuas yog txoj kev kom paub Vajtswv thiab hauj lwm ua ke nrog nws. Raws li cov kev cai ntawm caste thiab Hindu thiab Muslim rituals tsis txawv. Continuer ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia Kabnra Nanak (1469-1539) tau qhia nyob rau hauv Punjab. Nws cov thwjtim Sikhs (cov menyuam kawm) tau rallied lub zej zog, uas yog tsis tsuas yog lawv lub taub hau (guru), tab sis lawv cov vaj lug kub ( "Adi Granth"), daim ntawv sau qhia tshwj xeeb uas tsim rau no cov tsiaj ntawv (gurmukhn), thiab txawm nws capital (Amritsar).

Sikhism, qhia hais tias Vajtswv yog ib tug, twb tsis muaj npe thiab daim ntawv. Lub ntiaj teb no yog ib qhov nriaj ntawm lub teeb thiab tsaus ntuj nti thaum pib. Qhov no nriaj yog noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tib neeg ntsuj plig. Sikhism pom tau hais tias cov Hindu lub tswv yim ntawm karma (kev sib pauj xwb rau yav tas los) thiab Samsara (thawj), tab sis tsis lees txais txoj caste system thiab hais tias tsis tsuas yog tus koob pheej ntawm lawv ntawm tag nrho cov ua ntej Vajtswv, tab sis kuj social koob pheej ntawm lawv rau hauv av. Lub Sikh twb yuam kom ua, ua lag ua luam lub neej, tu neeg hauv tsev neeg thiab kev thaj ntawm cov tag nrho lub zej zog, los mus tiv thaiv lawv txoj kev ntseeg ua ntej lub zej lub zos nyob rau hauv tej caj npab. Cov kev ywj pheej xwm ntawm Sikhism nce thaum twg, tom qab lub thib kaum Nanak Guru Govind (1675- 1708) abolished lub koom haum guru cob hwj chim rau lub zej zog (Khalsa) feem ntau muab rau tag nrho cov Sikhs npe Singh ( "tsov ntxhuav") thiab hloov tag nrho cov zej zog ua tsov rog footing.

Lwm yam lus qhia bhakti tsis muaj tib lub qhov ntau. Nyob rau hauv Gujarat, nyob rau hauv lub XV caug xyoo. yog paub preacher Narasimha Mehta, Kashmir - Lalla. Nyob rau hauv Tsov nplooj suab thiab Orissa qhia Chaithanya (1486-1535). Nws tham txog kev hlub thiab muab siab npuab Vajtswv rau Vajtswv, lub koob pheej ntawm lawv ntawm tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws, coj mus rau lub zej lub zos ntawm tag nrho - Hindus thiab Muslims, Brahmins thiab untouchables. Nyob rau hauv Maharashtra, lub tsev kawm ntawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv bhakti Pandharpur. Yuav kom nws tau koom Dzhianeshvara thiab Namdev (XIII-XIV centuries.), Screen Nath thiab Tukaram (XV-XVI centuries.), Ramdas (XVII xyoo pua.). Nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm Mathura koob meej enjoyed Ashram (monastery) Valla- bhachari, uas sawv daws khoom ib ib qhov ntawm cov founders ntawm lub paj huam nyob rau hauv Hindi -Sur Das (XV-XVI centuries.). Follower ntawm bhakti yog ib tug zoo kws sau paj lug thiab Hindi Tulsi Das (1532-1624), kom dhau rau cov lus uas cov ancient paj huam "Ramayana". Lub Mithila ua lwm zoo heev kws sau paj lug Vidyapati Thakur (XV c.), Uas yog xam raws li ib tug classic mithilskoy thiab Bengali ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv Rajasthan, nws yog nto moo thwjtim Kabir, Dadu preacher (1544-1603). Founder ntawm lub paj huam radzhastha- tsis suav tias yog Krishna poetess Mirabai (XVI caug xyoo.). Nrog rau lub kuj radical currents bhakti muaj rau ntau conservative. Cov yav tas yog sawv cev los ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm lub kws sau paj lug Tulsi Das, tsis tawm tsam caste hierarchy li twv yuav raug hu, zoo li ntau lwm yam xibhwb ntawm bhakti.

Lub synthesis ntawm cov Hindu thiab Muslim manifested nws tus kheej tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm bhakti paj huam. Nws kuj yog nyob rau hauv lub duab - architecture, painting (tej yam me me), suab paj nruag, seev cev. Loj lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv XIV-XVI centuries. nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no yog ua si los ntawm cov kuj me me Sultanates, breakaway Delhi (xeev Benga- Le-a, Jaunpur, Gujarat, Malwa), qhov chaw uas lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub alien caij yog me tshaj nyob rau hauv lub capital ntawm North India, thiab qhov chaw uas qhov kev txiav txim cov neeg tseem ceeb sawv los ze zog mus rau lub sab saum toj ntawm lub Hindus. Nyob rau hauv XVI- XVII centuries., Thaum lub mughals, thiab lub tsev hais plaub muaj twb padishahs Hindu kab lis kev cai tau ib tug muaj zog txoj hauj lwm.