Applied thiab siv cov kev tshawb fawb. Siv kev tshawb fawb txoj kev

Liaj teb ntawm kev tshawb fawb uas underlie ib tug ntau yam ntawm scientific disciplines, uas muaj feem xyuam rau tag nrho cov defining tej yam kev mob thiab tej kev cai thiab saib xyuas kiag li tag nrho cov dab - qhov no yog lub hauv paus kev tshawb fawb.

Ob hom ntawm kev tshawb fawb

Tej cheeb tsam ntawm kev txawj ntse uas yuav tsum tau theoretical thiab sim kev tshawb fawb, kev tshawb fawb ntawm regularities lub luag hauj lwm rau cov qauv, daim ntawv, qauv, muaj pes tsawg leeg, zog, raws li zoo raws li cov ndlwg ntawm cov txheej txheem uas txuam nrog lawv, yog yooj yim science. Qhov no siv rau feem ntau ntawm cov yooj yim hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm tej yam ntuj tso sciences thiab humanities ntawm lub. Siv cov kev tshawb fawb yog expanding cov conceptual thiab theoretical tswv yim ntawm cov kev kawm teeb meem.

Tab sis muaj lwm yam ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm cov kev kawm. Qhov no thov kev tshawb fawb aimed ntawm kev daws kev teeb meem ntawm lub tswv yim thiab kev txhais tau tias. Science ntxiv rau lub hom phiaj kev txawj ntse ntawm tib neeg kev muaj tiag, tsim lawv theoretical systematization. Nws lub hom phiaj yog los mus piav qhia qhov kev piav qhia thiab twv ua ntej ntawm tej yam dab los yog tshwm sim, qhov chaw uas nws tim khawv cov kev cai thiab nyob rau lawv lub hauv paus nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav qhia kev muaj tiag. Txawm li cas los, muaj ib tug science aimed ntawm lub tswv yim daim ntawv thov ntawm cov neeg postulates uas muab siv kev tshawb fawb.

nqe

Qhov no division yog rau ua ntawv thov thiab yooj yim kev tshawb fawb yog heev zwj ceeb, vim hais tias cov tom kawg feem ntau muaj ib tug siab cov tswv yim muaj nuj nqis, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov thawj tseem yog feem ntau heev tig scientific discoveries. Los ntawm kev kawm qhov yooj yim cov kev cai thiab deducing lub dav dav, tus neeg tshawb fawb yuav luag ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv lub siab lub txuas ntxiv daim ntawv thov ntawm lawv tshawb pom ncaj qha mus rau hauv kev xyaum, thiab tsis tseem ceeb heev thaum nws tshwm sim: yaj lub chocolate tam sim no siv microwave tawg, Percy Spencer, los yog tos rau yuav luag tsib puas xyoo los ntawm 1665 mus ya mus rau neighboring planets, raws li Giovanni Cassini, nrog nws cov discovery ntawm lub Great liab chaw nyob Jupiter.

Tus kab ntawm dab tsi yog ib tug yuav tsum muaj thiab thov kev tshawb fawb, yuav luag illusory. Tej yam tshiab science Ameslikas tsim raws li ib tug yuav tsum muaj, thiab ces tsiv mus rau cov tswv yim daws teeb meem. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv quantum mechanics, uas sawv raws li ib yam ntawm cov yuav luag paub daws teeb ceg ntawm physics, ib qho rau thawj lub sij hawm kuv tsis pom dab tsi pab tau, tab sis tsawg tshaj li ib xyoo caum, yuav ua li cas tej yam uas tau hloov lawm. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nuclear physics tsis muaj leej twg xav pom kom sai sai no thiab yog li lug siv nyob rau hauv xyaum. Hos thiab siv cov kev tshawb fawb xav interlinked, lub tom kawg ua lub hauv paus (foundation) rau thawj qhov chaw.

RFBR

Domestic science ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo-ncaav system, thiab lub Lavxias teb sab Foundation rau Basic tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv nws cov qauv yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws qhov chaw. RFBR npog txhua yaam ntawm cov kev ua ub ntawm lub scientific lub zej zog uas muaj txhawb mus rau lub txij nkawm ntawm ib tug active scientific thiab hauj peev xwm ntawm lub teb chaws thiab muab zaum nyiaj txiag.

Nws yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb muab sau tseg tias Lavxias teb sab Foundation rau Basic tshawb fawb siv sib tw mechanisms rau lub txais ntawm lub teb chaws kev tshawb fawb thiab ntsuam xyuas tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm muaj cov kws txawj, uas yog lub feem ntau fwm mej zeej ntawm lub scientific lub zej lub zos. Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab tsoom fwv teb chaws cov cuab yeej Fund yog nqa tawm cov kev xaiv los ntawm kev sib tw rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws kev tshawb fawb xa los zaum rau nws tus kheej teg num. Tom ntej no rau nws ib feem yuav tsum muaj quas thiab nyiaj txiag los yeej muaj cov contest ntawm tej yaam num.

Cov cheeb tsam ntawm cov nyiaj them yug

Basic tshawb fawb Foundation txhawb zaum nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb ntawm kev txawj ntse.

1. Computer science, mechanics, lej.

2. Astronomy thiab Physics.

3. ntaub ntawv Science thiab Science News for KIDS.

4. Kev Kho Mob science thiab biology.

5. ntiaj teb sciences.

6. Cov science ntawm tus txiv neej thiab haiv neeg.

7. xam thiab Information Technology.

8. Fundamentals ntawm Engineering Sciences.

Nws yog ib lub Fund yug yog tsav los ntawm domestic siv thiab thov kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob, yog li lub hom phiaj thiab kev xyaum Nkij los txuam rau txhua lwm yam. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev sis raug zoo yog ib qho scientific kev txawj ntse.

tshiab qhia

Basic thiab thov kev tshawb fawb no yuav hloov tsis tau tsuas yog qhov yooj yim qauv ntawm cognition thiab yeej ntawm scientific xav, tab sis kuj tag nrho cov kev daim duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Qhov no tshwm sim ntau ntau zaus, thiab qhov "culprits" uas yog tsis paub rau leej twg nag hmo tshiab txoj ntawm yooj yim kev tshawb fawb uas muaj hnub nyoog ntawm lub xyoo pua, nws sai sai pom nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm thov sciences. Yog hais tias peb ua tib zoo xyuas lub keeb kwm ntawm physics, koj yuav saib tau lub tiag tiag revolutionary kev hloov.

Lawv tuab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau thiab ntau tshiab qhov chaw ntawm thov kev tshawb fawb thiab tshiab technologies, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm sai muaj zog nyob rau hauv yooj yim kev tshawb fawb. Thiab tsis tau lawv sai sai txhais rau hauv lub neej tiag tiag. Dyson sau tias yav tas los yuav tsum tau 50-100 xyoo lub txoj kev los ntawm qhov siv discoveries kom loj-scale muaj daim ntaub ntawv. Tam sim no yog lub sij hawm raws li yog hais squeezed los ntawm qhov siv discoveries rau cov kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw ua ntej peb ob lub qhov muag. Thiab tag nrho vim hais uas hloov lawv tus kheej yooj yim kev tshawb fawb txoj kev.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab tsoom fwv teb chaws cov cuab yeej Fund

Ua ntej muaj yog ib tug xaiv ntawm tej yaam num nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tw hauv paus, thiab ces tsim thiab pom zoo los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev saib xyuas ntawm tag nrho cov hauj lwm hais ntawm cov kev sib tw, nyob rau cov kev tshawb fawb kev txawj ntse ntawm lub tswv yim kev sib tw. Tom ntej no yog cov nyiaj pab dhau cov kev xaiv ntawm kev ua ub no thiab tej yaam num nrog rau tom ntej tswj ntawm kev siv ntawm faib nyiaj.

Yuav kom tsim thiab tswj thoob ntiaj teb kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev yooj yim kev tshawb fawb no thiab txais ntawm ob leeg tej yaam num. Nyob rau hauv kev npaj, zus tau tej cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov kev ua, thiab lawv yuav lug faib. Lub Foundation no yog nquag muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv shaping pej xeem txoj cai nyob rau hauv science thiab technology, uas ntxiv shortens txoj kev ntawm yooj yim kev tshawb fawb rau cov kev loj hlob ntawm technology.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm yooj yim kev tshawb fawb

Cov kev loj hlob ntawm science yeej ib txwm enshrined lub social transformations nyob rau hauv pej xeem lub neej. Technology - yog lub ntsiab lub hom phiaj ntawm txhua txhua yuav tsum muaj cov kev tshawb fawb, vim nws yog mus rau pem suab civilization, science thiab art. Tsis tshawb fawb - Tsis muaj daim ntawv thov daim ntawv thov, yog li ntawd, yog tsis muaj hauj hloov.

Tom ntej no nyob rau hauv cov saw hlau: txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau lawm, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg. Nyob rau hauv yuav tsum muaj kev tshawb fawb muab tag nrho cov qauv ntawm kev txawj ntse, uas yog tsim ib tug yooj yim qauv ntawm cov hav zoov. Nyob rau hauv classical physics, tus thawj puag qauv yog qhov nyuaj lub tswv yim ntawm atoms li cov qauv ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw thiab cov cai ntawm lub mechanics ntawm ib cov khoom point. Li no physics thiab pib nws txoj kev loj hlob, muab sawv mus rau tag nrho lub tshiab yooj yim qauv thiab nce complex.

Mergers thiab division

Nyob rau hauv lub sib raug zoo ntawm yooj yim thiab thov kev tshawb fawb qhov tseem ceeb yog cov general txheej txheem uas lub ntsiab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj ntse. Science mus nce sab pem hauv ntej, nrog txhua dua hnub complicating lawv twb tsis yooj yim qauv xws li ib tug nyob heev essence. Yuav ua li cas kev zoo sib thooj yog muaj? Tej kab mob muaj ib tug plurality ntawm lub thiab subsystems. Ib txhia txhawb lub cev nyob rau hauv ib tug active, nquag, nyob mob - thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv uas lawv muaj nuj nqi. Lwm tus teem rau lub sis raug zoo nrog cov sab nraum lub ntiaj teb no, yog li mus hais lus - nyob rau metabolism. Nyob rau hauv science tib txoj kev txhua yam tshwm sim.

Muaj subsystems uas yug nyob rau hauv ib tug active lub xeev ntawm cov science nws tus kheej, thiab muaj lwm tus - lawv muaj ua los ntawm lwm scientific ces, raws li nws muaj xws li nyob rau hauv nws cov txawv teb chaws kev ua ub no. Siv kev tshawb fawb yog teem rau kev txaus siab thiab kev xav tau ntawm kev kawm, los pab txhawb nws txoj kev ua, thiab qhov no yog tiav los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kev cognition thiab synthesis ntawm cov tswv yim, uas yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej. Hais tias yog dab tsi yog meant los ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm "dawb huv science" los yog "kev txawj ntse rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txawj ntse." Applied kev tshawb fawb yog ib txwm qhia tawm sab nraud, lawv assimilate cov kev tshawb xav thiab xyaum ntawm tib neeg kev ua si, uas yog - nrog ntau lawm, yog li hloov lub ntiaj teb no.

tawm tswv yim

Tshiab yooj yim science kuj tsim rau lub hauv paus ntawm muaj ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb, txawm hais tias tus txheej txheem no yog conjugate nrog lub teeb meem ntawm theoretical kev txawj ntse tswv yim. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv yooj yim kev tshawb fawb nws muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau npe, thiab nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom muab uas lawv yuav muab qhov chaw rau lub tom ntej no txhob nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm theoretical kev txawj ntse. Ib qho piv txwv yuav ua tau ib tug interesting teeb meem no, uas niaj hnub no muaj nyob rau hauv physics. Ua nws yuav tsum muaj lub hom phiaj nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm Microprocessors - lub quantum.

Nws radically hloov tag nrho lub txoj kev xav nyob rau hauv lub physical sciences ntawm lub thib nees nkaum caug xyoo. Nws muaj ib tug lossis loj ntau yam ntawm daim ntawv sau npe, txhua tus uas yog ua kom "hnab tshos" tag nrho cov legacy ntawm no ceg ntawm theoretical physics. Thiab muaj coob tus tau ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv no txoj kev. Daim ntaub ntawv ntawm quantum kev tshawb xav, ib tug tom qab lwm yam los mus tsim ib qho kev ywj kev taw qhia txog kev tshawb fawb: khoom-xeev physics, elementary particle physics raws li zoo raws li astronomy, physics, ib thiab ntau ntau tuaj. Ib tug yuav tsis tab sis xaus uas quantum mechanics muaj revolutionized lub cev xav.

Kev loj hlob tiam sis

Kev loj hlob ntawm yuav tsum muaj kev tshawb fawb qhov chaw ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm science yog tsis tshua muaj nplua nuj. Qhov no classical mechanics uas qhia qhov yooj yim zog thiab kev cai ntawm cov lus tsa suab ntawm macroscopic lub cev, thiab thermodynamics nrog nws cov thawj cov kev cai ntawm thermal dab, electrodynamics thiab electromagnetic kev ntawm quantum mechanics tau hais ob peb lo lus, tab sis ntau npaum li cas peb yuav tau los tham txog noob caj noob ces! Thiab qhov no yog ua tsis tiav ib tug ntev series ntawm tshiab qhov chaw ntawm yuav tsum muaj kev tshawb fawb.

Cov feem nthuav tshaj plaws yog hais tias yuav luag txhua txhua tshiab yuav tsum muaj kev kawm coj mus rau ib tug loj heev surge nyob rau hauv ntau yam applied kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm lub cheeb tsam tau them los ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov. Sai li sai tau raws li tib lub classical mechanics, piv txwv li, tau mas yuav kis tau nws cov me nyuam yaus, nws pib mus rau yuav siv feem nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm lub thiab chaw. Li no sawv lub mechanics ntawm tas mus li xov xwm, khoom lub cev mechanics, kua mechanics, thiab ntau lwm qhov chaw. Los yog coj ib tug tshiab kev taw qhia - Organizmica, uas yog koom nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb Academy ntawm Basic tshawb fawb.

convergence

Tshuaj ntsuam utverzhayut uas kawm thiab muaj kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv tsis ntev los no xyoo lawm, npaum li cas los ze zog, thiab qhov no yog vim li cas, qhia tawm rau ntawm yuav tsum muaj kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv private universities thiab ua lag ua luam cov koom haum. Technological txoj kev paub merges nrog rau cov kev kawm, txij thaum lub caij nyoog kawg no yog txuam nrog rau cov creation thiab ua, kev tshawb xav thiab zus tau tej cov kev txawj ntse, tsis muaj uas tsis nrhiav los yog cov ordering, los yog cov kev siv uas muaj tam sim paub nyob rau hauv daim ntaub ntawv.

Txhua science nrog nws yooj yim kev tshawb fawb muaj lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws feem nyob rau outlook ntawm lub neej niaj hnub, hloov txawm lub tswv yim ntawm philosophical xav. Science hnub no yuav tsum tau raws li kev cai nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej raws li ib tug deb li deb tau. Forecasts ntawm chav kawm, muaj peev xwm tsis nyuaj heev, tiam sis cov scenarios tsim yuav tsum tau yuav tsum tau. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog tas hais. Ntawm no yog lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - mus xam lub peev xwm txim. Nco qab lub creators ntawm lub atomic foob pob. Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm tag nrho cov tsis paub hais tias, feem ntau complex, feem ntau nthuav kev kawm inevitably nws txav rau pem hauv ntej. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los txhais tau lub hom phiaj ntawm kom zoo.