Alexander 2: Kev kawm ntawv Reform (luv luv). Yog vim li cas, tus nqi ntawm cov pros thiab cons ntawm kev kawm kho ntawm Alexander 2

Nqa tawm thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Alexander 2 hloov dua siab tshiab muaj ib qho tseem ceeb yuav tshwm rau Russia ntawm cov sij hawm. Tsis tsuas yog cov me nyuam, tab sis kuj cov huab tais contemporaries sau tseg raws li ib tug zoo kho ntawm Alexander 2 rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev thiab tsis zoo.

Lub inevitability ntawm kho kom zoo

Tam sim ntawd tom qab lub accession rau lub zwm txwv nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 1855 - lub hnub tom qab kev tuag ntawm nws tus txiv huab tais Nicholas 2 - 2 Alexander ua rau nws paub tseeb rau nws kawm, uas to taub, nyob rau hauv uas lub sij hawm nws yuav tsum tau txiav txim, thiab tus mob ntawm lub teb chaws tau tuaj mus rau nws. Nws tau hais li no nyob rau hauv nws cov thawj hais lus li tus huab tais nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm lub State Council. Social thiab nom tswv qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm yog tsis ua ruaj khov thiab progressively evolving. Nws yog tsim nyog los sai sai daws ib tug xov tooj ntawm haum complex, ob sab hauv thiab sab nraud nom tswv tej teeb meem, coj lub teb chaws tawm ntawm kev kub ntxhov.

Ib tug tsis ua hauj lwm Crimean ua tsov ua rog coj mus rau lub neej puas cov nyiaj txiag system thiab ua kom tiav thoob ntiaj teb kev rho tawm ntawm Russia. Loj hlob dissatisfaction nrog cov nom tswv cajceg thiab cov peasantry board of senior ua hauj lwm thiab appointees ntawm huab tais nyob rau hauv lub xeev. Cov neeg pom tau hais tias kev hloov yog yuav tsum tau, thiab twb npaj mus ua raws li tej thawj coj, yog hais tias nws cog lus tseg rau muab rau lawv. Cov kis ntawm cov neeg ua phem zog tau txais nyob rau hauv zej zog raws li ib tug tawm tsam tiv thaiv nws cov obsolete monarchy. Educational kho kom zoo ntawm Alexander 2, thaum pib ntawm uas Nws twb pw nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo ntawm nws reign, rau tej lub sij hawm kom zoo ntaug mus kub lug hauv lub hlwb ntawm hnyav-minded tub ntxhais hluas, tab sis tsis rau ntev. Nyob rau hauv hnub kawg, tus huab tais poob raug tsim txom mus rau ib tug koom tes ntawm cov neeg, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm lawv zoo intentions.

Tub Ntxhais Kawm Ntawv unrest rau kho kom zoo

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, lub reign ntawm Nicholas 2 nyob rau hauv tus menyuam kawm ntawv lub zej lub zos, nkees los ntawm ib tug nyuaj kev kawm tsoom fwv thiab txoj kev ntawm lub neej, yog twb nyob rau thawj cov cim qhia ntawm lub neej tom ntej loj tsis mloog Vajtswv lus. Tab sis ib tug kev hloov ntawm tus pas ntsuas, ua raws li los ntawm ib co so nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, cov tshiab kev tswj ntawm lub universities ntawm ob capitals tej them rov qab discontented yws lawm. Yog vim li cas rau lub kho ntawm Alexander 2, nrog rau kev kawm ntawv, tsis yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv no los yog tias nthawv tawg tawm kev tshwm sim - muaj ib tug txiav txim tus naj npawb ntawm cov yam.

Me nyuam kawm ntawv unrest, uas yog cim los ntawm Moscow nyob rau hauv 1858, tau tshwm sim los ntawm ignorance thiab tactlessness tub ceev xwm nrees fixated rau ib tug ruaj khov thiab sluggish no, thaum sai hnyav hluas twb nraus rau hauv ib tug dynamic neej yav tom ntej. Los ntawm txoj cai clashes nrog cov tub ceev xwm nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm twb tsis muaj dab tsi ua thiab tau acquitted los ntawm huab tais - liam rau lawv, Alexander entrusted rau txim rau kev txiav txim, tab sis los ntawm thaum ntxov 60s tus txheem yuav mus ob peb vas ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub neej thiab universities. Tub Ntxhais Kawm Ntawv cov lus teb rau cov obstinacy ntawm ib puag ncig thiab kev kawm ntawv kho dua tshiab los ua Alexander 2. luv luv nws yuav piav tau zoo li no: cov laus txoj cai, nyob rau hauv kev quab yuam vim 1835, raug hloov los uas ib lub tshiab, Nicholas henchmen slipped nyob rau hauv Rector lub rooj zaum zaum universities appointees Alexander.

Kev kawm ntawv rau tag nrho cov

Thaum pib ntawm 1861 muaj ib co yuav tsum muaj tshwm sim rau lub teb chaws, uas lom zem ntau txiav txim rau thaum kawg ntawm lub reign ntawm tus tshiab huab tais: bezdnenskaya kev puas tsuaj, tshiab me nyuam kawm ntawv revolts ntawm peasants rau txoj kev tuag, tub ceev xwm provocation, lub ambiguity, uas yog ntaus nqi los ntawm cov haiv neeg, txawm lub feem ntau tsis tseem ceeb txaus teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Lub initiator ntawm feem ntau kho, uas pib nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo ntawm tus 60s, yog Alexander nws tus kheej 2. Kev kawm ntawv kho tau tseem zoo hloov cov kev cai ntawm txoj kev tshawb nyob rau universities, tshwj xeeb tsev kawm ntawv, los pab kom cov neeg pluag cov me nyuam mus kawm kom txawj nyeem thiab sau ntawv. Educational kho tau kaj siab lug txais thiab tus poj niam ib nrab ntawm cov pejxeem - nws tau ua tshwm tag uas sai sai no thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv yuav qhib rau lawv. Kom txog thaum lub reign ntawm Alexander lub 2 ntxhais los ntawm noble tsev neeg tau txais qhov tsim nyog kev kawm ntawv mus rau lawv raws li txoj cai nyob rau hauv tsev, nyob rau hauv lub tub txawj tub ntse, burghers thiab peasants 'lub tsev nyob rau tej trifles li lub peev xwm ntawm cov me nyuam nyeem ntawv thiab sau ib los ob niam txiv saib xyuas.

Kev loj hlob ntawm yav tom ntej project charter

Los ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1861 tau txais kev pom zoo yuav ua rau Alexander ib tug ob peb lub hlis ua ntej lub tsev kawm ntawv cov kev cai. Nrog lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm lub Charter, lawv muaj tsis muaj dab tsi nyob rau hauv ntau, thiab tau raug tsim rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm ib tug ib ntus, tsis tau ua hauj lwm rau tej yaam num yuav tsum loj-scale kho nyob rau hauv lub Ministry of Education.

Public Education Reform Alexander 2 twb tau soj xyuas zoo zoo thiab thoughtfully. Lavxias teb sab xib fwb kawm yam thiab daim ntawv ntawm cov kev kawm nyob rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob sab Europe universities, uas tau muab rau lub hom phiaj no. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tsim tau rau lub hlis sib tham los ntawm ua hauj lwm, eminent zaum thiab mas politicians. Cov cua ntsawj ntshab raug xa mus rau cov tsev kawm ntawv, tsis tsuas zog ntawm Guj kuj, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ib co Western lub teb chaws. Nws kim heev kev sib tham muaj nyob rau hauv cov xovxwm hais tias nws siab dawb siab zoo txais Alexander 2. Kev kawm ntawv kho, lub pros thiab cons ntawm uas tshwm sim los rhuab sib cav tswv yim, tsis tau muaj tau coj los siv thiab siv thoob plaws lub teb chaws. Lawv kos npe coj qhov chaw nyob rau 18 Lub rau hli ntuj 1863.

Nta ntawm lub Charter ntawm lub University thiab lub txim ntawm nws siv

Rau lub siab xav coj xws li ib tug radical transformation rau cov kev xav tau thiab cov huab tais, thiab foob nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ib co kev cai ntawm lub Charter tsuas meant cov democratization ntawm tus menyuam kawm ntawv lub zej lub zos. Tsim professors Corporation vested lawv nrog autonomous kiag councils thiab saib xyuas, yog li depriving cov menyuam kawm ntawv los tsim lawv tus kheej raws li txoj cai kev koom tes, uas distinguishes Western universities. Educational kho kom zoo ntawm Alexander 2 yog tsim ostensibly rau cov nyob sab Europe duab thiab likeness, tab sis yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi rau lawv tsis zoo li.

Undoubtedly, zoo tau txais kev pab freer mus kawm lectures, nkag tau mus rau lawv pab dawb, pej xeem saib xyuas ntawm lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib ntawm lub universities. Lug txhawb tsis tau tsuas yog kev kawm ntawv, tab sis kuj yog ib tug kawm ntawv feem ntawm kev qhia ntawv. Tab sis cov tsis muaj me nyuam kawm ntawv nws tus kheej-tsoom fwv, lub influx ntawm ib tug volunteer, uas yuav yooj yim rooting ntawm cov masses yog tsis ib txwm pab volnodumskie hauv paus ntsiab lus feem ntau yuav lub sij hawm rau cov tshiab tsis tau. Yog vim li cas rau lub kho ntawm Alexander 2, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv inefficient tsoom fwv, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, twb tsis kho, thiab qhov no siv tsis tau tsuas yog rau lub tsev kawm ntawv txoj cai.

kev kawm ntawv kho dua tshiab

Nthuav lub network ntawm pej xeem cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia kuj tso nyiaj rau lub 60 xyoo ntawm XIX caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau cov kev hloov uas tau cuam tshuam rau lub tsev kawm ntawv cheeb tsam, kho kom zoo kev kawm ntawv Alexander 2 cuam tshuam tag nrho cov muaj nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm uas lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob qhov twg cov me nyuam muab kev koom tes los ntawm tag nrho cov mus kev ntawm lub neej. Secondary kev kawm ntawv tam sim no yuav tsum tau tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv classical tsev kawm ntawv, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv tiag tiag cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv uas ntau sib qhia kev ua lej thiab science. Ib txhia contemporaries ntseeg cov saib tsis taus lub tsev kawm ntawv txoj kev kawm ntawv system, tsim tsuas yog rau cov neeg ntawm lub qis thiab theem nrab cov chav kawm ntawv, raws li lawv tsis tau ua lus cob qhia tshaj nyob rau hauv ib tug classical chav xyaum tes taw. Tom qab, tiag tiag cov tsev kawm ntawv kawm tiav tau ua tau raug tsis pom zoo nkag tau mus rau tebchaws uas tsis muaj kev txawj ntse ntawm cov lus.

Yog nws xam tau tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb Alexander 2? Kev kawm ntawv kho nyob rau hauv nws tsoom fwv, muab lub sij hawm tau txais kev kawm ntawv ho ntau cov me nyuam tshaj li nws yog ua ntej nws, thiab nws yog mas thaum lub sij hawm.

Cov poj niam txoj kev kawm ntawv mus rau lub kho ntawm Alexander

Oddly txaus, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua rau cov thawj lub sij hawm sib tham txog lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub xeev-muaj tsev kawm ntawv rau cov ntxhais nyob rau hauv Russia. Institutions, qhov uas lawv muaj lub cib fim tau kawm ntawv cov ntxhais ntawm noblemen, xub tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Catherine 2, tab sis lawv ob peb, nrov heev lawv tsis siv vim hais tias ntawm lub zoo-tsim thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov tub los ntxhais inequality nyob rau hauv uas cov poj niam yog relegated mus rau ib tug luag hauj lwm ntawm tsev neeg thiab tus niam xwb.

Hais tias qhov teeb meem no hloov kev ywj pheej Alexander 2 - kev kawm ntawv kho dua tshiab, uas nws suav hais tias tsis muaj tsis tseem ceeb dua lub abolition ntawm serfdom, ncua rau cov menyuam ntxhais. Qhov ntau tias cov poj niam no tus teeb meem, uas nyob rau hauv cov xyoo yog ua nce ntau nyob rau hauv zej zog, xav txhawb tsis tau tsuas yog muaj hnub tej - xav tias lawv cov pej xeem tseem ceeb zoo li ntau ntawm cov ncaj ncees yog ib nrab. Nyob rau hauv 1859, zoo tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab lub zos cov poj niam lub tsev kawm ntawv tau qhib. Lawv patronized nws tus kheej Empress Maria Alexandrovna.

Los ntawm cov abolition ntawm serfdom rau txoj kev kawm ntawm cov neeg pluag cov me nyuam

Alexander 2 Tus huab tais mus cia nyob rau hauv keeb kwm li "Liberator." Lub abolition ntawm serfdom, uas yog nqa tawm ntawm nws, dog dig overshadowed tus so ntawm lub transformation ntawm nws reign, thiab muaj ntau yam. Cov tib kho kom zoo rau pej xeem kev kawm ntawv Alexandra 2 - yog tsis vim li cas muab nws lub npe ntawm "Illuminator"?

Ntawm cov intelligentsia, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau cov poj niam muaj teeb meem, los sib tham txog cov feem ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub peasants los ntawm cov tswv tsev thiab lawv ntxiv txoj hmoo. Tswv yim txog cov kev xav tau ntawm lub koom haum ntawm thawj hom kev kawm rau cov neeg pluag cov me nyuam tsis sib haum yog zoo - qhov yuav tsum tau rau kev cob qhia lawv cov minds enlightened xeev txais unconditionally. Muaj ntau yam piv txwv no yog muab raws li ib tug ntse heev Mikhail Lomonosov Lavxias teb sab science, hmoo uas yog li ntawd amazing thiab tshwj xeeb. Ib tug sib sib zog nqus hwm rau nws, thiab muaj Alexander 2. Kev kawm ntawv kho tau qhib rau ntau cov neeg pluag cov me nyuam mus rau ib tug ntiaj teb no ntawm kev txawj ntse. Great supporter ntawm kev kawm ntawv ntawm cov neeg yog Turgenev, uas npaj nws project los ua ib tug nyeem ntawv pawg neeg, uas tau pom zoo los ntawm tus huab tais.

Lub keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov ua tswvcuab nyob rau hauv lub reign ntawm Alexander

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Alexander 2 tso tseg lub serfdom, txais thiab kos npe rau ib tug tshiab kev kawm Statutes, siv ib tug tag nrho cov kev kawm ntawv kho dua tshiab nrog nws cov achievements, muaj lwm yam tseem ceeb cov kev hloov uas tau nphav qhov tag nrho ntawm Lavxias teb sab zej zog. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1862-1863 nyiaj rau cov me nyuam los tu ntawm kev tswj kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj txiag kev pab ntawm lub xeev nyob rau hauv 1865-th - qhov xovxwm txoj cai. Reform - tsoom fwv, kev hais plaub ntug, ua tub rog - muaj tau txais los ntawm haiv neeg nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, tab sis lawv yuav tsum tau paub los ntawm tag nrho cov. Cia tsis tag nrho cov tau siv raws li tau npaj, tab sis qhov tseeb ntawm kev hloov thiab zoo kho ntawm Alexander 2 rau qhov ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws nws yog ib qhov nyuaj kom paub txog. Cia ib co ntawm lawv muab ntau kev ntsuam xyuas niaj hnub no, tab sis nyob rau hauv raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub thoob ntiaj teb arena Russia nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Alexander 2 yog tus muaj zog.