Adaptation ntawm cov kab mob no rau cov ib puag ncig. Adaptation uas muaj sia nyob: piv txwv

Biology paub ntau thaum ntawd tsoo kom deb ntawm lub ntsiab pejxeem pab pawg neeg yuav nyob rau hauv ib tug ob peb centuries rau tsim ib tug lej tshiab saib. Tej zaum nws tshwm sim hais tias nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv tib cheeb tsam nyob mus nrws ntawm niam txiv hom.

Nnemalo kuj piv txwv uas hom muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug lossi hloov ib puag ncig. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub "hloov" yog hais txog mus rau lub txuas ntxiv deterioration ntawm qhov tseem ceeb heev tshwm sim. Yog hais tias sab nraum no ntau views feem ntau tsuas tuag tawm.

KEEB KWM ciaj sia taus

Lub zaum xaus lus tias tus tsiaj nws muaj ib lub caij nyoog ntawm cov ciaj sia taus yog hais tias yuav txawj hloov, adapting rau sai hloov tej yam kev mob. Qhov no tshwm sim yog hu ua phyletic speciation. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog tsim tsis tau tsuas yog lub muaj zog ntawm tus kab mob no rau cov ib puag ncig, tab sis kuj yuav tsim kiag li tshiab rau tej yam tshwm sim ntawm sentient beings.

Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb, kom deb li deb los yog lab ntawm tsiaj. Yog qhov no tsis muaj pov thawj ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm lub neej, nws qhov variability?! Tu siab, ob peb vam xyoo dhau los, nyob creatures twb loj npaum li cas. Ob peb ice muaj hnub nyoog thiab qhov upheavals ntawm kev nyab xeeb coj mus rau lub fact tias cov muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm hom tau tsis yeem sharply. Tsuas yog cov feem ntau adaptable ciaj sia.

Tseem ceeb piv txwv ntawm yoog

Ci ntsa iab txuam nrog cev ntawm nyob quavntsej thiab lawv cov functions ntawm lub sij hawm immemorial mus nyiam cov neeg cov xim: me nyuam no yuav tsim tau ib glider nrog ib tug tis nyob rau hauv qhov zoo ntawm ib tug noog, qhov kev siv ntawm ships nrog nkhaus li ib lub cev ntawm saltwater ntses. Tab sis deb dua ciav lub zoo meej, harmonious match cov tsos ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab cov tsiaj uas muaj qhov chaw ntawm lawv cov vaj tsev uas ntuj.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tus piv txwv yog kev txom. Uas yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm nws yog ua tau los qhia rau tsuas yog ib beings uas nws coj adaptability rau ib puag ncig yog feem ntau tshwm tag thiab kom meej meej ua pov thawj qhov tseeb ntawm Darwin.

noog

Yog li ntawd, tus txiv neej ntev paub txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv coloration rau cov noog thiab lawv me nyuam qaib thiab qe nyob rau hauv particular. Thaum lub capercaillie, dub grouse thiab partridges (qhib zes) qe plhaub yuav luag txig blends nrog rau tom qab ntawm lub surrounding countryside. Nyob rau hauv kev, poj niam tig kuj indistinguishable los ntawm ib ncig toj roob hauv pes thaum saib los ntawm lub sab. Qhov ntau nthuav yog qhov tseeb hais tias cov maum thiab qe ntawm cov noog uas zes nyob rau hauv hollows thiab lwm yam thaum qhov chaw, feem ntau muaj ib tug heev ci xim (tib yam parrots, piv txwv li).

kab

Thiab dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm adaptation rau lub cheeb tsam muaj kab? Zoo, lawv muaj ntau heev heev tshaj tag nrho cov mej zeej ntawm lub chav kawm ntawv. Peb xav hais tias txhua leej txhua tus paub ib tug tawm resemblance stick kab nrog qhuav twigs. Tej kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no yog tseem siv los ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm "tom hav zoov" dawb obscurant costumes.

Txawm li cas los, lub cev ntawm ntau kab lia yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau tej ceg ntseeg, thiab cov tis ntawm butterflies yuav tau txais cov ntoo yoojyim lub cheeb tsam nyob qhov twg lawv nyob. Ntawm no nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no muaj ib tug harmonious blend ntawm patronizing cev zoo thiab patronizing tib xim. Ib txhia butterflies raws li lawv muab nyob rau hauv nrog cov surrounding struts, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau paub qhov txawv los ntawm cov nplooj, txawm nyob rau hauv ze ntau yam. Yog hais tias koj xav paub ntau los yog tsawg dua paub lub biology, lub zoo xav txog tej yam tag nrho cov muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm kab. Thaum nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov los yog teb, koj saib tsis muaj ntau tshaj 2-3% ntawm lawv tag nrho tus naj npawb. Lwm tus masked.

Tab sis! Nws yuav tsum tsis txhob lam xav tias cov piv txwv ntawm adaptation ntawm cov kab mob uas ceev rau ib tug banal disguise. Xav seb lub adaptive xim thaum luj lug kob, "yeeb yuj" kab li lub sij hawm yog tsis yog nrov nrog lub txhom, raws li lawv yeej paub zoo txog ntawm lawv sharply tsis zoo edibility. Yog li ntawd, chickadee los yog ib tug sparrow, ib ob peb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv nws cov tub ntxhais hluas ua rau tom bedbug-tub rog, rau lub neej cim lawv caustic, es saj.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov nta ntawm adaptation ntawm cov kab mob no rau cov ib puag ncig xws li thiab mimicry. Qhov no tshwm sim yog reminiscent ntawm kev tiv thaiv coloration, tab sis "nyob rau hauv tsis tooj". Piv txwv li, ib co nti thiab siav hom yuav paug qog cov kab uas yog lom los yog muaj ib tug qias neeg saj. Piv txwv li, osovidnye yoov heev li nkawj, uas yog ntshai txawm mus rau ntau cov noog. Tag nrho cov no yuav qhia tau tias lub adaptation ntawm cov kab mob no mus rau lawv cov ib puag ncig yog cia li tib adaptive, coj nyob rau hauv cov xwm.

Lub siab dua tsiaj

Tag nrho cov ntawm no yuav pom nyob rau cov piv txwv ntawm lub siab dua cov tsiaj. Coloring ntawm nees txaij mas, zog thiab txawm ntau absurd, uas yog cia li nws txig raws li cov alternation ntawm lub teeb thiab ntxoov ntxoo nyob rau hauv ib tug thicket ntawm cov nyom, uas tso cai rau cov tsiaj mus zoo daim npog qhov ncauj nyob rau hauv lub savannah. Ua timkhawv pom paub tseeb tias untrained neeg tej zaum kuj tsis pom txawm lub nees txaij nyob rau hauv lub qhib, los ntawm ib tug deb ntawm 50-70 m.

lwm cov nta

Ib txhia kuj yog txawm ntau ceeb thiab zoo adaptation mus rau lub organismic vaj tse. Peb yuav tau tham txog lub chameleon, thiab flounder, uas yuav hloov cov xim ntawm lub cev, ua tau ib redistribution ntawm organic pigments nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij chromatophores. Tsis txhob hnov qab tias cov kev tiv thaiv coloration , thiab lwm yam kev tiv thaiv yam dramatically txhim kho lawv cov efficiency nyob rau hauv lub mob uas tsim nyog coj tus cwj pwm. Cov no muaj xws reflex laus zuj zus mus, kev txiav txim siab so hwj tau lub cev, uas yog raug rau lub loj heev tooj ntawm tus tsiaj tsiaj.

Qhov twg li no muaj peev xwm ntawm nyob quavntsej?

Ua tau, qhov twg puas tau cov adaptation ntawm cov kab mob no rau cov ib puag ncig? Nyob rau hauv kev, nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los tshooj lus no peb twb muaj cov zoo Darwin: yog hais tias ib tug tsiaj los yog cov nroj tsuag tau ciaj sia qhov hnyav kev nyab xeeb kev hloov los yog lwm yam, nws yog cov me nyuam yuav ua tau ntau. Yog li, lub ntsiab ua rau ntawm cov nyob quavntsej txog tej yam tshiab li no xwb ntuj xaiv. Wb qhia nws rau ib tug tswv yim piv txwv, sib tham txog tsev neeg lub neej grouse uas nyob rau hauv lub qis hav zoov toj.

yam ntxwv nta

Cia peb rov qab lub ntxwv yooj yim ntawm lwm cov qauv ntawm cov noog: lub kaus ncauj yog luv luv, tsis tiv thaiv kom txhob lub peck pub ncaj qha los ntawm lub hav zoov pem teb (nrog rau cov uas muaj daus npog); nyob rau hauv ko taw - tuab fringed substrate, uas lawv yuav xyuam xim taug kev, txawm nyob rau hauv sib sib zog nqus daus. Nta cwj mem qauv tso cai rau lawv mus siv hmo ntuj, nrog nws taub hau faus nyob rau hauv cov daus, thiab ib tug luv luv, sab tis ua grouse ob peb ntawm cov noog, uas yog muaj nyob rau ncaj nraim, yuav luag ntsug sawv.

nws yog heev zajlus kom muaj kev pov plob hais tias lawv pog koob yawg koob xws li twb tsis nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag. Feem ntau cov yuav, tom qab cov kev hloov ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm ib co tej yam (corny thaum), lawv raug yuam kom hloov mus rau ib tug sai hloov ib puag ncig, xws li mob khaub thuas.

txheej txheem kev hloov

Tujtaws muaj tshiab change nyob rau hauv lub hla muab lawv ntau yam ob peb ua ke, thiab cov yoj xov tooj ntawm coob ua ntau ua kev thiab ruaj khov. Tsis ceeb, cov noog yog txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tsos mob: rau tus ntiv tes ntawm ib tug neeg fimbriae tau, nyob rau hauv ib co neeg zog kaus ncauj thiab tis.

Yuav ua li cas yog qhia muaj zog ntawm tus kab mob no rau cov ib puag ncig? Qhov tseeb yog tias thaum lub sij hawm tu ncua interspecies zog kom ciaj sia tsuas yog cov noog, tus qauv tsis yog feem ntau zoo ib yam nrog cov surrounding ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau hauv lub xaiv ua ib zaug lawv tawm ntau zag, thiab nws yog feem ntau dim, thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li txaus tsim ib tug tshiab pejxeem. Lub cim tshiab theem tshiab change thiab cov txheej txheem yog rov los ntawm thaum pib.

Attaching pab tau qhov zoo thiab zoo

Rau tej change yog nyob rau ntawm cov neeg uas yog siv tam thiab nyab xeeb manifestation ntawm cov tsos mob uas nyob ua ntej lawm. Lawm, cov noog nyob rau hauv uas cov kev hloov tau manifested, muaj ho zoo lub caij nyoog tsis tau tsuas yog kom ciaj sia, tab sis kuj yuav tom qab cov me nyuam. Rau ntau tiam neeg, rau tag nrho cov tej yam tshwm sim yog sau thiab tsau tshwj tsis yog tias muaj dub grouse, uas peb paub niaj hnub no.

Lamarck lub hom phiaj ntawm contradictions

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias Darwin lub kev tshawb xav yog fundamentally sib txawv ntawm cov kev xav uas tau raug muab tso rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm Jean Baptiste Lamarck. Xeem kuv hais tias tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob yog cov yuav raug hloov nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ib puag ncig, tab sis tsuas nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia uas yog tsis tshua muaj pab tau rau lawv. Tab sis qhov no yog absurd: dab tsi yog qhov ua rau tej zaum yuav ua rau kom lub spines hedgehogs?

Tsuas yog tus ntawm natural xaiv tau piav qhia txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm xws li ib tug pab tau ntaus ntawv. Nws yog assumed hais tias ib tug deb heev pog koob yawg koob ezhinyh yuav muaj sia nyob, them ntau ogrubevayuschim saum tawv taub hau. Nyob twj ywm tib nyob rau hauv nyob thiab ua zag thiab tau txais cov kev pab cuam ntawm cov neeg "protoezhey" uas yog muaj hmoo txaus kom muaj lub feem ntau ntev thiab tawv spines.

Lwm yam "thorny" piv txwv

Nyob rau raws nraim tib txoj kev mus "bristling hedgehogs" los ntawm Madagascar. Peb yuav tau tham txog lub streaked thiab ib tug ob peb hom nas thiab hamsters Thistle.

Nws ua li lub adaptation ntawm cov kab mob no rau cov ib puag ncig tsawg kawg yog ib co common cov tsos mob? Zaum hais tias lub mechanism ntawm qhov no zoo ntawm pab kiag li lawm yog ib qho nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov mob: qhov tseeb hais tias lawv yuav tshwm sim tsis tau ib zaug, tsis yog rau ib tug los yog ob tug tiam. On qhov tsis tooj, lawv cov tsos - ib tug txheej txheem ntev thiab nyuab. Nws yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav tsis nco qab lawm tias nyob rau hauv evolutionary txoj kev yog tag nrho ntawm tuag-end ceg thiab hai "kev daws teeb meem" xwm. Qhov no peb yuav tam sim no sib tham txog.

txheeb ze zog

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ua ntej Darwin lub adaptation ntawm cov tsiaj rau lub cheeb tsam tau txais kev pab raws li lub unanimous pov thawj ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm Vajtswv thiab cov immeasurable txhab ntawm tus Creator: yuav ua li cas yuav xwm tsis muaj tej "coj noj coj ua" self-Teacher nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no yog li ntawd tsim nyog, kuas txoj kev!?

Nws prevailed lub tswv yim hais tias txhua txhua feature ntawm txawm yog nyob kab mob yog zoo meej kiag li thiab raws nraim raws nkaus Ii ua hauj lwm uas tau muab rau nws. Yog li, ib tug elongated proboscis ncauj mus rau hauv butterflies pab nws extract kua paj ntoo los ntawm txawm lub feem ntau "nyuaj" ntawm paj, nroj tsuag thiab adaptation rau lub cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tuab yeej ntawm cacti thiab lwm yam succulents yog hom phiaj haum rau khaws cia dej rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm.

Tu siab, txawm ntau niaj hnub zaum tseem yuav tau kho cov xwm raws li ib tug ci ntsa iab sculptor, txhua tus uas creation yog zoo meej thiab infallible. Tab sis! Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los mus ua kom meej tias nws tsis yog li ntawd!

Cov niaj hnub txoj kev tshawb no ntawm adaptation rau lub cheeb tsam pom tias tag nrho cov kev hloov yog ib txwm txheeb ze, vim rau hauv daim ntawv no yog npaum li cas qeeb qeeb tshaj ib tug tiag tiag kev hloov nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob. Raws li, muaj ntau yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv tej zaum yuav tsis tseem ceeb, thiab tej zaum kuj yuav tsim teeb meem rau lub cev, yog tias lub ntiaj teb no yog hais txog mus hloov.

pov thawj txog

Ntawv pov thawj ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias lub adaptation ntawm muaj sia nyob yog ib lub tswvyim zoo heev, heev txheeb ze, yog cov piv txwv nram qab:

• Los ntawm ib co yeeb ncuab zov zoo heev, tab sis lwm yam tsiaj yog txuag tsis yog tshwj xeeb zoo. Lom ntses zoo siab mus pub rau cov qwj, cones, thiab tshuaj lom ntxhuav kab lia muaj xws li nyob rau hauv koj noj cov zaub mov cuckoo.
• Tsis tag nrho cov tsiaj reflexes yeej yog tsim thiab txaus correlated nrog ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob. Xav seb qhov npauj, uas sau cov paj ntoos nrog lub teeb xim, kom meej meej pom nyob rau ntawm lub hmo ntuj: lawv yog cov li sai ya mus rau hauv cov nplaim taws ntawm bonfires thiab taws tswm ciab, tab sis yog tuag nyob rau tib lub sij hawm.
• Lub cev cov cuab yeej nyob rau hauv ib tug ib puag ncig uas yog pab tau tiag tiag, muaj teeb meem thiab txawm txaus ntshai nyob rau hauv lwm yam tej yam kev mob. Yog li ntawd, cov us, uas yeej tsis nyob rau hauv nws lub neej tsis poob rau hauv dej, muaj webbed cov paws.
• Beavers, ib co ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws "engineers" nyob rau hauv cov xwm, koom tsim tau ib tug pas dej tauv, txawm nyob rau hauv rhaws pas dej thiab pas dej da, uas yog ib tug pov tseg ntawm lub hwj chim.

Qab ntsoov Relativity yog manifested nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj, uas nws teb koj chaw yog nyob rau ntawm lwm kawg ntawm lub ntiaj teb, tab sis uas tau pib los ntawm tus txiv neej mus ua ib tug kiag li tshiab rau lawv tej vaj tse. Cias muab, nws yog tus kwv tij xwm ntawm lub adaptability ntawm cov feem ntau tseem ceeb thiab qhia tau hais tias xwm yog tsis ib txwm infallible.