Yuav ua li cas mus noj nceb? Lub hwj chim, qauv thiab tu tub tu kiv ntawm fungi. Tsiaj txhu dab tsi noj nceb?

Ntawm cov hav zoov muaj ib tug heev heev ntawm mysterious creatures. Tab sis ib hom ntawm tsob nroj kab mob nyob rau txoj cai yog nyob rau hauv sab saum toj txoj hauj lwm ib tug nyob ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm paub tsis meej thiab byway. Peb yuav tau tham txog nceb. Zaum tseem tsis tau paub raws nraim li cas hom ntawm cov kab mob uas lawv zwm: rau tus muaj los yog fauna. Kom txog rau thaum nyuam qhuav nceb raug xam tias yog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntiaj teb no. Tab sis tam sim no tag nrho ntawm Botany yog ntau inclined rau refute no assumption. Thiab yog hais tias yog li ntawd, ces lawv yuav mus rau lub ntiaj teb no los ntawm cov tsiaj. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, muaj ib tug heev interesting lo lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas mus noj nceb?"

Lub nceeg vaj ntawm fungi

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov zoo tsim yaam tshab ntawm qhov yog koom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev taw qhia txog botany. Nws yog hu ua mycology (thiab txawm yuav ua li cas noj nceb, Qib 7 nyob rau ntawv). Txawm yog hais tias peb pib los ntawm lub Latin los ntawm nceb - Yog ho nphav kiag, los yog Mycota, nws yuav paub tseeb hais tias nws yog lub ntiaj teb no. Los yog, raws li tej zaum - lub realm ntawm unstudied kab mob.

Lub ntsiab feature ntawm fungi yog hais tias lawv muab cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob qho tib si tsiaj thiab cog lub neej. Tej lub koom haum botanists hu rau eukaryotic kab mob. Rov qab nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua, tej zaum tau pom nyob rau hauv nws sau highlight lub nceb nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lub nceeg vaj. Txawm li cas los, ib tug zaum kawg lub tswv yim rau qhov teeb meem twb tsim xwb nyob rau hauv lub 70-ies ntawm XX caug xyoo. Nws yog ces hais tias zaum tau substantiated qhov yuav tsum tau rau nceb nyob rau hauv ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lub ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XX caug xyoo, lub kev txawj ntse tau nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm yus xav tsis thoob tebchaws tso cai rau zaum mus rau faib lub kab mus rau hauv ob peb kiag li tsis txheeb ze rau txhua lwm yam kab thiab faib rau lawv mus txawv realms.

Cov kev tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev tshawb "tiag tiag" mushroom yog xav tau tsuas yog ib hom. Peb twb kawm tau hais tias nws yog "ib tsob nroj" nrog kaus mom thiab stems uas nyob mas nyob rau hauv hav zoov. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, tag nrho cov hom ntawm pwm thiab kab mob kuj hu ua fungi. Thiab piv lawv nrog cov uas nyob hauv ib lub clearing nyob rau hauv lub ntxhuab, nws yog yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua. Tom qab tag nrho - thiab qhov no yog tsawg kawg yog - kab mob thiab fungi noj txawv.

Thaum pib ntawm lub XXI xyoo pua, txawm lub heev txhais ntawm "nceb" yog muaj teeb meem. Yog hais tias peb tham txog ib tug heev nqaim txhais lus, uas koom mus rau ib tug lom taxonomy, nws yog tsim nyog rau siv lub sij hawm "taxon" (ib yam ntawm cov kingdoms ntawm xwm). Nyob rau hauv lub qub, ntau sab kev txiav txim zoo, qhov no los twb poob lawm lub thawj lub ntsiab lus. Niaj hnub no nws lub sij lub ecological thiab trophic pab pawg neeg, uas theem ua ke heterotrophic eukaryotes nrog osmotrofnym hom ntawm nws tus kheej (ntawd yog dab tsi peb xav nyob rau hauv: yuav ua li cas noj nceb). Biology yog tseem kawm ntawm qhov teeb meem. Tab sis dab tsi txhawj xeeb li ib txwm mej zeej ntawm lub genus nrog ib tug ceg thiab lub kaus mom, feeb txhais mycology. Thiab peb yuav ua tiag nrog lub "zoo tib yam" thiab "npaj" fungi uas nyob peb hav zoov thiab meadows.

muaj ntau haiv neeg

Lom thiab ecological muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm lub nceeg vaj yog enormous. Qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws ntaub ntawv uas muaj sia nyob, uas yog ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov terrestrial thiab dej ecosystems. Raws li niaj hnub cov kev tshawb fawb, rau hnub tim, muaj 100 rau 250 txhiab txawv tsiaj ntawm cov fungi.

Nyob rau hauv 2008, lub nceeg vaj Yog ho nphav kiag, zaum tau suav 36 cov chav kawm ntawv, 140 kev txiav txim, 560 cov tsev neeg thiab 8283 noj cov generic npe ntawm no tsiaj. Impressive nuj nqis! Yeej, nceb nyob ib qho tseem ceeb me me nyob rau hauv cov ib puag ncig sis raug zoo nrog tus neeg. Lawv yog cov tam sim no nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua chaw: nyob rau hauv dej, rau daim av, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov xaiv ntawm substrates.

Yuav ua li cas mus noj nceb? Cov luv teb yog zoo nkauj yooj yim: .. Lawv decomposers, piv txwv li, decompose tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv organic, thaum qhia cov tsim ntawm tshiab fertile av khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ntshai raws li ib tug txheej thaum ub lub hwj chim. Tab sis tsis txhob hnov qab hais tias xws li dab ua si ib tug theej ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub ecology ntawm tag nrho biosphere.

tag nrho daim ntawv thov

Lwm tseem ceeb heev tseem ceeb heev functions ntawm fungi nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov hom ntawm symbiotic cov zej zog. Piv txwv li, lub mycorrhiza - lub koom haum ntawm lub mycelium nrog rau keeb kwm ntawm ntau dua cov nroj tsuag, Lichens - ib tug symbiosis ntawm lub pwm nrog cov kob xiav-ntsuab algae, thiab hais txog. N. Thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm qhov kev txiav txim neokalimastigovyh yog ib tug yuav tsum tivthaiv cov digestive txheej txheem nyob rau hauv ruminants. Thiab yog dab tsi cov tsiaj pub rau fungi, thiab tsis txawj hais lus. Nyuam qhuav pib qhia!

Yog hais tias peb tham txog ib tug neeg, ces, raws li peb paub, ib tug ntau ntawm cov tsiaj ntawm fungi siv nyob rau hauv khoom noj khoom haus, kev kho mob thiab tsev neeg lub hom phiaj. Ua noj specialties ntawm ntau cuisines ntawm lub ntiaj teb no yog ua los ntawm qhov no noj, cua thiab noj qab nyob zoo khoom. Lawv muaj ua liaj ua teb yog heev nrov. Muaj yog ib tug tag nrho kev lag luam ntau lawm tshwj xeeb ntaub ntawv rau cov sau qoob rau nceb. Cov khoom no yog npaj rau cov kiv cua uas koom nyob rau hauv lawv cov sau qoob rau hauv lub tsev. Yog li ntawd cov tswv teb yuav tsum tau paub yuav ua li cas noj nceb. Teb ib yam teeb meem loj rau productivity thiab ua hauj lwm cov nqi.

Ib tug heev zoo me me fungi, yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov kev lag luam rau hauv cov kev npaj ntawm cov dej, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov fermentation txheej txheem. Tsis quav ntsej thiab tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub biotechnology zus tau tej cov tshuaj tua kab mob kuj siv los ntawm ib co hom ntawm cov kab mob.

fungal txaus ntshai

Txawm li cas los, cov fungi yuav tsum muaj ntaub ntawv thiab kev puas tsuaj. Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias cov teeb meem fungi, uas loj hlob nyob rau hauv undisturbed ecological systems, yuav ua ib tug heev loj teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev ruaj ntseg. Feem ntau tsis txhob ua ib tug kev hem thawj rau lub dag tej yam kev mob los yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub neej txiv neej, lawv muaj peev xwm ua rau daim tawv nqaij kab mob - mob txhab txiag, thiab tej zaum kuj loj kev puas tsuaj rau hauv nruab nrog cev - sib sib zog nqus mycoses. Thiab nws kev txhawj xeeb tsis tsuas cov neeg tab sis kuj cov tsiaj.

Heev zoo txaus ntshai rau tib neeg lom tej zaum yuav "tsoos" lom nceb. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, txawm txoj kev tuag yog tau. Tej lom yog feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm lub haus ntawm mas lom los yog hallucinogenic nceb.

yooj yim kev faib

Tham txog cov amazing kab mob, kuv xav mus rau teb rau xws li ib qho tseem ceeb thiab nthuav nqe lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas mus noj nceb?" Cov lus teb yog heev ntau haiv neeg, thiab qhov no txawm lub fact tias feem ntau ntawm lawv yuav mus rau tib lub pab pawg neeg - cov chav kawm ntawv Basidiomycetes. Nws cov neeg sawv cev yog heev loj sib txawv nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub ntuj noj kom tsawg.

Yog hais tias peb cais siav hav zoov cov khoom nyob rau hauv yuav ua li cas kom loj hlob thiab yuav ua li cas noj nceb, lawv yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv peb lub ntsiab pawg:

• saprotrophs humus;
• ntoo-kev rhuav tseg fungi;
• mycorrhiza.

Los ntawm humus saprotrophs yog cov mushroom mycelium uas kis nyob rau hauv lub humus txheej ntawm cov av. Nceb noj organic teeb meem uas tsim muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug tu noob ntoo, nyom, thiab lwm yam Nws yog nthuav tias muaj ntau yam ntawm lawv loj hlob nyob rau hauv qhib rau tej qhov chaw - .. Lub teb, meadows, steppe aav. Qhov no pab pawg neeg feem ntau muaj xws li xws zoo-paub rau tag nrho cov fungi zoo li nceb, raincoats thiab dung. Yuav ua li cas noj nceb txhom? Thaum tsis muaj dab tsi rau profit, lawv ua saprotroph. Tab sis xav kom txais tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov nyob microorganisms. Ua li no, lub txhom muaj kev tshwj xeeb pab kiag li lawm uas tso cai rau koj mus caum prey. Feem ntau cov feem ntau nws yog ib lub nplaum ib feem ntawm lub cev ntawm lub pwm: hyphae tes hauj lwm ceg ntawm mycelium. Tab sis muaj ib txhia uas yog cia raug strangled neeg sai ua nyob rau hauv loj.

Lub npe ntawm lub thib ob pab pawg neeg hais lus rau nws tus kheej. Ntoo-kev rhuav tseg fungi, los yog ksilotrofy nyob feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov ntoo. As-ham xws dab yog nqa tawm los ntawm fungi pab zog, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub bark ntawm cov ntoo. Feem ntau, cov fungi yog pom nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov thiab, nyob rau hauv lem, yog muab faib ua ob conditional pawg: nceb-cab thiab fungi saprotrophs. Thaum xav yuav ua li cas mus pub rau cov nceb-parasites, nws yuav tseeb hais tias lawv tiag puas ntoo, selyas rau lawv daim tawv. Txawm tias ib co ntawm lawv xav kom loj hlob nyob rau hauv tuag ntoo yog twb hloov txoj kev mus rau saprotrophic lub hwj chim.

Feem ntau cov artificially cultivated nceb - ksilotrofov - mus rau lub pab pawg saprotroph. Lawv feem ntau yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub stumps los yog tuag ntoo. Cov no yam yog muaj nqis mentioning lub zoo-paub oyster, lub caij ntuj sov Armillaria thiab shiitake. Cov nceb yog tseem ceeb vim hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm yuav zus xyoo-round nyob rau hauv vitro. Nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb qhov chaw, raws li, piv txwv li, pov tseg ntoo kev lag luam, nws yog tau mus npaj ib tug zoo ntawm ua liaj ua teb.

cog symbiosis

Mycorrhizal fungi, uas yog nyob ntawm peb pab pawg neeg, heev npaum li cas amenable mus dag sau qoob. Thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev loj hlob, lawv yog zoo kev cob cog rua nrog rau keeb kwm ntawm loj ntoo, txoj kev ua lawv mycorrhiza - ib yam ntawm cov hauv paus system. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tag nrho cov symbiosis tshwm sim thiaj li ntoo thiab cov pwm Attendance pab tau rau txhua tus lwm yam. Tsob ntoo hom muab ib tug mushroom-yuav tsum tau muaj zog, zoo, nws, nyob rau hauv lem, muab cov ntoo tsim nyog mineral cov as-ham. Mas phosphorus thiab nitrogen.

Yuav ua li cas mus noj nceb? Lub underground ib feem yog densely faib nyob rau hauv cov av, criss-hla lub ntsiab hauv paus ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab kev ua tau zoo rau cov kev ua ntawm hauv paus plaub mos mos. Ib feem ntawm cov hyphae txeem mus rau hauv lub hauv paus system ntawm lub ntsiab tsob ntoo, cia cov as-ham. Tus lwm yam cia los ntawm cov av dej, mineral ntsev thiab lwm yam solutes, mas nitrogen cov ntsiab lus. Yog li tau yog cov tau txais nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab hauv paus system ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thiab kuj pab raws li ib tug as muaj pes tsawg leeg rau lub nceb nws tus kheej.

Lwm nthuav qhov tseeb yog tias mycorrhizal muaj peev xwm tsim tsis muaj lub hauv paus system ntawm ntau dua cov nroj tsuag. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tsis tsim fruiting lub cev ntawm no pwm. Qhov no yog dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tsev thiab cov pwm kuaj dawb ze thereto subspecies (boletuses, Aspen). Uas yog vim li cas qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm fungi yog tsis artificially cultivated. Txawm hais tias muaj tsis muaj kev cai tsis muaj kev zam. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Fabkis thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees nws yog heev sau qoob ntawm cov dub truffle, uas hlob nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm beech thiab ntoo qhib seedlings.

Hais tias noj nceb

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nceb yog pub ready-made organic tebchaw. Tab sis tseem, lub ntsiab luag hauj lwm no yog ua si los ntawm tebchaw muaj ib tug carbon hauv paus. Carbon - lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm lub zog fungi. Cov khoom noj siav fungi tseem ceeb yog lub xub ntiag ntawm nitrogenous tshuaj - lawv noj kev loj hlob. Vim hais tias ntawm no, noj ntawm inorganic teeb meem yog heev feem ntau hais tias tus fungi pub rau autotrophic. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, nws yog ammonium nitrate thiab ammonium ntsev ntawm derivatives. Dhau li carbon thiab nitrogen compositions fungi siv thiab ib tug plurality ntawm mineral ntsiab - calcium, magnesium, phosphorus. Thiab raws li ib tug micronutrient nceb yuav tsum tau ntaub ntawv xws li tooj liab, zinc thiab manganese.

Tab sis tseem, yog hais tias koj nug txog yuav ua li cas noj nceb, lub luv luv lo lus teb yuav tsum tau raws li nram no: heterotrophically. Qhov no txhais tau tias lawv yuav tsis ntawm nws tus kheej ua inorganic minerals mus rau hauv cov organic. Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov tsim nyog absorbed nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm "aqueous lub ntsiab".

Paub txog yuav ua li cas noj nceb, tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv lub dag sau qoob rau siav mej zeej ntawm lub nceeg vaj. Tom qab tsim ib tug dej siab ib puag ncig rau lawv txoj kev loj hlob - tus yuam sij rau kev vam meej muaj ntau lawm.

Tsiaj txhu thiab fungi

Raws li cov saum toj no cov lus tseeb, nws yuav tseeb hais tias cov nceb muaj heev loj cuam tshuam rau ib tug neeg rau cov zaub mov raw khoom taw tes ntawm view. Tab sis dab tsi yog qhov teeb meem no nrog cov fauna? Yuav ua li cas yog tus nqi ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ntawm nceb yog rau lawv? Tsiaj txhu dab tsi noj nceb? Cov lus nug no yuav tsum teb los ntawm tshuaj ntsuam nyob rau hauv kom meej lub cwj pwm tsis zoo ntawm feem ntau cov neeg uas nyob hauv lub hav zoov. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tam sim ntawd hais tias lawv yog cov heev kam noj ntau tsiaj qus, xws li moose, squirrels, bears, mos lwj.

Ntau zoov noj nceb pom tau hais tias hav zoov nas. Lawv yog cov, tiam sis, tsis tshua muaj ua stocks, preferring mus noj deb tag nrho cov feem ntau qab ncaj qha rau hauv av. Mas qhov tseeb hais tias hav zoov nas-vole cas noj Stipe, tawm hauv lawm lub kaus mom. Thiab yog hais tias peb pom ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov kaus mom dag rau hauv av Aspen nceb thiab xim av hau boletus, nws yog ib tug paub tias qhov chaw no yog nyuam qhuav murine tsiab peb caug.

Ib txhia cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov noog tseem hlub nceb. Lawv noj lawv xwb nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov-lub caij nplooj zeeg lub sij hawm, sklevyvaya kho rau hauv av. Cov mob siab rau fungi zaum twb pom Jay, grouse thiab ib co hom grouse. Thiab nws yog feathered mus rau lub ceev ceev kis ntawm hav zoov khoom plig, nqa fungal noob (cais lawv nrog quav) nyob rau hauv ib tug ncaj tej thaj chaw deb thaj chaw uas muaj tam sim no ib puag ncig. Nws yog tseem tau vim hais tias cov spores, dhau los ntawm lub digestive system ntawm cov noog, yog tsa los yuav ciaj sia.

tus nas ncuav reserves

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov protein, nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov lub sij hawm no, lawv yuav noj mov thiab nceb rau hauv av. Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no lub sij hawm, protein txau cov khoom siv, tua ua ntej lawm. Nceb sau lub pantry rau lub caij ntuj no tsiaj pib nyob rau hauv lig lub caij ntuj sov. Ntxiv mus, ib qho kev nthuav nuance yog qhov tseeb hais tias ua ntej cia lub nceb yog qhuav nyob rau hauv lub hnub kom tsis txhob ntxiv lwj. Feem ntau, cov protein yog dai lawv nyob rau cov ntoo thiaj li hais tias lawv tsis txhob ua ib qho yooj yim prey mus rau lwm cov neeg tua tsiaj los noj cov khoom. Feem ntau cov feem ntau nws siv twigs ntawm conifers. Ntau tsawg protein tsuas nteg tawm lawv tej tsiaj nyob rau hauv xis stumps thiab cia li ncaj nraim chaw.

Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj, taug kev nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov, nqa mus rau ib tug los ze zog saib mus rau tej firs los yog pines, koj yuav feem ntau daim ntawv ceeb toom tej yam tshwm sim ntawm ntxawm no tsiaj plaub ntxhov tsiaj. Zoo, nyob rau tus nqi ntawm cov teb rau lub caij ntuj no yuav raug txiav txim los ntawm cov txheeb cais yog muab los ntawm kws tshawb fawb. Qhov nruab nrab protein locates nyob rau hauv ib qhov rau 200 units ntawm ntau yam fungi. Zoo nkauj impressive tooj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum koj xav txog hais tias ib tug loj ya ntawm lub khw muag khoom noj nyob rau hauv lub dawb nceb. Tag nrho cov luj ntawm lub qhuav cov khoom yuav ua tau mus 600 grams. Qhov no yog sib npaug kom txog 6 kg ntawm tib mushroom nyoos.

Amanita - tshuaj lom los yog tau txais txiaj ntsim?

Thiab leej twg noj nceb nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov? Yog hais tias peb tham txog loj hav zoov dwellers, yog thawj zaug uas muaj nqis mentioning yog lub mos lwj. Cov tsiaj yog tiag tiag heev fond ntawm nceb, thiab ntau hom. Nrog kev hwm rau cov mos lwj yog heev nthuav yog qhov tseeb hais tias lawv yeej kam noj yoov agaric, uas rau ntau fauna hom tshuaj lom. Zaum no yog heev xav nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm no qhov teeb meem, tab sis kom deb li deb yuav tsis piav qhia lub caij nyoog xwm ntawm lub phenomenon. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv yog cov inclined xav tias nyob rau hauv no txoj kev lub moose cas "Tsau tshuaj rau cov" koj lub cev. Muaj kuj yog ib tug saib hais tias ib co minerals Mushroom txhawb kev zom elk.

Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, peb nco ntsoov hais tias tsis yog tsiaj xwb, tab sis kuj cov neeg tej zaum kuj siv ya agaric. Tab sis, tsis zoo li cov tsiaj, tib neeg noj amanita heev dua lwm yam rau kev kho mob hom phiaj. Thaj chaw deb chaw, tseem ua ib tug ntau yam ntawm dej cawv tincture nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm no pwm. Nws yog sib cav tias lawv siv txhawb rau cov kev kho mob ntawm rheumatism.

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb nceb muaj ib tug ntau ntawm pab, ob qho tib si rau tib neeg thiab tsiaj tej qhov cim tseg hais. Thiab hais tias yog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kho mob tiv thaiv, thiab tsis yog los ntawm starvation, muaj ntau yam tsiaj siv lawv rau khoom noj khoom haus.