Tub huabtais Meshchersky. Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub

Tuag phooj ywg ntawm lub kws sau paj lug Gabriel Derzhavin, hospitable tub huabtais Meshchersky. Cov kws sau paj lug twb tu siab los ntawm nws ncaim yog li ntawd teb Ode. Dua li ntawm qhov uas tsis muaj odic loj thiab majesty xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv nyeem, lub eighty-yim kab li kov tus ntsuj plig ntawm tus nyeem ntawv, uas yuav inevitably pib searching rau cov lus qhia txog uas tus tub huabtais Meshchersky thiab dab tsi nws yog lub npe hu rau? Nws puv tawm - tsis muaj dab tsi. Feem ntau cov neeg zoo tib yam, txawm tias tus neeg sawv cev ntawm ib tug ancient tsev neeg. Tub huabtais Alexander, hais txog tej uas yog li tu siab vim Derzhavin heev surpassed nyob rau hauv lub koob meej nws xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv - Vladimir, uas tau sau raws li ib tug journalist, thiab luam tawm thiab edited "Citizen" magazine. Tab sis tub huabtais Vladimir pib publishing nyob rau hauv 1887, thiab Derzhavin Ode "Nyob rau hauv kev tuag ntawm tub huabtais Meshchersky" sau nyob rau hauv 1779, yuav luag ib puas xyoo dhau los.

Ode

Txoj kev tuag thiab mus ib txhis - ob ntxhais hais txog txhua tus thiab txhua txhua lub sij hawm tshuam nyob rau hauv lub Ode Derzhavina unprecedented lub siab dawb paug thiab allergic ntawm lub lyrics - uas yog vim li cas cov nqe sai sai los ua zoo-paub thiab hlub los ntawm cov txawj nyeem ntawv. Cov kab nteg sib sib zog nqus philosophy nrog hwm rau insignificant neeg raug cov loj unknowable ntug, tsis pub dhau uas tus tub huabtais Meshchersky tseem ciaj sia. Nws yog tu tus nyeem ntawv dab tsi Derzhavin qhia tau hais tias tib neeg raws li ib feem ntawm cov xwm, uas yog nyob mus ib txhis, thiab yog li ntawd cov neeg ntawm lub nyob mus ib txhis, txawm tias txhua tus neeg lub neej no yeej finite, nraum thiab impermanent. Tom qab tag nrho, txhua tus txiv neej - ib tug noble thiab tsis tseem ceeb txaus - yuav tsum tuag.

Ntse heev Derzhavin tswj kom muab lub neej nrog txoj kev tuag nyob rau hauv lub zoo siab xyiv fab nov ntawm nqaij tawv ntawm tus thawj thiab tus tragic kev ntawm lub yav tas, thiab tus tuag lawm tub huabtais Meshchersky nrog ib lub teeb tes ntawm cov kws sau paj lug lub neej twb puas tau ib tug txais tos - yog li heev thiab passionately empathized kws sau paj lug rau nws cov phooj ywg zoo. Tuag grim, relentless, nws yog tsis muaj ab tsi mus rau lub fact tias tag nrho lub neej ntawm cov hero kab Derzhavin Ode yog festive, tag nrho ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab contentment, khoom kim heev thiab bliss. Rau cov kev txwv ntawm cov ua yeeb yam yog kho kom zoo los ntawm qhov kev txheem: rau tus tuag ntawm tub huabtais Meshchersky tsis yooj yim sua rau teb rau lo lus "otmuchilsya". Nws tus kheej muaj teeb meem unfolding nyob rau hauv lub Ode, qhov teeb meem, raws li tau zoo raws li imaging system, siv los ntawm tus neeg sau.

Xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov Ode teeb meem ua rau ib tug to taub tias cov dialectical xwm ntawm lub ntug yog inconsistent thiab yuav tsis raug txo mus rau ib tug ib kev sib sau ntawm tib neeg destiny. "Qhov twg yog lub rooj tais diav - ib lub hleb lus dag ..." - exceptional nyob rau hauv nws cov kev siv nqe vaj lug kub. "Nyob rau hauv kev tuag ntawm tub huabtais Meshchersky" - ib tug Ode rau lub kaum ib stanzas, qhov twg txhua kab lub neej ua los kom tiv thaiv txoj kev tuag.

txheem

Yim kab txhua zaj paj huam ntawm lub Ode tas tshaj tawm tus txheem ntawm lub neej thiab kev tuag. Nws yog teev rau txawv muaj ntau seem paj huam pub cov ntaub ntawv uas. Zoo li tus nyob ze, siv syntax, lub suab ntawm zoo qauv kev hloov thiab thiaj li nyob. Derzhavin heev txaus siv txoj kab - poetic allegory, uas, thaum lub sij hawm, yog twb nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm nws cov thwjtim coj zoo zoo li ib tug oxymoron. Nws yog heev yooj yim txoj kab, tab sis kuj tsis tshua muaj kev paub qhia lo: "Tuag Souls" los ntawm Gogol, "Tus Nyob tuag" los ntawm Tolstoy, "Kub Daus" los ntawm Bondarev - lub npe rau lawv tus kheej piav ambiguity ntawm txoj kev xav, cwj pwm txawv, lub xeev ntawm lub siab nyob rau hauv cov kev hloov ntawm tej txheej xwm.

Derzhavin yog tus founder ntawm no txhais tau tias ntawm qhia nyob rau hauv cov zajlus lus. Nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev uas yuav tau nrog kiag opposite lub ntsiab - uas yog ib tug oxymoron. Lub ambiguity thiab contradictions nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov - tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv txhua txhua tus neeg txoj cai, nyob rau hauv nws tus cwj pwm, tab sis kuj tag nrho ntawm lub neej - ib qho ntawm tsuas yog ib tug oxymoron, li no xws li ib tug high degree ntawm truthfulness nyob rau hauv kab ntawm lub Ode. Qhov tsom xam ntawm lub paj huam "Nyob rau tus tuag ntawm tub huabtais Meshchersky" kom meej meej qhia tau hais tias cov neeg hauv paus ntsiab lus, uas yuav ces yuav tsim, ua neeg dawb huv, thiab lub siab tshaj plaws yuav ua rau kom lub hlwb tsim txom ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm. Piv txwv li, cov kab lus: "Vajtswv Niaj hnub no thiab tag kis hmoov av." Qhov no txhais tau tias cov nram qab no: peb yuav yug los tuag, thiab nrog nws txoj kev tuag lub neej tau. Yog li ntawd lub ntsiab lub tswv yim thiab suab ua Derzhavins tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv no ua hauj lwm.

Tub huabtais Alexander Meschersky

Ode, muaj li ntawm Derzhavin thiab luam tawm anonymously nyob rau hauv lub "St. Petersburg Gazette" nyob rau hauv 1779, nws tau ua tus txiv neej no nto moo. Hluas Ivan Dmitriev yog li ntawd impressed nrog cov ntaub ntawv cov hlua uas twv yuav raug hu xav kom tau raws li tus sau, thiab tsis tsuas yog nws. Lub nroog thiab tom qab ntawd buzzed lub teb chaws, sib koom siab. Txawm Pushkin, ntau xyoo tom qab ntawv ntawm no ua hauj lwm, qhuas los ntawm txoj kev uas lub epigraph Tshooj "Dubrovsky" coj Derzhavin kab. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yuav zoo li tsis yooj yim sua qhia qhov kev xav ntawm lub neej thiab kev tuag, thiab ntau yeej luv luv. Cov tag nrho cov duab ntawm tib neeg hav zoov txhab rau tsis kawg txwv. Kab epigrammatically caum tsis qhia luag tsis muaj dab tsi hais txog nws lyrical zhizneopisatelnogo mam li nco dheev tuag hero.

Tub khoom kim heev, cov neeg vam meej thiab muaj zog noj qab haus huv. Yuav ua li cas yog ciav, thiab nws txoj kev tuag yog rau cov phooj ywg, cov txheeb ze thiab acquaintances. Oda yog feem ntau sau ib daim ntawv rau cov dabneeg tseem ceeb neeg tsawg kawg yog hais tias koj hais kuv sau tag nrho cov kev cai ntawm classicism. Thiab ntawm no - ib tug phooj ywg ntawm lub kws sau paj lug. Ordinary hauv ntiaj teb no, tsis muaj dab tsi tawm ntawm tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm koj lub contemporaries. Nws tsis yog Suvorov, tsis Potemkin, thiab zoo tib yam None. Vim li cas Derzhavin lub paj huam "Nyob rau tus tuag ntawm tub huabtais Meshchersky" ua xws li ib tug ntev lub tswv yim tsis tsuas yog nyob rau nws lub contemporaries, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub deb xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv? Qhov no kuj yog ib tug novelty: thaum uas lub sij hawm, tsis muaj ib tug yuav tsis pom li loj hwj chim tag nrho thiab cov kev cai lij choj ntawm lub ntug los ntawm txoj hmoo ntawm cov neeg feem ntau.

Cov duab ntawm txoj kev tuag

Tuag tawm Derzhavins nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws cov mighty - ncauj lus kom ntxaws thiab cov yeeb yuj. Cov duab no yog qhia nyob rau hauv nws cov puab - thiab li qhia siv kuj deployed. Los ntawm zom ntawm cov hniav ua ntej truncation oblique hnub ntawm tib neeg lub neej - nyob rau hauv thawj zaj paj huam. Los ntawm nqos tag nrho kingdoms thiab kev khuv leej li smashing txhua yam nyob ib ncig ntawm - nyob rau hauv lub thib ob.

Ntxiv uas yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw qhov ntev: quaj ntsuag lub hnub qub, lub hnub tuag lawm, tag nrho cov worlds nyob rau hauv kev txaus ntshai ntawm kev tuag. Ntawm no yog tseem yog ib tug "grounding" tsis txhob ya nyob rau hauv qhov chaw no mus ib txhis. Derzhavin keyboards nyeem ntawv lub conception ntawm lub neej ib tug me ntsis thuam ib tug sketch: tuag stares, grinning, rau cov vaj ntxwv, opulent, nplua nuj, zoo siab rau ntse - thiab ris deb, txhua yam yog sharpening cov hniav ntawm nws rab liag.

keynotes

Clarity nyob rau division ntawm lub zaj paj huam tsis txhaum lub narrative smoothness. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm tshwj xeeb artistic hom kev kawm teem rau lub hom phiaj no Derzhavin nws kev pab. Zaj paj huam zoo li txaus mus rau hauv ib leeg (cov txheej txheem, tau thov rau cov thawj lub sij hawm li siab thiab kom meej meej nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ntawv). Ywm lub ntsiab lub tswv yim rau hauv txoj kab ntawm lub xeem zaj paj huam, tus kws sau paj lug repeats nws nyob rau hauv lub thawj kab ntawm cov tom ntej no, thiab ces tsim thiab ntxiv dag zog rau. Xav thiab dluab uas pheej rov qab ua thoob plaws hauv cov ntawv nyeem, hu ua lub leitmotif, lawv coj kom zoo dua ntawm Derzhavin. Ode "Nyob rau hauv kev tuag ntawm tub huabtais Meshchersky" precisely vim hais tias thiab tau li ntshiv thiab zoo ib yam hauj lwm. Nws tau txais kev pab raws li lub ntsiab leitmotif ntawm lub indifferent thiab passionless txoj kev tuag thiab fleeting, zoo li ib tug npau suav, lub neej.

metaphysical ntawv nyeem

Tub huabtais Meshchersk tau muab siab txaus qhia, mas txaus qhia, thiab nws tsis tau ua nto moo rau tsis muaj dab tsi - tej nuj nqis nyob rau hauv cov tub rog los yog tus thawj tswj los yog cov artistic department. Ib tug txiv neej tsis muaj txuj ci, nrog qab ntxiag nta purely Lavxias teb sab hospitality (uas nyob rau hauv tus muaj ces yuav luag txhua leej txhua tus). Tus thawj lub npe uas muab nws ua hauj lwm Derzhavin, thiab ua xa nws mus rau ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm poetic lus, tiam sis tsis mus rau lub canonical Ode: "By SV Perfilieva tuag Aleksandra Ivanovicha Mescherskogo". Txawm li cas los, qhov muaj tseeb tiag pathos Ode, sounding lub tocsin tswb, muab ib hom ntawv nyeem muaj feem cuam nrog tus thawj zaj paj huam: "Lo lus lub sij hawm Hlau jingle!".

Thiab ces nws brightens metaphysical teeb meem. Cov kev tuag ntawm leej twg - txawm kiag li tsis paub hais tias tus neeg ua tib neeg ib tug me ntsis tsawg tag nrho, thiab txhua leej txhua tus uas nyob ib me ntsis tsawg tag nrho. Cov kev tuag ntawm ib tug phooj ywg yog muaj raws li ib tug existential kev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntws zoo kawg nkaus poetic kev tshwm sim. Tham txog kev tuag ntawm tus tub vaj ntxwv, Derzhavin ntsees piv nws nrog nws tus kheej. Txoj kev sib sau ntawm txhua tus tib neeg rau tag nrho cov ntawm tib neeg - no nws yog ib lub metaphysics ntawm lub tswv yim no. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub Ode "Nyob rau hauv kev tuag ntawm tub huabtais Meshchersky" hais tias tsam tus tuag, vim hais tias txhua kab qhia kev rau thiaj yuav txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug tib neeg hais tias nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub ntug, txawm hais tias nws intrepid cai.

semantic qauv

Thawj metamorphosis tos tus nyeem ntawv nyob rau hauv txhua nqe vaj lug kub: lub pioneer ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nkag tau rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ib tug kiag li tshiab qeb: high-tsawg, nyob mus ib txhis thiab sab nqaij daim tawv, lwm yam, general, paub daws teeb ua vaj tse. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tag nrho cov ntawm no twb tau lub npe hu txij li thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Aristotle. Tab sis Derzhavin cov pawg tsis sound li nrog kev nkag mus kawm rau hauv synthesis.

Odic, elated, ecstatic suab pom lub feem ntau disappointing ntawm nws postulates. tib neeg lub neej thiab nws cov ntsiab lus: tsuas tuag tsis xav hais tias yuav tuag. Tej oxymorons yog heev heev, thiab lawv yog cov tag nrho nyob rau hauv no Ode tragic vim hais tias lawv xav tias Derzhavin. "Nyob rau hauv kev tuag ntawm tub huabtais Meshchersky" - ib tug Ode, uas muab tso rau tus nyeem ntawv nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm txoj kev tuag raws li lub xwb tsis tu ncua, txij thaum tej chaw tag kis los yog ib txhiab xyoo, raws li cov baobab, tseem tuag.

ceeb toom rau tus nyeem ntawv

Lub hav zoov ntawm xws li ib tug tsis tu ncua yog doubtful thiab illusory vim hais tias existentially raws li nws tsis ua kev zoo siab, thiab, yog li ntawd, lub essence yog tsis muaj tseeb, yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej tej khoom siv ntawm nws sab laug. Derzhavin ntxiv lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub zoo-pub, tiam sis feem ntau meaningless hav zoov ntawm nws cov phooj ywg, cov Ode "Nyob rau hauv kev tuag ntawm tub huabtais Meshchersky."

Analysis ntawm cov khoom no yog ua tsis tau tsuas yog linguists, tab sis kuj philosophers, uas yog txuam nrog tag nrho nws cov lus nrog rau cov qauv ntawm lub ntug, qhov muaj yog tsis muaj samoosnovannosti ib tug neeg ua raws li devoid ntawm tus beingness. Txawm li cas los, lub puab kev ntawm lub kws sau paj lug nkag mus rau hauv ib tug tsis sib haum nrog cov inevitability, raws li tau hais tias yuav ceeb toom rau tus nyeem ntawv hais tias nws yog nyob rau ntawm ntug ntawm lub abyss, hais tias cov transformation saw yog tsis tu ncua, txhua yam thiab txhua yam yuav ploj nyob rau hauv lub cosmic mysteries tsis muaj lub slightest txoj lw.

Lwm tub huabtais Meshchersky

Derzhavin rau tub huabtais Meshchersky Vladimir Pavlovich yuav tsis muaj ib tug kev sib raug zoo, tab sis yog nws txwv zeej txwv koob twb muab tsub ib tug Ode rau nws txoj kev tuag. Tub huabtais Alexander yog ib lub xeev councilor, tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug kev lis kev cai ua hauj lwm. Nws hlub cov ntaub ntawv thiab St. Petersburg English haiv neeg (qws). Meshchersky tuaj yug los ntawm Tatar princes ntawm lub thib kaum peb xyoo pua, nyob rau hauv lub xab kaum plaub thiab thib kaum tsib - muaj Meshcherov, xws li cov tswv cuab ntawm genus yog cov governors - thiab regimental policemen. Qhov no yog tag nrho cov uas yog paub txog lub princes Meshchersky, tsis muaj dab tsi tshwj xeeb. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1838, nws tau yug los tus tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm Karamzin, None Vladimir Meshchersky, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsis nyob rau hauv Derzhavinsk odious. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm lub ntsiab cim ntawm lub puas tawm xyoo, Russia tus pej xeem lub neej, cov ua cim, tsis tsuas mind-blowing taug xaiv, tab sis kuj ribald lus tso dag. Muaj ntau ua hauj lwm, luam tawm ib tug magazine (tom qab - cov ntawv xov xwm) sau "hais lus conservative" uas yog heev nto moo nrog nws cov contemporaries.

Nws txiv - khwb Lt. Col. Peter Meschersky, niam - tus hlob tus ntxhais ntawm tus naas ej historian thiab txawj sau ntawv Nikolai Karamzin. Cov niam txiv - morally zoo nkauj neeg, enlightened, thiab leej twg ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj. Tus tub, nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej cov lus, muaj lub cim thiab qhov phem, thiab cov xwm. Kuv dreaming ntawm feats nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm tus motherland thiab kev sib deev xim los ntawm cov coj txawv txawv txiv neej. Literary txoj kev tau xaiv lawv across. Nyob rau hauv 1981 nws tau piav huab tais tus mus ntsib mus rau Potemkin, uas nws yog tus phooj ywg. Tsis ntev tub huabtais Meshchersky twb pom koob yees duab-Junkers. Thiab lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub sab hauv Ministry, thiab ces qhib txoj kev mus rau generated nyob ze tus naas ej qws. Thiab pib ib tug sai ascent ntawm tus tub huabtais nyob rau hauv cov neeg tseem ceeb Lavxias teb sab statehood.

Advisor rau sovereign

Pab Qhia Ntawv Ntxiv txais - Counts Stroganov, None Meshchersky nyiam, yog li txoj kev khwv ntawm kev sib txuas lus ntawm tub huabtais nyob rau ntawm altitudes saum cov huab - nws los ua ib tug zoo phooj ywg ntawm Tsesarevicha Nikolaya (nyob ntawm no xa tuaj nrog cov tib kev txiav txim zoo, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm tus cwj pwm mus rau lub neej yav tom ntej Lavxias teb sab huab tais). High neej twb muab Vladimiru Mescherskomu tsis yooj yim li no mas: lub Stroganov obzovot "phem kurtizanom" uas tom qab nrov nrov heev ntxhi thiab giggling. Txawm li cas los, cov advisor rau tag nrho lub txais ib puag ncig rau nws tus kheej Meschersky tseem ua. Lub Tsarevich yog nrees mob, thiab tub huabtais nrog nws rau kev kho mob nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, uas cov thawj ntawm cov ntawm Department of Internal Affairs Valuev hu ua nws "intimate ntawm lub tsev hais plaub."

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Nicholas (muaj tham ntawm yus tua yus rau hauv thaj av ntawm rho menyuam) Meshcherskomu muab lwm ntawm lub Crown tub huabtais, lub neej yav tom ntej - Alexander III, uas harbored txoj kev xav rau tus tub huabtais lub npawg. Qhov no Symptoms yav tom ntej huab tais Meshchersky twb neutralized los ntawm kev noj qhov hluav taws kub nws tus kheej, rau cov uas qhov imperial tsev neeg tshuav nws heev thov ua tsaug. By lub sij hawm no cov txawj sau ntawv tau ua heev khaus annoy tus tub huabtais, thiab nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm lub Crown tub huabtais yog tsim los pab ib tug tiag tiag bastion ntawm autocracy - lub magazine "Citizen". Vim lub zoo heev vospreemnikam founder ntawm lub magazine thiab nyob hauv tib neeg lub puas. Tom qab txuas ntxiv nws ua hauj lwm cov neeg zoo li Dostoevsky, Tiutchev, Mike. Thiab nws Meschersky cov nplooj ntawv ntawm "Citizen" mercilessly tiv thaiv nrog secular kev kawm ntawv, lub zos boards, los ntawm ib tug txiav txim, ib tug neeg pluag nws tus kheej-tsoom fwv thiab intelligentstvuyuschimi neeg Yudais. "Tub huabtais ntawm lub moos Xaudoo thiab Gomorrah, lub pej xeem," raws li Vladimir Solovyov.