Tshwj xeeb economic cheeb tsam ntawm Russia: piav qhia

Yog hais tias lub xeev ntawm lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag yog neeg pluag thiab yog lig unattractive rau txawv teb chaws tub ua lag luam, yog ib lub outputs ntawm qhov tam sim no qhov teeb meem tshwj xeeb aav, cov nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Tsis pub dhau cov neeg thaj chaw nws yog ua tau rau kev ib tug txawv kiag industrial, peev, Kaum Ob Lub Hlis thiab tariff txoj cai.

Yuav ua li cas yog qhov tshwj xeeb economic cheeb tsam ntawm Russia? Yog vim li cas lawv tsim? Cov txaus nyiam qhov chaw rau tub ua lag luam thiab dab tsi yog cov kev pab cuam mus rau lub xeev? No thiab lwm yam lus nug yuav sim teb nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

tshwj xeeb aav

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws coj tsim xws ib cheeb tsam yuav, ntawm chav kawm, lub European lub teb chaws. Txawm li cas los, Russia kuj muaj ib tug heev loj tej zaum nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no. Rau hnub tim, lub teb chaws sau npe ntau tshaj ob teb OEZ.Osnovnye tshwj xeeb economic cheeb tsam ntawm Russia yuav tau muab faib mus rau hauv ob peb hom:

• muaj;
• tourism;
• logistics;
• technology.

Ib me ntsis tom qab peb yuav tham nyob rau hauv ntau yam txog cov kev SEZ. Thiab tam sim no qhia rau koj txog lawv qhov chaw nyob. Qhov tshwj xeeb economic tsam muaj xws li cov chaw uas zoo heev ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv Karachay-Cherkessia, Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Dagestan. Qhov no kuj muaj xws li cov Kaliningrad cheeb tsam. Rau tus tshiab tsim muaj xws li cov Crimean ceg av qab teb.

tswv yim

Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no, ib tug zoo nkauj ruam tag terminology. Cia nws txiav txim cia ib tug me ntsis. Muaj tseeb koj twb tau hnov xws kab zauv:

• tshwj xeeb economic tsam;
• free economic cheeb tsam;
• cheeb tsam ntawm free trade ;
• Tshwj xeeb Economic Zone.

Yuav ua li cas yuav xyuas seb dab tsi tag nrho lawv txhais li cas? Complex tsis muaj dab tsi. Tag nrho cov saum toj no - cov npe txawv rau tib lub phenomenon. Tsuas yog ib tug thiaj yuav muaj tsuas yog hais tias ib tug dawb ua lag luam ua noj. Qhov no lub sij hawm kuj txhais tau tias cov dawb chaw uas zoo heev, tab sis me npaum li cas. Feem ntau, cov dawb luam cheeb tsam xa mus rau cev nqaij daim tawv cais chaw uas zoo heev nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv los yog huab cua ports, qhov muaj yog tsis muaj kev lis kev cai dej num. Ib tug classic piv txwv - Duty Dawb.

Objectives thiab tej yam kev mob rau lub creation ntawm SEZ

Tshwj xeeb economic cheeb tsam ntawm Russia - nws yog tag nrho cov chaw uas zoo heev (cov cheeb tsam tsev, cheeb tsam thiab republics), uas muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb kev cai lij choj raws li txoj cai. Muaj nws, mos economic tej yam kev mob. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lawv yog cov tsis tshua zoo rau domestic los yog txawv teb chaws tub ua lag luam. Tag nrho cov kev cai lij choj qhov chaw ua lag ua luam kev ua si nyob rau hauv lub SEZ, lub npe ntawm nws cov pej xeem.

Yuav kom tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb economic tsam yuav tsum muaj tej yam tej yam kev mob:

• zoo thaj chaw ntawm lub chaw uas zoo heev;
• nyob rau ntawm thaj chaw rau txoj kev loj hlob;
• infrastructure;
• kev koom tes ntawm tib neeg cov kev pab nrog rau cov tsim nyog kev txawj ntse;
• tau ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm interregional thiab thoob ntiaj teb kev sib raug zoo;
• lub hav zoov ntawm cov keeb kwm kev ua ub no.

Yog vim li cas peb yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb aav

Tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab tshwj xeeb economic tsam tsim los qhia tswv yim kev sib tw. Lub tsev lag luam ntawm tej chaw txhawb ob leeg mus txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws raws li ib tug tag nrho thiab txhim kho lub neej ntawm nws cov neeg regionah.S lub koom haum SEZ xeev daws li nram qab no paub tab:

• lub creation ntawm ib tug loj pes tsawg tus tshiab cov hauj lwm rau cov neeg uas muaj txaus tsim nyog;
• nyiam txawv teb chaws capital rau hauv lub teb chaws;
• txhawb domestic producers tau mus nqis peev nyob rau hauv cutting-edge technology, manufacturing, thiab infrastructure;
• tuav kev txawj ntse tej zaum ntawm lub teb chaws;
• txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev txhawb nqa ntawm domestic producers.

Neeg uas nyob koom nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tshwj xeeb economic tsam, kuj muaj lawv tus kheej zoo:

• siv nyiaj ua se tau lov los txo cov thawj coj thiab khiav hauj lwm cov nqi;
• txuag txawv tej hauj lwm, rents thiab lwm yam cov nyiaj them los tsim ib tug ntau sib tw khoom;
• muaj lub peev xwm los nyiam tsim nyog cov neeg ua;
• kom lawv cov nyiaj tau los ib feem los ntawm nrhiav lawv cov nqi.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, qhov kev siv ntawm infrastructure nyob rau hauv lub SEZ tsoom fwv siv ntau nyob rau ntawm lawv tus kheej nyiaj them. Nws kuj thiaj li ib lub nra hnyav rau neeg.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub essence ntawm cov SEZ?

Raws li koj paub, tag nrho cov tshwj xeeb economic cheeb tsam ntawm Russia (ib daim ntawv teev cov neeg uas lawv loj heev) los pab tsim los tshawb tshiab ib cheeb tsam thiab kev lag luam tswj. Tshwj xeeb tsoom fwv tsim rau entrepreneurs nrog lub tswv yim hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm rau reconfigure lawv ua lag ua luam nyob rau hauv lub tshiab tej yam kev mob. Ib tug classic piv txwv - Crimea. Qhov no yog kiag li tshiab chaw uas zoo heev, tag nrho ua lag ua luam uas tau ntev tau yoog mus rau kev cai lij choj ntawm Ukraine. Tam sim no neeg ua lag luam xav tau lub sij hawm thiab incentives rau reorient nws. Yog li ntawd, tsoom fwv txo se, simplifying kev lis kev cai system adapts lub tuav pov hwm lub cev thiab simplifies sau npe. Cov tib yam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lwm cov cheeb tsam.

cov kev pab cuam

muaj paaj economic tej yam kev mob rau SEZ neeg. Piv txwv li, xws li:

• luam cai - tsis muaj cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv mas raw cov ntaub ntawv los yog spare qhov chaw, yog hais tias lawv tsim nyog rau zus tau tej cov khoom zaum kawg, thiab tsis yog rau khoom ntxiv mus;
• peev incentives thiab concessions nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm taxation - txo nyob rau hauv nqi se los yog lawv qhaj ntawv, cov yuav txo tau ntawm txawv teb chaws pauv tswj;
• me kev txwv los yog ib tug ua tiav tsis muaj ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm cov cuab tam rau txawv teb chaws;
• yooj yim to taub cov txheej txheem rau chaw ua hauj lwm cov khoom, nyiaj ua hauj lwm, kev ruaj ntseg, thiab hais txog;
• pheej yig vaj tse thiab av - tseem yuav tsim warehouses thiab cov chaw ntau lawm nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm qhov tsawg kawg nkaus daim ntawv xauj tsev cov nqi;
• siv tau thiab pheej yig cov kev pab thiab infrastructure - subsidies rau hlauv taws xob, pheej yig roj, dej, hluav taws xob, kev kho vaj tse, muab thauj cov kev pab cuam;
• txos ntawm cov qauv ntawm tej kuab paug thiab nws cov kev tiv thaiv;
• lub xub ntiag ntawm loj nyiaj ntawm cov pheej yig zog, hla ntawm luam koom haum thiab lwm yam neeg ua hauj lwm 'koom haum;
• qhib nkag tau mus rau kev lag luam - ob sab hauv thiab sab nraud;
• long-term tsis muaj nyiaj khwv tau los them se;
• nqa tawm kev lis kev cai txheej txheem ncaj qha rau ntawm thaj chaw los yog sai permitting, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Hom tshwj xeeb economic aav

Raws li peb tau hais tias, tag nrho cov ntawm cov aav nrog tshwj xeeb economic tej yam kev mob yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv xws hom:

• muaj ntau lawm - yog ib tug loj complex, rau zus tau tej cov loj qhov ntau ntawm ib tug tej pab pawg neeg ntawm cov khoom;
• free trade aav - qhov chaw uas tsis poob nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub kev lis kev cai kev pab cuam; nyob rau hauv cov chaw no yog nqa tawm tsis tau tsuas yog muag khoom tab sis kuj nws cia, kev soj ntsuam, ntim, thiab hais txog;
• neeg mus ncig tebchaws - cheeb tsam uas muaj ib tug tsim tourism sector, qhov twg muaj tshwj xeeb tej yam kev mob rau entrepreneurs;
• kev pab cuam - cov chaw nyob rau hauv uas ua ntshuam-export thiab nyiaj txiag cov kev ua ub nqa tawm nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb tej yam kev mob; ib tug classic piv txwv - offshore;
• scientific, technical, promotional - muaj chaw ua si, qhov chaw uas tshwj xeeb tej yam kev mob yog nqa tawm kev loj hlob thiab kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv ib qho kev teb ntawm kev tswj.

"Alabuga"

Tam sim no cia wb mus saib closer ib co ntawm cov tshwj xeeb economic cheeb tsam ntawm Russia. Peb pib nrog cov SEZ "Alabuga". Qhov no muaj-ntau lawm tsam yog nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm Tatarstan, nyob ze lub nroog ntawm Elabuga, cia li 25 km ntawm Naberezhnye Chelny.

Tshwj Xeeb no yog heev ntau yam:

• zus tau tej cov tsheb thauj mus thiab tsheb Cheebtsam;
• zus tau tej cov khoom vaj khoom tsev;
• kws ntau lawm;
• manufacture ntawm cov rooj tog;
• himproizvodstvo high-tech;
• aviation siv.

Nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no sau npe 42 nyob thiab ua hauj lwm cia li tshaj 4.5 txhiab tus neeg. Cheeb Tsam tsam - 20 square kilometers.

Yuav kom ua ib tug neeg nyob ntawm hais tias complex, koj yuav tsum:

• sau npe rau koj lub tuam txhab rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Yelabuga municipality;
• kos npe rau ib daim ntawv cog nrog cov coj noj coj ntawm lub SEZ, ua lawv tus kheej los pab txhawb kom lawv peev nyiaj nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov tsis tsawg tshaj li 1 million euros rau thawj lub xyoos thiab tag nrho cov peev rau tag nrho lub sij hawm ntawm daim ntawv cog lus - tsis tsawg tshaj li 10 lab euros.

Ua lag luam uas ua nyob hauv lub economic cheeb tsam "Alabuga" yuav suav tau rau xws nyiam:

• free kev lis kev cai cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv uas txawv teb chaws cov khoom muaj peev xwm yuav muab tso yam tsis muaj kev them nqi ntawm VAT thiab kev lis kev cai tes num ua;
• hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm export luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv export ntawm manufactured khoom;
• tag nrho zam los ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm cov thauj se, av se thiab lwm yam cov nyiaj them rau cov nyiaj txiag ntawm cov koom pheej;
• cov nyiaj tau los them se npaum li cas nyob rau hauv thawj tsib xyoos tsuas yog 2%, lub thib ob tsib-xyoo txoj kev npaj - 7%, ces mus txog 2055 - 15.5%;
• av nyob rau ntawm ib tus nqi pheej yig, yooj yim nkag tau mus rau hlauv taws xob, cia cia rau ib thaj tsam feem hluav taws xob, gas, Thaum tshav kub kub, dej phwj;
• zam los ntawm cov se vaj tse thiab lwm yam kev nyiam.

SEZ "Dubna"

Qhov no technology txoj kev loj hlob cheeb tsam, tsim nyob rau hauv 2005 nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub RF tsoom fwv Decree № 781.

SEZ "Dubna" cheeb tsam muaj ib qho cheeb tsam ntawm kwv yees li 200 acres thiab yog muab faib ua peb seem:

• programmers lub zos;
• nanotechnology platform;
• zajlus ntawm nuclear-lub cev technologies.

Qhov muaj feem thib chaw ntawm no SEZ yog:

• tehsistem complex tsim;
• biotechnology;
• complex kho mob technology;
• ntaub ntawv technology;
• composite ntaub ntawv ;
• nuclear physics thiab nanotechnology.

Uas nyob ntawm lub cheeb tsam yuav tau ob leeg tus IP thiab coj mus muag cov koom haum. Cov xwb yog cov unitary qhauj thiab txawv teb chaws tuam txab. Yuav kom ua ib tug neeg nyob ntawm lub SEZ "Dubna", koj yuav tsum mus sau npe rau ib lub tuam txhab nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub municipality thiab los xaus ib daim ntawv cog nrog cov tub ceev xwm rau kev promotional kev ua ub no.

Cov uas nyob ntawm lub tshwj xeeb economic tsam kuj suav tau rau privileged tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm taxation thiab lwm yam kev them nyiaj yug. Tax pab tej zaum yuav muaj xws li:

• tsis muaj VAT rau export ntawm cov khoom txawv teb chaws;
• zero tus nqi ntawm cov nyiaj khwv tau them se them rau tsoom fwv teb chaws nyiaj txiag rau 01.01.2018;
• 13,5% - se them rau lub zos nyiaj txiag;
• 14% - off-nyiaj txiag cov nyiaj them;
• 0% - tus nqi ntawm av se rau 5 xyoo, se - rau 10 xyoo, cov thauj se - 5 xyoos.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg nyob cia lwm nyiam:

• preferential nqi xauj tsev ntawm thaj chaw thiab daim av;
• free kev twb kev txuas rau engineering tes hauj lwm thiab kev sib txuas lus;
• sai ua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau daim av zajlus;
• free kev lis kev cai hauv cheeb tsam;
• high-ceev cov ntaub ntawv kis tau tus mob system.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg nyob yog muaj ib tug dawb kev lis kev cai cheeb tsam, lub tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv uas ntshuam luag hauj lwm yog tsis them rau txawv teb chaws cov khoom thiab VAT nyob rau export ntawm Lavxias teb sab.

"Altai Valley"

TRZ "Altai Valley" - ib tug neeg mus ncig tebchaws thiab ua si hauv cheeb tsam. Nws yog tsim los nyob rau hauv Lub ob hlis ntuj 2007, raws li nyob rau hauv tsoom fwv Decree tooj 67. Lub privileged txoj hauj lwm muab rau 49 xyoo.

Qhov no cheeb tsam yog nyob 12 km ntawm lub nroog ntawm Gorno-Altaisk, koom pheej uas Altai chaw. Muaj muab hauj lwm tshiab txog 2.5 txhiab tus neeg. Lub chaw uas zoo heev muaj cim lub caij rau cov nws cov neeg. Kev koom tes yuav ua tau rau tej ntsiab cai ntawm pej xeem-private sib koom tes. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov creation ntawm qhov tsim nyog infrastructure yog tau nyiaj txiag los ntawm cov nyiaj txiag, thiab cov creation ntawm neeg mus ncig tebchaws chaw - lub feem ntawm private peev.

Lub Xeev guarantees tus tseem ceeb administrative zoo:

• uas tsis yog-cuam nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv peev tej yaam num;
• Yooj yim zog kev soj ntsuam hom;
• "Ib tug qhov rais" hom;
• tiav ntawm daim ntawv xauj tsev rau lub teb chaws thaj av nrog cai raws li txoj cai raws li txoj cai.

Tub ua lag luam kuj tos thiab se:

• 0% - cov se vaj tse thiab av tshaaj rau 5 xyoo;
• nqi tsev xauj rau daim av - tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 2% ntawm cov cadastral nqi;
• txos nqi ntawm lub tsheb ua se;
• yuav txo tau ntawm cov nyiaj khwv tau them se rau 15.5%.

"Turquoise Katun"

TRZ «Turquoise Katun" - lwm ua si thiab mus ncig tebchaws cheeb tsam. Nws muaj cov loj tshaj plaws cheeb tsam ntawm tag nrho cov uas twb muaj lawm - 3326 hectares. "Turquoise Katun" yog positioned raws li cov thawj thiab feem ntau loj cheeb tsam ntawm ntuj thiab huab mountaineering, muab faib ua ob qhov chaw. Tus thawj - rau cov hluas. Tom qab ntawd muaj cov caij duav saum npu chaw zov me nyuam, climbers, rafters, trackers, cov hluas hostel thiab lwm yam infrastructure txais. Qhov thib ob - rau muaj myiaj tourists. Muaj nyiam thiab kim cov chaw ntiav pw thiab lwm yam amenities.

Qhov no economic tsam yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yog cia li pib nws txoj kev loj hlob, tab sis twb muaj ib tug xov tooj tseem ceeb ntawm tub ua lag luam kam nqis peev nyiaj nyob rau ntawm txaus nyiam cov ntsiab lus uas. Tom qab tag nrho, cov neeg no kuj muaj incentives thiab nyiam.

"Titanium Valley"

SEZ "Titanium Valley", tsim nyob rau hauv lub Sverdlovsk cheeb tsam, kuj yog heev tshwj xeeb. Cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev ua si ntawm lub SEZ - titanium kev lag luam, cov kom nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Lavxias teb sab Federation. Ntawm no nws yog muab tseem ceeb cov kev pab cuam rau Enterprises, teem nyob rau hauv lub ntau lawm thiab ua ntawm high-tech world-class khoom. Qhov muaj feem thib sectors pom tau hais tias ntawm no titanium ua thiab zus tau tej cov nws cov khoom, siv thiab ua cov khoom siv rau metallurgical nroj tsuag thiab engineering, zus tau tej cov kev tsim kho cov ntaub ntawv.

"Ulyanovsk"

SEZ PT "Ulyanovsk" thiab teem rau mechanical engineering thiab ntsuas txiav txim siab. Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm cov kev ua ub:

• instrumentation, electronics raug;
• aviation;
• aircraft txij nkawm;
• zus tau tej cov hluav taws xob khoom;
• manufacture ntawm puas ntaub ntawv;
• Lwm yam ceg ntawm engineering.

Nyob rau hauv xaus, kuv xav hais tias hais txog qhov uas tsis yog-nyob ua lag luam khiav lawv ua lag ua luam nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb economic tsam. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, lawv kuj muaj peev xwm mus suav nyob rau ib feem ntawm cov nyiam muab rau cov neeg nyob, vim hais tias cov tej yam kev mob ntawm lawv cov kev ua yuav tsum tau nyob rau lub SEZ tswj.

Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib qho nyiaj txiag cheeb tsam li Kaliningrad cheeb tsam, lub nws txo qis se siv kiag li rau tag nrho cov Enterprises, tsis hais txog ntawm lub hom ua lag ua luam thiab cov khoom pawg. Uas yog vim li cas cov lus qhib ntawm lub lag luam yog cov feem ntau nthuav nyob rau hauv lub SEZ. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, thaum nws los txog rau cov nyiaj tau.