Silicon thiab nws cov tebchaw. Silicon nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Kev siv cov pob zeb ntais

Ib qho ntawm feem nrov nyob rau hauv lub kos duab thiab kev lag luam ntawm lub ntsiab yog pob zeb ntais. Hais tias nws tshuav nqi nws txawv zog. Niaj hnub no muaj ntau ntau yam sib txawv tebchaw ntawm no lub caij, uas ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub synthesis thiab creation ntawm kev cov khoom, khob iav, iav, khoom siv, lub tsev ntaub ntawv, hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab lwm yam lag luam.

General yam ntxwv ntawm silicon

Yog hais tias peb xav txog txoj hauj lwm ntawm pob zeb ntais nyob rau hauv lub periodic system, nws yog tau hais tias:

1. IV yog nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab pab pawg ntawm cov pab pawg.
2. Cov kab xov tooj 14.
3. Atomic loj 28,086.
4. Cov tshuaj cim Si.
5. Npe - pob zeb ntais, los yog nyob rau hauv Latin - silicium.
6. Cov hluav taws xob configuration ntawm cov txheej txheej 4th: 2e: 8e.

Cov siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo ntawm silicon yog zoo li cov pob zeb diamond lattice. Cov ntshav cov txheej txheem ntawm atoms, nws hom - ib lub ntsej muag-rau nruab nrab nyhav. Txawm li cas los, vim rau qhov ntau dua ntev ntawm kev sib txuas lus cev thaj chaw ntawm silicon xav txawv los ntawm lub thaj chaw ntawm cov pa roj carbon allotropic kev hloov kho.

Lub cev thiab tshuaj zog

Muaj ob allotropic kev hloov kho ntawm lub caij: amorphous thiab siv lead ua. Lawv yog cov heev uas zoo sib xws. Txawm li cas los, raws li yog cov ntaub ntawv nrog rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv, lub ntsiab qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv - lub crystalline silicon lattice.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tag nrho ob qho versions - ib tug hmoov ntawm txawv xim.

1. Crystalline silicon yog ib tug ci iab tsaus grey hmoov zoo li hlau. Nws qauv sau raws nkaus Ii pob zeb diamond, tab sis txawv zog. Nws muaj:

• fragility;
• tsawg hardness;
• semiconductor zog;
• Lub melting kub ntawm 1415 ⁰ C;
• ceev plaw yog li 2.33 g / cm ^3;
• lub boiling kub ntawm 2700 ⁰ C.

Nws tshuaj ua si yog tsis muaj piv rau lwm cov allotropic daim ntawv.

2. Amorphous silicon - xim av xim av hmoov, muaj cov qauv silnorazuporyadochennogo pob zeb diamond. Reactivity yog siab txaus.

Nyob rau hauv kev, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias koj hnov mob silicon dislikes. Kom nws hnov mob, tsim nyog kub tsis tsawg tshaj li 400-500 ⁰ C. Ntau tshuaj tebchaw yog tsim ntawm silicon nyob rau hauv cov tej yam kev mob. Xws li:

• oxides;
• halides;
• suicides;
• nitrides;
• borides;
• carbides.

Tej zaum qhov kev sis raug zoo ntawm silicon nrog nitric acid los yog ib tug alkali, uas yog hu ua ib tug etching txheej txheem. Thoob plaws silicones, uas yog tam sim no ua ntau ntau.

Ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Silicon yog lawm nyob rau hauv ib tug heev tseem ceeb npaum li cas. Nws yog nyob rau hauv ob qhov chaw tom qab cov pa loj heev. Nws yuag feem yog hais txog 30%. Seawater kuj muaj ib tug active caij nyob rau hauv ib tug concentration ntawm 3 mg / L. Yog li ntawd, peb tsis tau hais tias pob zeb ntais rau hauv cov xwm - nws yog ib tug tsis tshua caij.

On qhov tsis tooj, muaj ntau ntau yam sib txawv pob zeb thiab lwm yam minerals tawm, raws li ib feem ntawm uas nws tshwm sim thiab los ntawm uas nws tau tau muab rho tawm. Feem ntau tej yam ntuj tso silicon tebchaw yog:

1. Silica. Cov tshuaj mis SiO _2. Muaj yog heev ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cov zaub mov thiab pob zeb rau nws cov puag: xuab zeb, pob zeb uas tawv, Feldspar, quartz, pob zeb siv lead ua, amethyst, chalcedony, carnelian, opal, jasper, thiab lwm tus neeg.
2. Silicates thiab txhuas silicates. Kaolin, Feldspar, mica, silicic acid ntsev, asbestos, talc.

Yog li, cov kis dav nyob rau hauv cov xwm silicon thiab nws cov tebchaw yog nrov thiab qhov kev thov rau cov neeg siv rau kev hom phiaj.

Silicon thiab nws cov tebchaw

Txij li thaum ntshiab pom tau hais tias muaj nyob lub caij tsis tau, yog li ntawd, muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov tebchaw. Los ntawm cov tshuaj taw tes ntawm view tej zaum nws yuav ua tau peb oxidation xeev +2, +4, -4. Tswv yim los ntawm no, thiab kuj vim hais tias ntawm lawv cov inertia, tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau crystalline lattice qauv, nws generates nram qab no lub ntsiab hom tshuaj:

• binary tebchaw uas tsis-hlau (silane, carbide, nitride, phosphide, thiab thiaj li tawm hauv los;
• oxides;
• silicic acid;
• hlau silicates.

Cia peb xav txog yuav ua li cas ib qho tseem ceeb lub silicon thiab nws cov tebchaw, yog cov feem ntau heev thiab nrov rau cov neeg.

silicon oxides

Nws muaj ob hom ntawm tshuaj qhia los ntawm cov mis:

• SiO;
• SiO _2.

Txawm li cas los, feem ntau lug siv muaj dioxide. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug heev zoo nkauj semi-precious pob zeb:

• agate;
• chalcedony;
• opal;
• carnelian;
• jasper;
• amethyst;
• rhinestone.

Kev siv cov pob zeb ntais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no tau pom nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Zoo nkauj incredibly kub thiab nyiaj hniav nyiaj hniav kub ua nrog cov semiprecious thiab semiprecious pob zeb.

Ib tug ob peb variations ntawm cov silica:

• quartz;
• dej thiab quartz xuab zeb ;
• pob zeb uas tawv;
• feldspars.

Kev siv cov pob zeb ntais rau hauv xws li hom siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, engineering, electronics, tshuaj kev lag luam, metallurgy. Ua ke, cov uas muaj npe oxides xa mus rau ib tug ib yam khoom uas - silica.

Karbid Kremniya thiab nws siv

Silicon thiab nws cov tebchaw - ib cov khoom ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej thiab lub tam sim no. Ib tug xws li cov ntaub ntawv uas yog pob zeb ntais carbide los yog carbide ntawm lub caij. Cov tshuaj mis ntawm sic. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov xwm raws li lub mineral moissanite.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov pa roj carbon thiab silicon compound - yog zoo nkauj, pob tshab muaju, pob zeb diamond-zoo li qauv. Txawm li cas los, rau kev hom phiaj siv xim nyob rau hauv ntsuab thiab xim dub khoom.

Main yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw, uas nws siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, technology, tshuaj kev lag luam, cov nram qab no:

• dav kis semiconductor;
• heev zog (7 Mohs scale) ;
• resistant mus rau high kub;
• zoo heev elektroustoychivost thiab thermal conductivity.

Tag nrho cov no tso cai rau kev siv ntawm silicon carbide li ib tug abrasive khoom nyob rau hauv metallurgy thiab tshuaj synthesis. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog raws li LEDs tsim ib tug ntau spectrum ntawm kev txiav txim, qhov chaw mus rau lub iav cub tawg, nozzles, torches, hniav nyiaj hniav kub (moissanite menyuam FIANITE saum toj no).

Silane thiab nws tseem ceeb

Hydrogen silicon compound yog silane thiab lub npe yuav tsis tau los ntawm synthesis ntawm pib cov ntaub ntawv. Yog xav tau ntau yam hlau silicides siv, uas yog raug rau acid kev kho mob. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub silane roj yog tso tawm thiab ntaub ntawv ib tug hlau ntsev.

Nws yog nthuav tias compound nyob rau hauv lo lus nug no yeej tsis tau ua ib leeg. Yuav nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ib tug sib tov ntawm mono-, di- thiab Trisilane nyob rau hauv uas silicon atoms yog txuas ua ke nyob rau hauv chains.

Nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm cov tebchaw - muaj zog kom txhob muaj cov neeg ua hauj. Lawv tus kheej li yooj yim oxidized los ntawm cov pa, tej zaum explosively. Tsausmuag tshuaj tiv thaiv uas halogens yeej ib txwm nrog ib tug ntau ntawm lub zog tso.

Daim ntawv thov ntawm cov nram qab no silanes:

1. Tshua ntawm organic synthesis, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau silicones - silicone, roj hmab, sealants, lubricants, emulsions thiab lwm tus neeg.
2. Microelectronics (LCD saib, kev kev kos duab, thiab lwm yam).
3. High purity polysilicon.
4. Kev Kho Hniav cov khoom cuav.

Yog li, lub silanes nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub ntiaj teb no yog high school.

Silicic acid thiab silicates

Hydroxide ntawm lub caij - lawv yog cov sib txawv silicas. distinguished:

• meta;
• o;
• polysilicon thiab lwm yam acids.

Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj ib qho nta - cov huab tsis txaus nyob rau hauv lub dawb lub xeev. Lawv yog yooj yim decomposed los ntawm tshav kub. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, muaj short-lived, tig thawj mus rau hauv ib tug huab thiab ces ib tug gel. Tom qab so qhuav, cov silica tshuaj kua, xws lug yog hu ua. Lawv yog siv raws li adsorbents nyob rau hauv cov ntxaij lim dej.

Tseem ceeb los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm kev lag luam, yog cov ntsev ntawm silicic acids - silicates. Lawv yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev npaj ntawm xws tshuaj, xws li:

• iav;
• qhob;
• MAAs;
• zeolite;
• kaolin;
• iav;
• earthenware;
• siv lead ua;
• ceramics.

Alkali hlau silicates - soluble, tus so - tsis muaj. Yog li ntawd, cov sodium thiab potassium silicate yog hu ua dej iav. Qhov sau nplaum - qhov no yog qhov sodium ntsev ntawm silicic acid.

Tab sis qhov tseem nthuav tebchaw yog tag nrho cov tib iav. Uas tsuas xaiv rau qhov no tshuaj tsis muaj tswv yim! Niaj hnub no, muab dawb, kho qhov muag, matte kev xaiv. Khob iav yog startling nyob rau hauv nws cov splendor thiab ntau haiv neeg. Thaum muab tej yam hlau thiab nonmetal oxides mus rau lub sib tov yuav nrhiav tau ib tug ntau yam ntawm hom ntawm cov iav. Tej zaum txawm tib yam pes tsawg leeg, tab sis txawv feem pua ntawm Cheebtsam ua rau ib tug sib txawv nyob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub substance. Piv txwv yog iav thiab earthenware, uas mis SiO ₂ * AL ₂ O ₃ * K ₂ O.

Quartz iav - yog ib daim ntawv ntawm siab purity khoom, uas nws muaj pes tsawg leeg yog piav raws li silica.

nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb ntais tebchaw Discovery

Tshaj yav dhau los ob peb xyoos, kev tshawb fawb pom tau hais tias pob zeb ntais thiab nws cov tebchaw - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj tuaj koom nyob rau hauv lub qub xeev uas muaj sia nyob. C deficiency los yog tshaj ntawm ib tug muab lub caij txuam kab mob xws li:

• cancer;
• tuberculosis;
• mob caj dab;
• cataracts;
• mob ruas;
• dysentery;
• rheumatism;
• tus kab mob siab thiab lwm tus neeg.

Laus dab lawv tus kheej kuj txuam nrog rau ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm silicon. Heev heev thwmsim rau hom tsiaj muaj qhia tias tsis muaj ib tug caij muaj lub plawv tawm tsam, cwj nrag, mob cancer thiab kab mob siab C kab mob no yog tshuab txais.