Shogun - dab tsi yog qhov no? Board shoguns nyob rau Nyiajpoom Teb

Japanese civilization yog pom tias yuav ua tau heev tub ntxhais hluas. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov Japanese Islands tuaj pib nyob ntau tshaj ib txhiab xyoo dhau los, coj neeg ua ke nyob rau hauv ib tug conglomeration ntawm cov pab pawg neeg nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub thib ob xyoo pua BC. Semblance ntawm statehood tsuas tuaj ntawm no nyob rau hauv lub thib peb xyoo pua AD, thaum cov union ntawm cov pab pawg neeg Yamato twb tau mus kov yeej tus so ntawm lub teb chaws, thiab yuav tsum tau cov coob. Maj mam cai Yamato xeem los ua ib yam li tus huab tais, thiab lawv rulers hu lawv tus kheej emperors ( "Tenno"). Lwm lub sij hawm "Shogun" (es, kav - High commander), tuaj mus rau hauv kev siv centuries tom qab.

Cov ancient keeb kwm ntawm lub samurai

Nyob rau hauv Nyiv, nyob rau hauv 6-7 centuries lub ib thooj ntawm cov pejxeem tau sawv cev los ntawm peasants, muaj kuj qhev thiab zoo tib cov pej xeem ntawm Japanese haiv neeg, feem ntau muaj Suav thiab Koreans. Lub peasants raug heev imposing se nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom thiab nyiaj ntsuab nqi xauj tsev, tau raws kev coj kom ua hauj lwm tawm thiab ua tau raug txuas mus rau lub teb chaws. Yuav kom tshwj kom txhob lub feudal neeg pluag tawm tsam tau tsim pawg ntawm qhia tshwj xeeb uas kawm tub rog - samurai, thiab cov thawj tswj hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws koom rau cov nom tswv cajceg, uas feem ntau sawv daws khoom ib mus rau tib genus li lub zoo tshaj plaws kav.

Tus thawj shogunate nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Nyiv

Japanese shoguns officially nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th AD. Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Nyiv pib tsim tau ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov tub rog feudal lords, cov uas yog cov Taira thiab Minamoto. Lawv unleashed ib tug tsov rog 1180-1185 gg., Fights nyob rau hauv uas coj qhov chaw thoob cov kob ntawm Honshu. Nyob rau ob tog ntawm lub hauv pem hauv ntej muaj pua pua txhiab tus tub rog pab pawg, tua civilians, puas monasteries. Tus khiav yog tus Minamoto xeem, uas nws tus neeg sawv cev, Yoritomo, muab nyob rau hauv 1192 lub npe ntawm cov "Seyi Tay Shogun" - txhais tau tias "Hmoob, conquering barbarians." Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Nyiv nyob shogunate.

Nws yog noteworthy tias cov civil tsov rog nyob rau teb chaws Nyiv Pooj thaum lub sij hawm ua tau yeej tsis muaj Yoritomo, thiab nws tus tij laug - Yoshitsune, uas nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov tej yam txawv kav tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm lub palace. Raws li ib co legends, Yoshitsune khiav los ntawm Nyiv lub mainland, qhov uas nws coj lub npe "Genghis Khan", nyob rau lwm yam - cog lus yus tua yus. Tsis tas li ntawd nthuav dab neeg txog txoj kev tuag ntawm Yoritomo tom qab ntog los ntawm ib tug nees tshwm sim vim lub fact tias cov nees reared li, nws pom tus dab ntawm Yoshitsune.

Lub sij hawm los ntawm Tuam Tshoj

Yog hais tias lub Japanese nug: "Piav lub ntsiab lus" Shogun "," taysegun, "thiab lwm yam ...", Cov lus teb yuav ua tau heev ntau yam. Qhov tseeb hais tias lub tswvyim tuaj mus rau Nyiv los ntawm Tuam Tshoj, nyob qhov twg nws twb muab faib nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm "nyiag Shogun", uas muaj peev xwm muab txhais raws li "commander ntawm ib tug tsob ntoo loj loj." Raws li Legend, ib tug muaj koob Suav cov tub rog commander Hyo-kuv thiaj li txo hwjchim hais tias thaum txog nws yeej hais laj mej pej xeem, nws khiav nyob rau hauv ib tug loj tsob ntoo, tsis mloog qhuas nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw nyob.

Nyob rau hauv lub annals ntawm Japanese lo lus "Shogun" nrog rau ntau yam attachments hais nyob rau hauv 7-8 centuries ntawm peb era, xws li:

• fukusegun - "deputy commander";
• taysegun - "kuj zoo kawg general" (ob consoles posts nqa tau muab faib mus rau hauv ntau dua thiab txo nyob rau hauv qib);
• tinteki shogun - ib tug tub rog tug thawj coj uas tau kov yeej lub barbarians ntawm sab hnub poob;
• cia li Shogun - tus khiav ntawm cov barbarians ntawm sab hnub tuaj;
• tindzyu Shogun - lub commander-conciliator.

Lub npe ntawm thawj yuav tau rov qab

Nyob rau hauv cov hnub, cov cab kuj ntawm no title yog ib tug high-qeb duas official, uas mus rau hauv lub tub rog los yog ib feem ntawd, los yog ib tug tub txib. Lub npe tau muab rau cov tub rog phiaj los nqis tes, thiab ces rov qab mus rau huab tais. Cov ancient ceremony ntawm "pib" assumed classified kev cai ntawm cov ntawv no (edict) thiab kev nthuav qhia ntawm ib tug ceremonial rab ntaj nyob rau hauv lub imperial palace. Tom qab ntawd, tus txheej txheem yog ib nyuag hloov. Piv txwv li, rau cov neeg laus cov neeg sawv cev tsis pub mus rau hauv lub palace nyob rau hauv Kyoto rau cov neeg tuaj saib, thiab nyob rau hauv lub 14-19 centuries edict coj shogun "nyob rau lub tsev". Nws sau nyob rau hauv cov lus teb box los ntawm nyob rau hauv lub Edict ntawm golden xuab zeb, coj nws rov qab mus rau lub imperial ambassador thiab cog lus tseg rau ua raws li ib tug "kaj piv txwv" tus uas kav lub Yoritomo Minamoto.

Shogun muaj peev xwm los ua ib tug xyoo-laus tus me nyuam

Shoguns txoj cai nyob rau hauv Nyiv ntawd kub ntev li ntawm 1192 mus txog rau thaum lub Meiji kiv puag ncig. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, lub zoo tshaj plaws commander conveyed nws lub hwj chim los ntawm qub txeeg qub teg thiab ua ke saum tsoom fwv posts, thaum lub hwj chim ntawm tus huab tais, tsis txhob ceremoniously-par. Los ntawm Minamoto Yoritomo tuag, lub hwj chim dhau nws tus tub Regents - lub Hojo xeem.

Tom qab lub cessation ntawm lub genus Minamoto patrilineal Japanese shoguns, tej zaum lub sij hawm xwb nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov xov tooj ntawm tus me nyuam ntawm cov xeem Fujiwara, uas teem tseg rau lub siab tshaj plaws pej xeem chaw ua hauj lwm thaum lub sij hawm thaum muaj hnub nyoog ob xyoos.

Kamakursky shogunate coj Nyiv lub teb chaws tus chij

Tus thawj shogunate nyob rau hauv Nyiv muaj raws li nws cov peev hauv lub nroog ntawm Kamakura, hu li ntawd Kamakurskim shogunate. Qhov no keeb kwm lub sij hawm twb yus muaj los ntawm civil strife thiab cov dominance ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm lub samurai - "servicemen neeg" uas ua los ntawm cov tub rog-feudal chav kawm ntawv petty nobles, tiv thaiv thiab pab lawv "daimyo." Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm Nyiv vim cov kev pab ntawm tej yam ntuj tso rog kev tswj kom ua ob Mongol invasions (1281 thiab 1274 xyoo) thiab nrhiav lub teb chaws tus chij, uas, raws li cov lus dab neeg, muab rau cov shogunate tug hauj - Patriarch ntawm Nichiren.

feudal kev sib cais

Minamoto Yoritomo, Shogun (yees duab painting depicting nws tawm saum toj no), tom qab tsov rog nyob rau hauv txhua lub xeev tsa tub rog governors, uas thaum lub sij hawm tau sau loj cov tub rog quab yuam, thiab feeb meej nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm cov allotments. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, Nyiv tau tsim paaj luam kev sib raug zoo nrog rau Tuam Tshoj thiab Kauslim Teb, uas coj mus rau lub enrichment ntawm lub feudal lords nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj.

Tej dab tsis zoo li feudal lords nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm Kamakura, ua rau tsis sib haum thiab cov kev hloov ntawm lub hwj chim mus rau lub Ashikaga xeem. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub yav tas tsiv los ntawm lub puam tsuaj Kamakura nyob rau hauv Kyoto, nyob ze rau lub Imperial Palace, qhov twg siv ib yam nkaus thiab tau nyiaj ntau npaum rau ib tug match nrog lub me hwj chim ntawm lub tsev hais plaub nobility. State affairs twb nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm kev tsis saib xyuas uas coj mus rau lub intensification ntawm cov tub rog governors nyob rau hauv lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws thiab cov tshiab theem ntawm tus tsov rog civil.

Shoguns kav nyob rau hauv Nyiv nyob rau hauv 1478 - 1577 xyoo, dua nrog cov tub rog tsis sib haum ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov xeev, txoj hau kev lub faj tim teb chaws mus rau lub brink ntawm lub cev qhuav dej nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-xyoo pua 16th. Tab sis muaj ib tug "daimyo" - tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov samurai (Nobunaga), uas subdued qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws nrog lub peev ntawm Kyoto, yeej lub loj feudal lords thiab nurtured nyob rau hauv nws cov ibyam feemxyuam general - Toyotomi Hideyoshi.

Shogun muaj peev xwm los ua ib tug neeg ua teb

Qhov no ruam tab sis enterprising thiab ntse los ntawm ib tug neeg pluag tsev neeg tom qab kev tuag ntawm Nobunaga xeem neeg sawv cev tas unification ntawm Nyiv (nyob rau hauv 1588). Yog li, tus neeg sawv cev nonaristocratic chav kawm ntawv ua tau txais lub npe ntawm cov "Shogun." Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, nws blurs rau ib thaj tsam ntawm lub chav kawm ntawv, tab sis nws Hideyoshi tus edict paub tseeb hais tias tag nrho cov cai ntawm cov samurai thiab txawm campaigned rau qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm riam phom (swords) lub peasantry.

Tom ntej Japanese shoguns, tiam sis los ntawm Tokugawa xeem kav Nyiv rau yuav luag ib tug peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub xyoo txhiab. Qhov tseeb hais tias Hideyoshi cob hwj chim rau nws tus tub, uas yog ib tug menyuam yaus, thiab yog raug rau saib xyuas. Cia li los ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas sawv Tokugawa Ieyasu, uas tshem tawm lub hwj chim ntawm qhov tseeb txais thiab pib kav rau los xaiv raws li lub peev ntawm niaj hnub Tokyo.

Chiv, samurai yog cov neeg tseem ceeb

Thaum lub sij hawm txoj cai ntawm lub Tokugawa tsev yog streamlined system ntawm kev coj ntawm lub teb chaws - lub huab tais deprived ntawm lub hwj chim, nkag mus rau hauv lub nroog council ntawm cov txwj laug, cov haiv neeg yog muab faib mus rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawv. Hom hauj lwm yog nyob los ntawm cov tub rog - cov samurai. Tsis tas li ntawd tam sim no cov tswv teb, artisans, tub txawj tub ntse, roving performers, pariah thiab neeg pluag, uas yog tseem faib mus rau ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib chav kawm ntawv. Thaum lub sij hawm txoj cai ntawm lub Tokugawa samurai yog cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej, uas yog ib feem kaum ntawm cov pej xeem, thiab enjoyed ntau tsim nyog. Tab sis, ces ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tub rog muaj pov thawj ruaj, thiab ib co samurai los ua ib tug ninja, ronin (ntiav killers), thaum lwm tus neeg tau tsiv mus rau tradespeople los yog pib qhia cov tub rog ua lag ua luam thiab cov philosophy ntawm "Bushido" - Code ntawm lub Samurai. Rioters tib Ronin muaj suppress tsoom fwv rog.

Yog vim li cas rau cov tshem tawm ntawm lub shogunate tsoom fwv

Yog vim li cas ces poob rau hauv disrepair nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj tsoom fwv ntawm lub Shogun? Xyuas historians hais tias lub teb chaws vim txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub lag luam tawm kev sib raug zoo nyob hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm lub petty bourgeoisie, uas yog xav suppressed los ntawm cov shogunate ua hauj lwm, thiab nws tshwm sim los tawm tsam. Nyob rau hauv nroog txheej originated intellectuals, uas kuj nrhiav kom suppress, nyob rau hauv particular, vim hais tias ntawm nws cov siab rau Shinto proclaiming affinity ntawm Japanese hais txog ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv thiab lwm tus neeg.

Tus tsoom fwv tau txwv lwm yam religions (Christianity), tsis pub tiv tauj nrog lwm lub teb chaws, uas coj mus rau tawm tsam thiab, thaum kawg, mus rau lub hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm lub Tokugawa shogunate ntawm lub xeev hwj chim rov qab mus rau huab tais nyob rau hauv 1867. Niaj hnub no, "Shogun" nyob rau Nyiajpoom Teb - yog ib tug keeb kwm lub sij hawm, txij thaum xws ib txoj hauj lwm twb abolished thaum lub sij hawm lub Meiji Txum Tim Rov Qab, uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 1868 - 1889 xyoo.