Palekh tej yam me me. Cov neeg nuv ntses nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Palekh

Ib tug ntawm cov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hom ntawm pej xeem crafts yog ib tug Lavxias teb sab lacquer tej yam me me, niaj hnub zov me nyuam uas muaj nyob rau hauv Palekh, Fedoskino, Mstera thiab Kholui. Ancient chaw ntawm no kos duab - lub zos ntawm Palekh ntawm lub Ivanovo cheeb tsam, los ntawm uas qhov nyuab dhau ib tiam, tsis tsuas pleev xim rau icons, tab sis kuj pleev xim rau cov phab ntsa hauv lub Orthodox churches thiab rov qab los rau hauv lub qub koom txoos thiab cathedrals. Palekh tej yam me me, uas sawv raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev cai kev hloov uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Russia tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig ntawm 1917, muaj peev xwm kom tau khaws cia rau hauv lub hnub nyoog-laus kev lig kev cai ntawm icon painting thiab hloov lawv mus tshiab cov ntaub ntawv thiab sau cov tsis tseem ceeb rau lub zej zog cov ntsiab lus.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab lacquer

Lavxias teb sab lacquer painting tau muaj rau ntau tshaj ob centuries. Nws yog suav hais tias yuav tsum yog tus pib rau thaum xaus ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua, thaum lub Moscow merchant Korobov nrhiav tau ib lub Hoobkas rau zus tau tej cov lacquered visors npaj rau lub Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog cov kaus mom. Lacquered tej yam me me nyob dog dig tom qab, thaum nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab imperial tsev hais plaub kev cai ntawm snuff los ua cob xub. Korobov muaj peev xwm heev sai sai miv zus tau tej cov tej yam me me lacquer thawv - snuff. Thaum lub sij hawm, cov gizmos tau siv los decorate lub chav. Raws li, lawv kho kom zoo nkauj yuav tsum ua siab. Tom qab ntawd tej hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntxias yog txawv los ntawm Western cov qauv ntawm cov yuav ua li cas rau tus txheej txheem ntawm tua, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau kev kawm uas muaj ib tug qhia tau lub teb chaws ua cim. Yog li, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lacquer tej yam me me nyob cim thiab scenes ntawm pej xeem tales thiab legends ntawm classical thiab ancient Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, qhia tau hais tias lub Lavxias teb sab kev cai thiab txoj kev ntawm lub neej, rau cov me nyuam txoj kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov uas lwm tus xwm.

Centers ntawm Lavxias teb sab lacquer Miniatures

Nyob rau hauv Russia niaj hnub no muaj plaub chaw zov me nyuam, uas muaj kev koom tsim rua ancient sawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab kos duab rau ntawm tej yam me me lacquer painting: Fedoskino, Palekh, Holuy thiab Mstera. Ua ntej lub 1917 kiv puag ncig, txhua lub moos tsuas yog Fedoskino, twb paub nyob rau hauv Russia raws li lub loj chaw ntawm icon painting, uas tsis tsuas yog tsim lub icon, tab sis kuj npaj rau lub restoration ntawm tus tswv thiab cov phab ntsa paintings ntawm lub tuam tsev. Txhua yam ntawm cov chaw zov me nyuam ua tau ib lub icons nyob rau hauv ntau Orthodox kev lig kev cai, tab sis nws kuj muaj nws tus kheej yus insignia. Masters ntawm Kholui, kom deb li deb li sai tau nyob rau hauv lub iconography, nyob ze lub Lavxias teb sab tsoos realism, cov neeg nyob Mstera ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm lub qub Believer cov zej zog sib txawv ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab regions, Palekh ntxias ua lub feem ntau Canonicity Orthodox icons.

Yuav ua li cas puas tau iconography nyob rau hauv Palekh

Nyob rau hauv lub XVI xyoo pua Palekh cov neeg nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub chaw zov me nyuam muaj arisen ua ntej lawm iconography thiab Kholui Shuya pib sim nws txhais tes rau kev sau ntawv icons. Sim ob peb thiab zoo heev tsis hu lawv.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm XVII xyoo pua lub koob meej ntawm lub Palekh icon painters mus txog Moscow, thiab ntxias raug caw mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub muaj koob muaj npe lub tsev hais plaub. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XVII nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm Vladimir icon sau yuav luag txhua txhua lub zos loj, nyob rau hauv lub XVIII xyoo pua yog cov peb lub ntsiab icons chaw: Holuy, Mstera thiab Palekh. Paleshane, tsis zoo li cov neeg nyob rau ntau industrialized Mstera Kholui thiab, txog rau thaum pib ntawm XIX xyoo pua ua ke lawv cov tsoos ua liaj ua teb nrog lub sau ntawv ntawm icons nyob rau hauv koj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub teb. Vyrisovalas ua tib zoo tsom xam cov kev cai ntawm lub icons tau tsim maj mam thiab twb kim heev.

Thaum pib ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua yog suav hais tias yog heyday ntawm Palekh icon painting. Pib nyob rau hauv Palekh icons muag tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub capital thiab nyob rau hauv loj Lavxias teb sab lub zos, tab sis kuj txawv teb chaws.

Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua nyob rau hauv Palekh ncaav thawj cob qhia teej tug Safonov, Corinne, thiab Nanykinu UDALOVA. By pib ntawm XX caug xyoo, lub zus tau tej cov icons tau ua ntau, pheej yig dua thiab tsawg zoo. Lub advent ntawm pheej yig dluab, luam typographically, coj mus rau poob ntawm iconography thiab cov tshem tawm ntawm ob peb zoo-paub cov khw. Nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua thaum ntxov nyob rau hauv Kholui, Palekh thiab Mstera khaws cia cov kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab icon painting saib xyuas Committee kev kawm kev cob qhia raug tsim, uas ntawd kub ntev li kom txog thaum 1917.

Lub Soviet lub sij hawm

Tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, mus txog 1923, feem ntau ntawm cov ntxias nyob rau hauv Palekh jobless. Ib tug neeg tau ploj mus nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub nroog, ib txhia sim ua kom cov khoom ua si, tais diav los yog weave khau khiab. Kom txog rau thaum 1923, ob peb npaj siab tau ua kom pab tau tus qub icon-nrag lub thawv, cov khoom ua si thiab ntoo tais diav. Txawm li cas los, tej yam tsis mus raws li zoo raws li qhov yuav tsum tau rau qhov kev tso tawm ntawm loj tagnrho ntawm uas tsis muaj nqi, thiab qhov xwm heev ntawm cov khoom coj mus rau zus tau tej cov tsis tshua muaj zoo khoom.

Lub hnub thaum nws yog tsim los ntawm Palekh lacquer tej yam me me, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv nyob rau hauv uas peb paub tias nws yuav tsum tau kev raws li qhov kawg ntawm xyoo 1922, pib ntawm 1923. Nws yog ces hais tias ib tug ua yeeb yam artist Ivan Golikov ferrous workpieces ua los ntawm papier-mache los ua ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg "Adas nyob rau hauv lub Vaj Kaj Siab." Qhov no ua hauj lwm yog xav nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj ntawm lub handicraft Tsev khaws puav pheej (niaj hnub no - Folk Art Museum), uas yog muab teb artist thiab them rau nws ua hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, cov txheej txheem kev cob cog rua I. V. Markichev, AV thiab IP Kotuhin Vakurov. Tsim los ntawm cov yeeb twb nyob rau hauv 1923 nyob rau National Art thiab kev lag luam Exhibition nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab twb muab tsub lub diploma ntawm lub 1 degree. Nyob rau hauv 1924, lub yeeb twb tshaaj nyob rau hauv Venice, thiab nyob rau hauv 1925 - nyob rau hauv Paris, qhov chaw uas nws tsim ib tug furor thiab enjoyed zoo zoo. Tag nrho cov no coj mus rau lub fact tias lub hlis ntuj nqeg 5, 1924 nyob rau hauv Palekh VV thiab AV Kotuhinymi, AI thiab AI I.Zubkovymi, Markicheva IV, IM thiab I. Thiab Bakanov . Golikov twb tsim Artel ntawm ancient painting.

Me nyuam mos Palekh tej yam me me kev nyuaj siab ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov teeb meem: thawj ntawm tag nrho cov, peb yuav tsum tau ib tug tshiab cov ntaub ntawv uas - ib tug papier-mache, lub cuab yeej ntawm uas twb tsis paub tias mus rau lub ntxias-Paleshane, Ntxiv, nws yog tsim nyog rau koj tsiv ntawm painting tiaj web icons rau formatting khoom thiab yam khoom uas muab ntim thiab zoo.

Ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov duab thiab pleev xim rau Palekh masters kawm yog heev loj: brooches, bisernitsy, chests, thawv, luam yeeb tus neeg mob thiab snuff thawv, eyeglass tus neeg mob thiab cov hmoov thawv thiab ntau npaum li cas. Palekh tej yam me me ntawm lub sij hawm muaj ib tug qhia tau ornamental pib, tab sis nws lacks lub tiag tiag li dluab thiab evolving storyline. Cov vam meej tshaj plaws thiab nrov zaj nkauj ntawm lub sij hawm yog cov sib ntaus sib tua, lub cowherd, yos hav zoov, partying thiab triples.

Kev ruaj ntseg hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv lub 20s ntawm lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua nyob rau hauv Palekh lacquer tej yam me me tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ob lub ancient Lavxias teb sab icon-painting kev lig kev cai, thiab lub ntiaj teb no ntawm cov kos duab.

Lub postwar xyoo

Nyob rau hauv lub thawj xyoo caum ntawm kev thaj yeeb, muaj ntau masters ntawm Palekh Miniatures nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm depict ntau yam sib ntaus sib tua scenes, ob qho tib si nyuam qhuav kawm tiav los ntawm ob ntiaj teb rog thiab lwm yam zoo kawg battles uas coj koob meej mus rau lub Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog. Nyob rau hauv lub fifties, raws li ntau critics, lacquer tej yam me me Palekh yog muaj ib qho cuab ntsoog, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov ntsuam ntawm ntau ntxias mus ntev li realism, thawb tawm ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm thiab romance ca cov yam ntxwv ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm lub xyoo dhau los. Palekh tej yam me me, yees duab hais hauv qab no, kom meej meej qhia tau hais tias tus ntawm lub Soviet ideology ntawm lub sij hawm rau qhov nyuab.

Ntev realism, monumentality thiab pathos tuab feem ntau ntawm cov tej hauj lwm tsim nyob rau hauv xyoo no, tab sis yog, thiab tseem nyob rau ib co masters tau tseg kev lig kev cai ntawm Romanticism thiab qub tsev kawm ntawv.

Lub sixties yog yus muaj los ntawm monumentality thiab ntau txwm mus, tab sis lub roob thiab lub romantic taws kub nnyiab ya rov qab mus rau lub Palekh lacquer tej yam me me dua yuav poetic thiab allegorical. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, ntxias paleshane rov hais dua tsis tsuas mus rau cov pej xeem qhov chaw, tab sis kuj mus rau lub tej hauj lwm ntawm classical ntaub ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li rau niaj hnub songs. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm kev tseem ceeb, xws li, piv txwv li, tib neeg qhov chaw sib ntaus, thiab nyob nws thiaj nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm lub masters.

Lub seventies thiab eighties ntawm lub XX xyoo pua yog ib lub sij hawm ntawm flourishing ntawm Palekh painting. Palekh ntxias raug caw mus tsim poob lawm ntawm ntau yam kev hais kwv txhiaj kev pab cuam, kho kom zoo nkauj rau cov me nyuam thiab kev cai tsev.

tiam

Thaum dim nyuaj 90s, paleshane tau ncaim lawv cov tsoos nuv ntses. Palekh kos duab lub tsev kawm ntawv txhua xyoo ua hluas ntxias, ua tib zoo khaws cia kab lig kev cai thiab cov yam ntxwv, uas yog cov li nthuav Palekh tej yam me me. Niaj hnub no muaj ntau ntau cooperatives thiab tsev neeg ua lag ua luam, yog ua nyob rau hauv cov tsoos Palekh lacquer tais.

yus nta

Palekh painting, zoo li lwm yam pej xeem kos duab uas tau raug tsim nyob rau hauv ib co chaw, nws muaj nws tus kheej yus nta thiab sawv. Raws li twb tau hais, lub iconic ntses rau centuries qhuas Palekh. Lacquered thumbnail icons noj los ntawm ib tug plurality cov nta, xws li, piv txwv li, cov kev siv muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab ceevfaj heev mloog kom meej. Peb yuav hais tias qhov Palekh tej yam me me rose rau ancient sawv ntawm icon painting. Los ntawm lwm cov pej xeem cov tsev kawm ntawv Palekh lacquer painting style yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm cov nram qab no nta:

• prorisovyvanie khoom compositions thiab tej yam;
• tej yam me me painting;
• patterned thiab richness ornamental qauv;
• ceevfaj heev kev nthuav dav ntawm txhua lub caij;
• elongation thiab cov fragility ntawm tib neeg cov nuj nqis;
• fineness ntawm nqus cov neeg lub cev qhov chaw;
• ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov xim zaus;
• Siv tsaus haiv;
• kev siv cov qe tempera;
• pleev xim rau cov kub.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim rau cov artist yog tau pib tsim thumbnails, koj yuav tsum xub ua tau ib lub papier-mache khoom uas yuav kos npe rau.

Yuav ua li cas yuav ua rau papier-mache?

Nws yog ua los ntawm cov duab los qhia, uas yog yav tas los txiav mus rau hauv ib daim hlab, smeared nrog muab tshuaj txhuam, siav nplej hmoov, thiab thov rau ib tug ntoo pwm (ingot) overlap. Tom qab koj tau qhov yuav tsum tau thickness, ua ke nrog rau cov duab los qhia dawb paug yog tsau nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb xovxwm. Nyob rau hauv siab, lawv hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv cov hlab ntawm ntau yam nrhiav thiab ntau thiab tsawg. Compressed li tsevneeg yog qhuav nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub rau txog li ob lub lis piam. Lub qhuav preform yog nws txo qis thaum tsaus ntuj kom sov linseed roj rau cov impregnation, tom qab uas lawv yog qhuav rau plaub hnub nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov cub nyob rau hauv uas kub yog khaws cia ntawm 120 ⁰ C. Nyob rau hauv lub kauj ruam tom ntej lub workpiece yog av thiab luam. Tom qab sib tsoo nyob rau hauv nws txheej nto ntau superposed khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm dub lacquer, thiab lub puab - Roj cov kua roj vanish nrog cinnabar. Qhov kawg ntawm tus txheej txheem tag nrho saum npoo lacquered nrog ob peb khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm lacquer teeb. Tom qab daim ntawv thov ntawm txhua tus txheej ntawm lub preform yog ziab rau ib tug tej yam kub nyob rau hauv ib qhov cub. Tsuas yog tom qab tag nrho cov manipulations, cov artist yuav tsum tau pib painting.

Hom kev kawm thiab cov hau kev

Raws li twb tau sau tseg, ib tug ntawm cov yam ntxwv muaj los ntawm Palekh lacquer tej yam me me painting yog ib tug qe tempera xim. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav pleev xim tsis thawb mus rau lub tus cov kua roj vanish nto, nws yog qhia tshwj xeeb uas kho nrog ib tug pumice pob zeb. Lub contour ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej daim duab yog thov rau cov khoom, ib tug ntse mem hluav thiab ua li cas underpainting. Nws yog rau nws thiab yuav tau mus thov kom tus tswv thiab ib tug plurality ntawm pob tshab nyias khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm painting. Tag nrho cov yooj yim cov kauj ruam ntawm kev tsim ib cov duab ntawm tsib:

1. Roskrysh - lub ntsiab basting silhouettes thiab nkhaus.

2. Nyob daim ntawv tso cai - tshe qhov nkhaus thiab ntxoov.

3. Plavi - thov kua fatty lessirovochnomu xim strokes.

4. Blikovka - notching ua yaj kub.

5. framing nrag kub qauv.

Tom qab ntawd, kub txog yam tshiab configured raws li agate polished lub khob hliav qab los yog hma hniav, ces tag nrho hauv tsab xov xwm coated nrog 6-7 khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm lacquer. Tom qab daim ntawv thov ntawm txhua tus ua hauj lwm yog qhuav, polished rau ib tug tshwj xeeb polishing ncej puab, thiab ces kis tag tes polished. Lacquered chaw, polished rau ib daim iav finish, muab rau hauv daim duab ib tug ntxiv qhov tob thiab ua rau cov xim muaj hlau "suab" ntau nplua nuj thiab mos mos.