Lub keeb kwm ntawm photography nyob rau hauv Russia. Thawj cov duab thiab cov koob yees duab

Lub siab xav mus ntes lub sij hawm ntawm lub neej, uas tshwm sim nrog ib tug neeg los yog lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm nws, yeej ib txwm muaj. Qhov no kuj yog lub pob zeb carvings, thiab fine arts. Nyob rau hauv lub paintings ntawm ntxias tshwj xeeb menyuam lub precision thiab nthuav dav, muaj peev xwm mus ntes tau ib tug kwv nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo foundations, lub teeb, dhau cov xim palette, ntxoov ntxoo. Rau xws li ua hauj lwm feem ntau coj lub hlis ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Nws yog qhov no muaj siab, thiab muaj lub siab xav kom tsis txhob muaj lub sij hawm thiab tau los ua tus impetus rau lub creation ntawm no kos duab daim ntawv no, zoo li ib tug yees duab.

Lub advent ntawm photography

Nyob rau hauv lub IV xyoo pua BC Aristotle, tus naas ej kawm siab ntawm ancient Greece, muab sau cov mas fact tias lub teeb uas lim los ntawm ib tug me me qhov nyob rau hauv lub shutter ntawm lub qhov rais, rov qab ua dua qhov ntxoov ntxoo nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa koj yuav saib tau Ot lub toj roob hauv pes nyob sab nraum lub qhov rai.

Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv lub treatises zaum los ntawm lub teb chaws As-lam kuj pib yuav tsum tau xa mus rau cov kab lus koob yees duab obscura, cia lub ntsiab lus "chav tsev tsaus." Qhov no muaj pov thawj los ua ib tug ntaus ntawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub thawv nrog ib lub qhov nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej, los ntawm txoj kev uas nws tau los ua ua tau kom rubbings tseem lifes thiab ua hauj lwm. Tom qab ntawd tuaj lub thawv, muab tsiv halves thiab lub lens, ua rau nws ua tau rau fokusatsiyu daim duab.

Tsaug rau cov yam ntxwv tshiab, daim duab los ua ntau dlaim phaj, thiab lub ntaus ntawv yog hu ua tus "lub teeb chav tsev", uas yog, lub koob yees duab lucina. Tej yam yooj yim technology tau tso cai rau peb kom peb kawm tau li cas mus nrhiav Arkhangelsk nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm XVII caug xyoo. Nrog lawv pab, lub zeem muag ntawm lub nroog tau raug rho, yeej muaj tseeb tiag.

Cov qib kev loj hlob ntawm photography

Nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua los ntawm Yauxej Niepce yog invented los ntawm txoj kev ntawm photography, uas nws hu ua photogravure. Noj cov qauv no coj qhov chaw nyob kaj lug tshav ntuj thiab txuas ntxiv mus txog rau thaum 8 teev. Nws essence yog raws li nram no:

• coj hlau phaj uas twb loj nrog bituminous lacquer.

• Cov phaj yog nyob rau hauv ncaj qha raug teeb kaj, vim hais tias cov neeg uas lub kua roj vanish yog tsis yaj. Tab sis tus txheej txheem no tau sis tsis ncaj thiab depended rau ntawm lub dag lub zog ntawm lub teeb nyob rau txhua qhov chaw.

• Ces lub phaj twb kho nrog lub kuab.

• Tom qab Acid etched.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tag nrho cov manipulations tshwm sim nyem, engraved qauv rau cov wafer. Cov tom ntej no theem tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm photography yog tus daguerreotype. Lub npe ntawm nws txoj kev mus tau rau hauv lub npe ntawm nws inventor Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, uas yog tau txais ib daim duab rau ib tug silver phaj, kho nrog ib tug iodine vapor.

Cov qauv hauv qab no yog calotypy yees los ntawm Genri Talbotom. Qhov kom zoo dua ntawm txoj kev muaj peev xwm ua kom cov ntawv luam ntawm tus duab tib yam, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog ua dua rau ntawm daim ntawv impregnated nrog nyiaj ntsev.

Tus thawj acquaintance nrog cov kos duab ntawm photography nyob rau hauv Russia

Lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab photography tau raug mus nyob rau ntau tshaj ib nrab caug xyoo. Thiab zaj dab neeg yog tag nrho cov sib txawv ntawm cov txheej xwm thiab nthuav tseeb. Tsaug rau cov neeg ntawm peb lub teb chaws no yog qhib rau lub kos duab ntawm photography, peb yuav pom tau Russia los ntawm cov plaub ntawm lub sij hawm, xws li nws yog ntau xyoo dhau los.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm photography nyob rau hauv Russia pib nrog 1839. Nws yog ces ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences J. Hamel mus rau teb chaws Aas Kiv, qhov uas nws tau ntsib nrog rau txoj kev calotypy, kawm nws nyob rau hauv kom meej. Tom qab ntawd nws xa ncauj lus kom ntxaws hauj lwm. Thiab tus thawj duab npaum li cas los txoj kev calotypy twb tau, uas yog tseem khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub Academy ntawm Sciences nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 12 daim. Nyob rau hauv cov duab muaj ib tug kos npe rau ntawm lub inventor ntawm tus qauv, Talbot.

Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau hauv Fabkis Hamel yog me ntsis txog cov Daguerre, nyob rau hauv uas nws kev taw qhia nws tus kheej ua ib co kev txhaj tshuaj. Academy ntawm Sciences, nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 1841 ib tsab ntawv uas tau txais los ntawm Hamel, nyob rau hauv uas, raws li nws, twb xub ua cov yees duab xwm. Tau nyob rau hauv Paris nyob rau hauv ib daim duab - ib tug poj niam daim duab.

Tom qab ntawd, kos duab rau ntawm photography nyob rau hauv Russia pib nce zog yog sai tsim. Nyob rau hauv lub XIX thiab XX centuries kev pab txog ntawm Russia pib ntawm qhov kev cai coj ib feem nyob rau hauv cov yees duab exhibitions thiab Showrooms ntawm thoob ntiaj teb cov hoob kawm, uas tau txais prestigious khoom plig thiab prizes, muaj kev ua tswv cuab nyob rau hauv lub duas paub cov zej zog.

txoj kev Talbot

Lub keeb kwm ntawm photography nyob rau hauv Russia twb tsim ua tsaug rau cov neeg keenly xav nyob rau hauv lub tshiab kos duab rau daim ntawv. Yog li ntawd yog Yuliy Fedorovich Fritsshe, tus naas ej Lavxias teb sab botanist thiab chemist. Nws mastered Talbot thawj txoj kev yog mus tau qhov tsis zoo rau ib tug photosensitive ntawv raws li los ntawm luam rau ib daim ntawv kho nrog nyiaj ntsev thiab manifested nyob rau hauv tshav ntuj.

Fritzsche coj thawj duab calotypy-cog nplooj, thiab ces mus rau akadama ntawm Sciences nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 1839, nrog rau cov ntawv ceeb toom. Nyob rau hauv nws nws hais tias yog calotypy txoj kev haum rau imprinting planar khoom. Piv txwv li, txoj kev no yog tsim rau noj cov duab ntawm tus thawj nroj tsuag nrog rau qhov tsim nyog precision rau botany.

Pab J. Fritzsche

Vim Fritzsche keeb kwm ntawm photography nyob rau hauv Russia coj ib kauj ruam deb: nws npaj los hloov sodium giposulfat, uas yog siv los tsim cov duab Talbot, rau ammonia tshaj ho kho calotypy, kev txhim kho cov duab zoo. Julius Fedorovich kuj yog lub npe nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws thiab ib tug ntawm cov thawj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, leej twg ua kev tshawb fawb rau photography thiab photographic kos duab.

Alexey Grekov thiab "art alarm"

Lub keeb kwm ntawm photography nyob rau hauv Russia txuas ntxiv, thiab cov nram qab pab rau nws txoj kev loj hlob yog ua los ntawm Alexey Grekov. Moscow inventor thiab engraver, nws yog tus thawj Lavxias teb sab masters ntawm photography thiab mastered calotypy thiab daguerreotypes. Thiab yog hais tias koj nug cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi yog cov thawj koob yees duab nyob rau hauv Russia, nws yog ib lub invention Grekov, "art chav tsev", yuav muab suav hais tias xws li.

Tus thawj koob yees duab, nws tsim nyob rau hauv 1840, tso cai rau koj los mus ua kom high-zoo, nrog zoo sharpness portrait duab uas yuav tsis tau hais tias muaj ntau yog ua mus cuag rau cov kev pab. Greeks yees ua ib lub rooj zaum nrog tshwj xeeb cushions uas txhawb yees duab lub taub hau, uas nws tsis tau nkees thaum lub sij hawm ntev zaum, thiab muaj ib tug tsau txoj hauj lwm. Thiab yuav tseem muaj ib tug txiv neej nyob rau hauv lub rooj zaum muaj ib tug ntev lub sij hawm: 23 feeb nyob kaj lug tshav ntuj thiab nyob rau hauv overcast hnub - tag nrho cov 45.

Grekov tswv ntawm photography yog xav tau Russia tus thawj kos duab yees duab-portraitist. Achieve zoo nkauj portrait duab tau pab nws thiab yees lawv fotoustroystvo muaj ib tug ntoo chamber, mus rau hauv uas tsis muaj lub teeb. Tab sis qhov no box yuav tau nominated los ntawm txhua lwm yam thiab xa rov qab mus rau lub scene. Thaum lub txheej box nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm nws txuas lens, nws yog ib tug kwv. Nyob rau hauv lub puab box phaj yog sensitive mus rau lub teeb. By ua qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub thawv, uas yog, mus lawv ib tug los ntawm lwm tus, los yog vice versa, nws twb tau mus cuag tej yam duab sharpness.

Sergeya Levitskogo pab

Cov tom ntej no neeg uas los ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm photography nyob rau hauv Russia txuas ntxiv mus tsim sai heev, yog Sergei Levitsky. Nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab photography twb dagerroptipy Pyatigorsk thiab Kislovodsk, nws ua nyob rau hauv lub Caucasus. Raws li zoo raws li lub kub puav pheej ntawm cov kos duab exhibition muaj nyob rau hauv Paris, qhov chaw uas nws xa cov duab mus rau lub contest.

Sergey Levitsky tau nyob rau lub forefront ntawm cov kev pab, uas muaj hloov ib tug hniav backdrop rau filming. Lawv kuj txiav txim siab mus nqa tawm retouching portrait duab thiab negatives nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txo los yog kiag li tshem tawm kev flaws, yog tias muaj.

Levitsky sab laug mus rau Ltalis nyob rau hauv 1845, txiav txim siab los mus nce rau theem ntawm kev paub thiab kev txawj nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm daguerreotype. Nws ua rau cov duab ntawm lub nroog Loos, raws li zoo raws li portrait duab ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntxias uas nyob muaj. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1847, los mus nrog lub koob yees duab nrog ib tug folding plaub, thov rau qhov no plaub los ntawm lub accordion. Innovation pub lub koob yees duab ua ntau mobile, uas zoo heev cuam tshuam qhov kev loj hlob ntawm photographing lub sij hawm.

Nws rov qab mus rau Russia Sergey Levitsky ib tug twb tau kev kws yees duab, qhib nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg daguerreotype tus kheej Rhiav "Lub teeb painting". Thaum nws tseem qhib ib lub khw uas muaj ib tug nplua nuj sau ntawm portraits ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntxias, sau ntawv thiab cov pej xeem nuj nqis. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov kos duab ntawm photography, nws tsis tawm, txuas ntxiv mus empirically kawm kev siv cov hluav taws xob lub teeb thiab combining nws nrog lub hnub thiab nws cov cawv rau cov dluab.

Lavxias teb sab qhov cim tseg nyob rau hauv photography

Ntawm arts, tswv ntawm photography, inventors thiab zaum los ntawm Russia tau ua ib tug zoo pab mus rau lub keeb kwm ntawm photography thiab kev loj hlob. Piv txwv li, ntawm cov founders ntawm tshiab hom ntawm cov koob yees duab yog lub npe hu Lavxias teb sab surnames li Sreznevsky, Ezuchevsky, Karpov, Kurdyumov.

Txawm Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev twb kev koom tes, koom nyob rau hauv lub theoretical thiab cov tswv yim muaj teeb meem ntawm manufacturing duab. Thiab ua ke nrog Sreznevsky lawv sawv nyob rau ntawm lub hauv paus pib ntawm lub photographic department ntawm Lavxias teb sab Kev Society.

Lug paub successes kaj masters ntawm Lavxias teb sab photography, uas yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv ib tug par nrog Levitsky, Andreya Denera. Nws yog tus creator ntawm cov thawj album nrog rau cov duab uas nto moo zaum, cov kws kho mob, cov neeg mus, sau ntawv thiab ua yeeb yam. Ib tug kws yees duab Alexander Karelin ua paub thoob plaws teb chaws Europe, thiab mus rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm photography raws li ib tug founder ntawm lub tsev neeg daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem.

Cov kev loj hlob ntawm photography nyob rau hauv Russia

Paj nyob rau hauv photography ntawm tus kawg ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua tau nce tsis tsuas yog cov tub txawg, tiam sis kuj nrog neeg zoo tib yam. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1887 xyoo, nws twb tso tawm "Photographic Bulletin" magazine, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas twb sau los ntawm cov tshuaj, tshuaj compositions, txoj kev ua duab, theoretical cov ntaub ntawv.

Tab sis ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv Russia mus koom nyob rau hauv artistic photography tau muaj rau ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm cov neeg, vim hais tias yuav luag tsis muaj ntawm cov inventors ntawm lub koob yees duab tau tsis tau los tsim lawv nyob rau ib tug muaj scale.

Nyob rau hauv 1919, V. I. Lenin muab ib tug decree tau tsiv mus nyob lub yees duab kev lag luam nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj ntawm cov neeg Commissariat, thiab nyob rau hauv 1929 pib los tsim ib lub teeb-sensitive photographic cov ntaub ntawv, ces ua rau tag nrho cov. Thiab thawj domestic lub koob yees duab "Photocor" zoo nkaus li nyob rau hauv 1931.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab masters, fine art, duab, cov inventors nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm photography loj thiab occupies ib tug tsim nyog qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no keeb kwm ntawm photography.