Integrated Circuits: Hom thiab kev qhia txog

Mus ua hauj lwm tej yam ntau los yog tsawg dua complex electronics, nws feem ntau yuav siv sij hawm ib tug ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Thaum ib tug ntau ntawm lawv, lawv muaj peev xwm "sib sau ua ke", hais tias, nyob rau hauv kev circuits. Yuav ua li cas yog lawv yog? Yuav ua li cas yog txwv kom muab zais? Yuav ua li cas lawv ua, thiab cov uas Pib ntsais koj teeb kis tau?

Yuav ua li cas yog logic kev circuits (ICS)

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, ib tug microelectronic ntaus ntawv uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv tus siv lead ua los ntawm arbitrary complexity, uas yog ua rau lub semiconductor zaj duab xis los yog phaj. Nws yog muab tso rau hauv ib tug molded lub cev (Txawm tias nws yuav ua tau tsis tau nws, tiam sis tsuas yog thaum nws yog ib feem ntawm lub micro). Tus thawj kev Circuit Court twb patented nyob rau hauv 1968. Nws yog ib tug txhob nyob rau hauv lub lag luam, txawm tias yog muab los ntawm cov ntaus ntawv thiab tsis heev npaum li cas nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog niaj hnub tswv yim ntawm nws tsis. Integrated circuits yog manufactured rau qhov cov kev nto mounting. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub EC to taub tsuas yog ib qho siv lead ua los yog ib zaj duab xis. Qhov tseem ntau kev Circuit Court rau ib tug silicon wafer. Nws muab tawm hais tias nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv lub lag luam muaj ob peb zoo, xws li ua hauj lwm zoo ntawm lub teeb liab kis tau tus mob.

tsim ntau

Cov pab kiag li lawm yog complex, nws yog txig tso tawm kom pom. Tam sim no lawv siv tshwj xeeb CAD software uas automates thiab ho kom muaj dab ntau lawm. Yog li ntawd, tus tsim ua hauj lwm tawm:

1. Logic theem (inverters, Nand, NOR, thiab cov zoo li).
2. Systemically thiab Circuit Court (ua hauj lwm chiv, encoders, ALU, comparators, thiab lwm yam);.
3. Electric (capacitors, transistors, resistors thiab zoo sib xws kiag li lawm).
4. Lub topological theem - rau zus tau tej cov photomasks.
5. Lub cev - los siv raws li ib tug tib transistor (los yog ib tug me me pab pawg neeg) nyob rau hauv nti.
6. Qhov kev pab cuam - tsim cov lus qhia rau microcontrollers, Microprocessors thiab FPGAs. Tus cwj pwm qauv yog tsim los ntawm ib tug ntsug Circuit Court.

kev faib

Tham txog yuav ua li cas kom paub qhov txawv ntawm kev circuits, nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau xaiv tsuas yog ib hom ntawm parameter complexity ntawm technology, uas nws yog ua. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm nws twb tau xaiv rau peb.

degree ntawm kev koom ua ke

Yog li no nws yog pom tias yuav tau yooj yim naj npawb ntawm cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub siv lead ua:

1. Ntiav kev Circuit Court. Nws muaj tsawg tshaj li ib puas ntsiab.
2. Qhov nruab nrab kev Circuit Court. Cov nab npawb ntawm cov ntsiab mas nws txawv puas / txhiab ntau yam.
3. LSI. Nws muaj txhiab txog li 10,000 yam khoom.
4. Heev loj Nplai Integrated Circuit Court. Lawv muaj ntau tshaj li kaum txhiab tus mej zeej.

Feem ntau, ib tug loj kev Circuit Court yog feem ntau siv rau hauv tsev cov khoom siv. Yav tas los siv lwm yam no:

1. Ultra-loj kev Circuit Court. Nyob rau hauv nws cuv npe kawm cov kuaj uas yuav khav lub xov tooj ntawm cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub chav 1 Zeb. 1 mus rau Bln.
2. Gigabolshaya kev Circuit Court. Cov no muaj xws qauv, cov xov tooj ntawm cov ntsiab ntawm cov uas zoo tshaj 1 Bln. Elements.

Tab sis, thaum lub sij hawm no lawv tsis thov kev pab. Thiab tag nrho cov ntawm cov kev kuaj uas tau yav tas los ntaus nqi mus rau Ubisa thiab GBIS tam sim no muaj tias thaum ib tug VLSI. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws tseem tau mus ho tseg rau tus xov tooj ntawm cov pab pawg, txij li lub xeem ob hom no feem ntau yog siv hais nyob rau hauv loj kev tshawb fawb chaw, uas muaj computer systems, lub hwj chim yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv kaum thiab pua pua ntawm cov terabytes.

raug technology

Nyob rau hauv view ntawm lub ntau yam ntau lawm tuition kev circuits kuj txwv kom muab zais raws li yuav ua li cas lawv ua li cas thiab:

1. semiconductor. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntsiab thiab sib txuas yog ua rau ib tug thiab tib semiconductor nti. Semiconductor kev circuits siv los ntawm xws li cov ntaub ntawv raws li silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, thiab hafnium oxide.

2. zaj duab xis. Tag nrho cov Cheebtsam thiab sib txuas yog ua raws li cov zaj duab xis:

- Tuab-zaj duab xis.

- Nyias-zaj duab xis.

3. Hybrid. Muaj unpackaged diodes, transistors thiab lwm yam electronic Cheebtsam yog kom nquag plias. Passive (xws li resistors, inductors, capacitors) cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv ib qho tej hub substrate. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog muab tso rau hauv ib lub kaw tsev.

4. Tov. Muaj yog tsis tsuas cov semiconductor nti, tab sis nyias-zaj duab xis (los yog Tuab-zaj duab xis) passive ntsiab, uas yog muab tso rau hauv nws saum npoo.

Saib cov tiav teeb liab

Thiab lub thib peb, lub xeem saib yog raws li nyob rau hauv dab tsi zoo ntawm Pib ntsais koj teeb ua los ntawm cov kev Circuit Court. Lawv yog:

1. Analog. Ntawm no, lub tswv yim thiab tso zis Pib ntsais koj teeb sib txawv raws li txoj cai ntawm ib tug tas mus muaj nuj nqi. Lawv muaj peev xwm coj ib tug nqi nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm tsis zoo rau zoo mov voltage.
2. Cov. Ntawm no, tej tswv yim los yog tso zis teeb liab yuav muaj ob lub ntsiab: ib tug logic ib los yog pes tsawg. Txhua yam ntawm lawv raws li ib tug predefined voltage theem. Yog li, lub hom TTL chips 0-0,4V ntau kwv yees rau xoom thiab 2,4-5V ib chav tsev. Tej zaum yuav muaj lwm yam kev sib cais, nws nyob raws li qhov kev kuaj.
3. Analog-rau-digital. Nws combines qhov zoo thiab qhov nta ntawm yav tas los ua qauv. Piv txwv li, lawv tej zaum yuav teeb liab amplifiers thiab analog-rau-digital converters.

kev cai lij choj nta

Yuav ua li cas yog hais tias txog lub kev circuits nyob rau hauv tus tsim? Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, muab cov kev cai lij choj tiv thaiv ntawm topographies ntawm kev circuits. Nyob rau hauv nws txhais hais tias tas ntawm ib tug tej yam khoom cab kuj geometric spatial arrangement ntawm ib tug tej yam set ntawm tej ntsiab thiab kev sib raug zoo nruab nrab ntawm lawv (nyob rau hauv raws li tsab xov xwm 1448 ntawm lub Civil Code). Tus neeg sau ntawm topology muaj cov cuab yeej fwm txoj cai rau nws invention:

1. Copyright.
2. Kom txoj cai.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tus sau thiab lwm yam nyiam yuav mus rau lub topology, xws li - tau muab nyiaj rau nws siv. Lub kom txoj cai no siv tau rau kaum xyoo. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no, lub inventor, los yog tus neeg uas tus txheej xwm twb conceded, tej zaum yuav sau npe topology nyob rau hauv cov cuab yeej fwm kev pab cuam thiab patents.

xaus

Tus ntawd yog nws! Yog hais tias koj muaj ib lub siab xav mus sau nws cov tswvyim - tsuas xav tau zoo. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm kuv xav kom nws kos koj cov xim rau ib tug feature. Yog hais tias koj xav mus sau cov nti, nws yog tsim nyog los kom huv si npaj rau txoj kev no. Lub fact tias nws yuav siv sij hawm ib tug exceptional kev coj dawb huv theem rau kev phais kev khiav hauj lwm nws creation, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, vim hais tias ntawm lub fineness ntawm nthuav dav mus ua hauj lwm ib tug soldering hlau li niaj zaus yuav tsis ua hauj lwm - tag nrho cov kev ua yog ua los ntawm cov cav tov. Yog li ntawd, tsuas yog tus Circuit Court yuav tsum tsim nyob rau hauv tsev. Yog hais tias qhov kev kawm, koj muaj peev xwm yuav muaj kev loj hlob, uas yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam, tab sis lub tswv yim nrog rau lawv cov manufactured tsev tsis tseem ceeb hais txog nyiaj txiag yog ib qho zoo mus rau tawm.